家用燃气快速热水器全预混燃烧的数值模拟与实验研究
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摘要
随着我国城镇天然气的发展，民用燃气具燃烧过程产生的NOx和CO对室内环境品质的的影响，越来越多地受到人们的关注。作为一种被广泛使用的民用燃气具，家用快速式燃气热水器普遍采用部分预混燃烧方式，氮氧化物的排放量可达90~95ppm，对室内环境的污染严重。针对这一问题，本文开发了一种稳定燃烧且低污染物排放的家用燃气快速热水器全预混燃烧器，通过数值模拟和实验验证，研究了全预混燃烧器混气系统的混合效果和燃烧特性，解决了全预混燃烧器开发过程的关键技术问题，指出了该技术在燃气具中应用潜力。
本文提出了利用多个引射器实现燃气和空气全预混概念，并建立了数学模型，进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：喷嘴的直径越小，燃气压力增大，喷嘴位置对燃气压力影响可以忽略；喷嘴直径应大于1.3mm，否则燃气的质量流量不能满足热负荷要求；当喷嘴位置和空气系数不变时，喷嘴直径越大，风压越大；当喷嘴位置大于4mm时，燃气和空气的混合效果较好，但混气出口速度分布的均匀性差。在此基础上，提出了在混气系统出口加分配孔板技术，有效解决混气出口速度分布均匀问题。实验证明了本文研制的混气系统可以实现燃气和空气的完全预混。
建立了燃烧器污染物排放数学模型，研究了空气系数、火孔直径、火孔热强度对燃烧室内温度场、NO和CO浓度场的影响。结果表明，当空气系数一定时，CO的排放量随着火孔热强度的增加而减少；当火孔热强度不变时，CO的排放量随着空气系数的增加而迅速降低；方火孔和圆火孔族间、圆火孔族间产生气流涡旋，导致该区域温度的升高，氧气浓度的降低，使得NO和CO的生成量增加。通过增大火孔簇中小火孔的间距，减小火孔族与火孔族的间距，对火孔板进行了优化。结果表明，NO浓度较高的面积缩小，NO排放量降低。
论文开展了燃气快速热水器全预混燃烧器整机燃烧工况的实验研究。搭建了全预混燃烧器实验台，研究了全预混燃烧器污染物排放量和燃烧稳定性随喷嘴位置、喷嘴直径、空气系数和热负荷（火孔热强度）的变化。实验表明：空气系数对CO生成量的影响显著，当1.1＜α＜1.2时， CO的生成量受空气系数的影响显著，空气系数稍有增大，CO生成量急剧降低；当α>1.2时，CO的生成量降低的速度缓慢；当α>1时，NO与空气系数呈线性变化；喷嘴位置远离引射器入口有助于降低污染物的排放量；燃气负荷（火孔热强度）降低，污染物排放量呈下降趋势。
本文开发的全预混式燃烧器经整机实验验证燃烧稳定、污染物排放量低，为全预混燃气燃烧设备的研发提供了重要的技术支撑。
With the development of town gas, people increasely pay attention to the effect ofNOxand CO produced in combustion process on indoor air quality. Domestic gasinstantaneous water heater is widely used as a kind of domestic appliances. Partlypremixed combustion is employed generally by domestic gas instantaneous waterheater. However, partly premixed combustion would have high NOxemission, about90~95ppm, which caused serious indoor environmental pollution. Aiming at thisproblem, a premixed burner of gas instantaneous water heater, with stable combustionand low pollutant emission, was developed in this paper. Through numericalsimulation and experimental validation method, the effect of mixing gas system andthe combustion characteristics of the premixed burner were discussed, the keytechnology problem during the process of premixed burner development was sovled,and the potential application of this technology in the field of gas appliance was alsopointed out.
