复杂超高层及大跨度屋盖建筑结构风效应的数值风洞研究
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摘要
对超高层及大跨度建筑结构风效应的研究方法主要为现场实测、风洞试验和数值模拟。与现场实测和风洞实验手段相比,CFD数值风洞模拟,尤其是大涡模拟,具有以下优点：1、能提供丰富的数据和结果,包括整个流场的完整数据,所有模拟的建筑表面上的风压分布情况,包括很小区域上的风压变化。这是现场实测和风洞试验不能做到的。2、可以进行建筑结构全尺寸、高雷诺数的模拟。可以避免雷诺数效应的影响,这是风洞试验难以解决的问题。3、可以产生更符合实际大气边界层风场特性的流场。可以方便的分析不同湍流流场对结构风效应的影响。4、便于进行参数分析。可对一些流动现象和风效应做机理性的分析研究。5、成本较低。不需要制作试验模型,布置传感器等。以往对结构风效应的数值模拟多采用定常或非定常计算的雷诺平均方法,对脉动风荷载的预测不准。近几年来,通过大涡模拟计算建筑表面的风压、风荷载以及风致响应的方法虽然已经获得了一定的进展,但所分析的建筑结构的外形大都比较简单,多为长方形和圆形。且多数大涡模拟亚格子模型的算法是针对高精度数值格式和计算结果质量容易保证的结构网格。本文采用新提出的结构风效应大涡模拟数值风洞的关键技术针对复杂超高层、大跨度屋盖结构的风流场、风荷载和风致振动响应进行了大涡模拟研究。并采用数值模拟方法对大跨度屋盖结构风致雪漂造成的雪压不均匀分布以及超高层建筑中运用凤力发电可能导致的气动噪声问题进行了研究及评估。本文的主要研究工作为：
(1)介绍了结构风效应数值风洞研究的基本理论知识。本文将大涡模拟作为结构风效应数值风洞模拟的一种非常重要的方法。针对现有亚格子模型在结构风工程实际运用中存在的问题以及入口湍流风场生成方法的缺点,本文建议采用结构风效应大涡模拟数值风洞的关键技术：主要针对工程应用提出的一种新的亚格子模型及一种新的入口湍流生成的DSRFG方法。并对这两种方法及优点进行了详细的介绍。采用结构风效应数值风洞的关键技术是本文的模拟结果能够成功运用于实际工程抗风设计的关键因素,是本文主要研究工作的基础。
(2)运用大涡模拟数值风洞关键技术,基于Linux系统下软件Fluent6.3的并行计算技术,对深圳新火车站进行了全尺寸的大涡模拟。数值模拟得出的屋盖上平均风压、脉动风压分布及数值与风洞试验数据有较好的吻合。验证了大涡模拟数值风洞关键技术对大跨度屋盖结构抗风设计的有效性和正确性。此外,数值风洞结果可以反映出采用缩尺模型的风洞实验很难捕捉到的狭小区域上风压梯度的剧烈变化以及站台雨棚底面与站台立柱相接处,风洞试验无法测到的该区域受立柱的影响而发生的局部风压变化。对深圳新火车站周围的风流场进行了全面细致的分析,克服了受到试验设备以及天气条件限制下,物理风洞试验和现场观测很难全面观测到建筑物周围流场的弊端。对屋盖风压分布通过流场分析了进行机理性研究,揭示建筑物周围的风速场和建筑表面风压的关联。
(3)全面考虑了以深圳大运会体育场馆为中心10公里范围内的山体和主要建筑物,采用大涡模拟数值风洞的关键技术对其进行了全尺寸的数值模拟。对深圳大运会体育中心片区的风场特性进行了分析；采用超越阈值概率方法对体育场馆周围行人风环境进行了评估；对体育场馆的平均、脉动风压分布特点进行了研究,探讨了体育场馆周边山体及建筑物对其风压分布规律及数值大小的影响；根据大涡模拟得到的体育场屋盖表面的风力时程数据对其风荷载特性进行了探讨,并计算了体育场屋盖的静力等效风荷载。数值风洞的模拟结果成功运用于大运会体育场馆的设计复核中。
(4)以台北101大楼(高508m)以及深圳平安国际金融大厦(高660m)两栋著名的超高层建筑为背景,采用大涡模拟数值风洞的关键技术对其进行了全尺寸的数值模拟。得到了台北101大楼以及深圳平安大厦周围的风流场及作用于其上的风荷载时程数据。计算了风荷载作用下两栋大楼的风致响应以及等效静力风荷载。并将计算结果与现场实测以及风洞试验的相应数据进行了对比,验证了本文采用的数值风洞技术对超高层建筑抗风设计的正确性与可靠性。探讨了不同的湍流流场对超高层建筑风场、风压分布、风荷载以及风致响应的影响。
(5)以吉林新火车站为研究对象,采用Euler-Euler体系的两相流理论,在流体计算软件FLUENT6.3基础上编写了相应的UDF计算程序,对吉林火车站周围的风雪运动进行了数值模拟,得到了不同风向下屋盖表面风致雪压的不均匀分布情况,总结了风雪共同作用下雪压的分布规律；给出了吉林火车站屋盖表面上的平均雪压分布,探讨了火车站屋盖及雨棚各分块积雪分布系数随风向的变化情况。为寒冷气候下大跨度屋盖结构的抗风设计提供了依据；
(6)对采用风机发电的“高性能”可持续性建筑：“珠江城”商务写字楼由于风洞口和风机的存在可能产生的气动噪声问题进行了数值模拟研究。采用基于SST湍流模型的宽频带噪声源模型得到了“珠江城”商务写字楼风洞口周围的噪声分布。探讨了有无风机对风洞口周围的噪声分布及大小的影响。对“珠江城”商务写字楼风洞口周围产生的室外噪声及室内噪声进行了评估。
(7)本文在高雷诺数(108)情况下,对大规模复杂建筑结构风荷载和风致振动运用大涡模拟取得的结果及与原型实测和风洞试验结果进行了对比分析,在国内外风工程及结构工程界尚属首次。
Wind effects on buildings and structures are mainly determined by means of wind tunnel testing, full-scale measurement or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predications. Compared to wind tunnel testing and full-scale measurement, CFD simulation has many advantages such as:(1) it can provide much more detailed, visualized, and comprehensive information on flow fields and pressure distributions on building surfaces, even on relatively small areas with large pressure gradient variations. In such a case, it is hard or impossible for the surface pressures to be captured by wind tunnel testing and full-scale measurement.