In this paper, a concept that multi-ejectors were employed to realize premixing ofgas and air was put forward, and a mathematic model was set up based on this concept,then a numerically simulated study on it was carried out. It was found that the smallerthe nozzle diameter, the more gas pressure, and the influence of the NXP on the gaspressure required could be ignored; nozzle diameter should be greater than1.3mm,otherwise, the mass flow rate could not meet with the heat load requirement; when theNXP and air coefficient were constant, the greater the nozzle diameter, the greater theair pressure; when NXP>4mm, the mixing effect of gas and air was better, however,the uniformity of the velocity distribution at the mixed system outlet was poor. Basedon this problem, a technology that a distribution orifice plate was installed at theoutlet of the mixed gas system was proposed, which could effectively solve theproblem of the uniformity of the velocity distribution at outlet of the mixing system.The experiment proved that the mixed gas system developed in this paper couldrealize the premixing of gas and air.
The numerical model simulating pollutant emission of burner was established,and the effects of air coefficient, fire hole diameter and thermal intensity of fire holeon the temperature field and the concentration fields of NO and CO in the combustion chamber were explored. Simulation results showed that the CO emission decreasedwith the increase of the thermal intensity of fire hole when air coefficient α wasconstant; and the CO emission decreased quickly with the increase of air coefficientwhen the thermal intensity of the fire hole was constant; the flow vortex produced inthe areas which include two parts, one area is between the square fire hole group andthe round fire hole group, another area is between the round fire hole groups, couldcause the rapid increase of the temperature and drop of the oxygen concentration,therefore, the concentration of NO and CO increased. Based on the simulated results,the fire orifice plate was optimised, the spaces between the small fire holes in the firehole cluster were increased, and the spaces between fire hole groups were decreased.The simulated results showed that in the new burner, the area of high NOconcentration reduced, therefore, the NO concentration also reduced.
The whole machine experiment of the premixed burner of gas instantaneouswater heater was carried out, and the combustion condition was studied. Thelaboratory furniture used for premixed burner was set up, and the variation ofpollution emission and combustion stability of the premixed burner with NXP, nozzlediameter, air coefficient and heat load (thermal intensity of fire hole)were researched.Experiments showed that the effect of air coefficientα on the CO emission wassignificant, when1.1<α <1.2, if α increased slightly, the CO emission reducedsharply; whenα>1.2, the CO emission reduced slowly. When α>1, the variation ofNO emission with air coefficient was linear; the nozzle position away from ejecorentrance could help reducing pollutants emission; when the heat load (thermalintensity of fire hore) reduced, the pollutants emission was on a declining curve.
Through the verification of the whole machine experiment, the completelypremixed burner with stable combustion and low pollutant emission, could supply animportant technology references for the research of the completely premixed gascombustion appliance.
本文提出了利用多个引射器实现燃气和空气全预混概念，并建立了数学模型，进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：喷嘴的直径越小，燃气压力增大，喷嘴位置对燃气压力影响可以忽略；喷嘴直径应大于1.3mm，否则燃气的质量流量不能满足热负荷要求；当喷嘴位置和空气系数不变时，喷嘴直径越大，风压越大；当喷嘴位置大于4mm时，燃气和空气的混合效果较好，但混气出口速度分布的均匀性差。在此基础上，提出了在混气系统出口加分配孔板技术，有效解决混气出口速度分布均匀问题。实验证明了本文研制的混气系统可以实现燃气和空气的完全预混。
建立了燃烧器污染物排放数学模型，研究了空气系数、火孔直径、火孔热强度对燃烧室内温度场、NO和CO浓度场的影响。结果表明，当空气系数一定时，CO的排放量随着火孔热强度的增加而减少；当火孔热强度不变时，CO的排放量随着空气系数的增加而迅速降低；方火孔和圆火孔族间、圆火孔族间产生气流涡旋，导致该区域温度的升高，氧气浓度的降低，使得NO和CO的生成量增加。通过增大火孔簇中小火孔的间距，减小火孔族与火孔族的间距，对火孔板进行了优化。结果表明，NO浓度较高的面积缩小，NO排放量降低。
论文开展了燃气快速热水器全预混燃烧器整机燃烧工况的实验研究。搭建了全预混燃烧器实验台，研究了全预混燃烧器污染物排放量和燃烧稳定性随喷嘴位置、喷嘴直径、空气系数和热负荷（火孔热强度）的变化。实验表明：空气系数对CO生成量的影响显著，当1.1＜α＜1.2时， CO的生成量受空气系数的影响显著，空气系数稍有增大，CO生成量急剧降低；当α>1.2时，CO的生成量降低的速度缓慢；当α>1时，NO与空气系数呈线性变化；喷嘴位置远离引射器入口有助于降低污染物的排放量；燃气负荷（火孔热强度）降低，污染物排放量呈下降趋势。
本文开发的全预混式燃烧器经整机实验验证燃烧稳定、污染物排放量低，为全预混燃气燃烧设备的研发提供了重要的技术支撑。