(2) There are a number of limitations involved in wind tunnel testing, like the difficulty of fulfilling model tests under high Reynolds number flow conditions. However, for CFD simulations, it is feasible to conduct full-scale size simulations with high Reynolds number flows by adopting recently developed CFD techniques. Such drawbacks can thus be overcome accordingly.(3) CFD simulation is able to reproduce realistic wind flow fields in the atmospheric boundary layer to ensure obtaining credible results of wind effects on structures. Furthermore, it is convenient to analyze the effects of different turbulent flow fields on wind pressure coefficients, wind forces and wind-induced responses of structures.(4) It is convenient to conduct parameter analysis, mechanism investigation of wind flow phenomenon and wind effects on structures.(5) There is no need to make expensive models or purchasing costly sensors. Hence, it has the merit of low costs.
Steady/unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methods used to be adopted to study wind effects on buildings and structures. But, in recent years, Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach has been identified as a useful tool for investigation of wind loads and wind-induced response of civil structures. Although encouraging results have been achieved by LES, most of the concerned buildings in previous studies with LES are too idealized or simplified, such as with rectangle or circular shapes. Meanwhile, most commonly utilized sub-grid scale (SGS) models are merely suitable under the conditions of relatively high-order numerical discritization and high quality structural or hexahedral grids. This study adopts novel key techniques of LES to predict wind effects on super-tall buildings and long-span roof structures with irregular shapes. Besides, the distributions of wind-driven snows on a long-span roof are investigated by means of CFD simulations. In addition, this study estimated the noise levels and distributions around wind turbines installed in a super-tall building, the Pearl River Tower. The major contents involved in this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Basic theoretical knowledge of CFD simulations of wind effects on structures is briefly introduced first. The LES approach is highlighted as an efficient CFD method for its ability of reproducing complex turbulent flows around and wind-induced loads on buildings and structures. Novel key techniques for LES are introduced, which include a new inflow turbulence generator called the discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation (DSRFG) approach and a new one-equation dynamic SGS model. These techniques play an important role in accurate estimations of wind effects on civil structures by using LES approach and form the theoretical foundation of the research works presented in this dissertation.