With the development of town gas, people increasely pay attention to the effect ofNOxand CO produced in combustion process on indoor air quality. Domestic gasinstantaneous water heater is widely used as a kind of domestic appliances. Partlypremixed combustion is employed generally by domestic gas instantaneous waterheater. However, partly premixed combustion would have high NOxemission, about90~95ppm, which caused serious indoor environmental pollution. Aiming at thisproblem, a premixed burner of gas instantaneous water heater, with stable combustionand low pollutant emission, was developed in this paper. Through numericalsimulation and experimental validation method, the effect of mixing gas system andthe combustion characteristics of the premixed burner were discussed, the keytechnology problem during the process of premixed burner development was sovled,and the potential application of this technology in the field of gas appliance was alsopointed out.
In this paper, a concept that multi-ejectors were employed to realize premixing ofgas and air was put forward, and a mathematic model was set up based on this concept,then a numerically simulated study on it was carried out. It was found that the smallerthe nozzle diameter, the more gas pressure, and the influence of the NXP on the gaspressure required could be ignored; nozzle diameter should be greater than1.3mm,otherwise, the mass flow rate could not meet with the heat load requirement; when theNXP and air coefficient were constant, the greater the nozzle diameter, the greater theair pressure; when NXP>4mm, the mixing effect of gas and air was better, however,the uniformity of the velocity distribution at the mixed system outlet was poor. Basedon this problem, a technology that a distribution orifice plate was installed at theoutlet of the mixed gas system was proposed, which could effectively solve theproblem of the uniformity of the velocity distribution at outlet of the mixing system.The experiment proved that the mixed gas system developed in this paper couldrealize the premixing of gas and air.
The numerical model simulating pollutant emission of burner was established,and the effects of air coefficient, fire hole diameter and thermal intensity of fire holeon the temperature field and the concentration fields of NO and CO in the combustion chamber were explored. Simulation results showed that the CO emission decreasedwith the increase of the thermal intensity of fire hole when air coefficient α wasconstant; and the CO emission decreased quickly with the increase of air coefficientwhen the thermal intensity of the fire hole was constant; the flow vortex produced inthe areas which include two parts, one area is between the square fire hole group andthe round fire hole group, another area is between the round fire hole groups, couldcause the rapid increase of the temperature and drop of the oxygen concentration,therefore, the concentration of NO and CO increased. Based on the simulated results,the fire orifice plate was optimised, the spaces between the small fire holes in the firehole cluster were increased, and the spaces between fire hole groups were decreased.The simulated results showed that in the new burner, the area of high NOconcentration reduced, therefore, the NO concentration also reduced.
The whole machine experiment of the premixed burner of gas instantaneouswater heater was carried out, and the combustion condition was studied. Thelaboratory furniture used for premixed burner was set up, and the variation ofpollution emission and combustion stability of the premixed burner with NXP, nozzlediameter, air coefficient and heat load (thermal intensity of fire hole)were researched.Experiments showed that the effect of air coefficientα on the CO emission wassignificant, when1.1<α <1.2, if α increased slightly, the CO emission reducedsharply; whenα>1.2, the CO emission reduced slowly. When α>1, the variation ofNO emission with air coefficient was linear; the nozzle position away from ejecorentrance could help reducing pollutants emission; when the heat load (thermalintensity of fire hore) reduced, the pollutants emission was on a declining curve.
Through the verification of the whole machine experiment, the completelypremixed burner with stable combustion and low pollutant emission, could supply animportant technology references for the research of the completely premixed gascombustion appliance.
引文
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