(2) The wind effects on the Shenzhen new railway station is first studied using the new LES techniques based on the parallel computation on the software platform of Fluent6.3. The predicted distributions of both mean and fluctuating pressures on the station roof are found to agree with those from wind tunnel tests. The numerical simulation approach is proofed to be an efficient tool for structural engineers to assess the wind effects on long-span roof structures at the design stage. Specially, the numerical simulation can provide much more detailed information of pressures on small areas with large pressure gradient variations, such as joints of the roof undersurface and the uprights where such information is hard or impossible to be obtained by wind tunnel testing due to insufficient number of pressure taps in a scaled building model. Furthermore, wind flow characteristics around this station are investigated in detail. It is found that the adopted numerical approach is of great efficiency and effectiveness. It can give finer depiction of wind fields around obstacles and provide reliable pressure distributions on the station building. In addition, the mechanisms for the pressure distributions on the station roof are discussed by analyzing the correlations between the wind pressures on the building surfaces and the wind fields around the building.
(3) The wind effects on the Shenzhen Universiade Stadium are studied with consideration of all the major mountains and structures (in full-scale sizes) within a range of10km. Wind fields around the stadium, wind environment at pedestrian level, the wind-induced equivalent static loads on the roof surfaces and interference effects on the pressure distributions from surrounding obstacles are investigated, respectively. The numerical results have been successfully utilized in the design of the stadium.
(4) The508m high Taipei101Tower and the660m high Shenzhen Ping-An International Finance Centre are considered as objects for investigation of wind effects on the two super-tall buildings by the LES approach. Based on the computational results, wind flow fields around the buildings, wind pressure distributions, the wind-induced responses and the equivalent static wind loads on these two buildings are presented and discussed. The effects of different turbulent flow fields on the wind pressure coefficients, wind forces and wind-induced responses are discussed. The obtained results are compared with those from wind tunnel tests and full-scale measurements. It is found that the numerical simulation approach as adopted in this dissertation is an effective tool for structural engineers to assess the wind effects on super-tall buildings at the design stage.
(5) The phenomenon of wind-driven snow on the Jilin New Railway Station is investigated based on the Euler-Euler two-phase flow theory. UDF programs are compiled to realize parallel computation on the Fluent software platform under Linux system. The distributions of wind-driven snow loads on the station roof and the snow loads under the different incident wind directions are presented and discussed. The distributions of the averaged snow loads on the station roof and their variations with respect to the approaching wind directions are demonstrated. These results provide meaningful references for the design of this station and other similar roof structures in cold climate regions.
(6) Pearl River Tower is regarded as a global origination "High Performance" Sustainable tall building installed with wind turbines in four tunnels inside the building for power generation, which may produce notable noises when wind blows through the tunnels. It is thus necessary to predict and evaluate the noise levels and distributions around the Pearl River Tower at the design stage. Broadband noise source model based on the SST turbulence model is used in the numerical simulation of the aerodynamic-induced noise distributions around the Pearl River Tower. The influence of the wind turbines on the noise distributions is discussed and the noise levels inside and outside the tall building are evaluated.
(7) To the best knowledge of the author, it is the first time in wind engineering and structural engineering to adopt LES for predictions of wind loads and wind-induced vibrations of large-scale complex structures under extremely high Reynolds numbers (108) conditions. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from wind tunnel tests and full-scale measurements.
(1)介绍了结构风效应数值风洞研究的基本理论知识。本文将大涡模拟作为结构风效应数值风洞模拟的一种非常重要的方法。针对现有亚格子模型在结构风工程实际运用中存在的问题以及入口湍流风场生成方法的缺点,本文建议采用结构风效应大涡模拟数值风洞的关键技术：主要针对工程应用提出的一种新的亚格子模型及一种新的入口湍流生成的DSRFG方法。并对这两种方法及优点进行了详细的介绍。采用结构风效应数值风洞的关键技术是本文的模拟结果能够成功运用于实际工程抗风设计的关键因素,是本文主要研究工作的基础。
(2)运用大涡模拟数值风洞关键技术,基于Linux系统下软件Fluent6.3的并行计算技术,对深圳新火车站进行了全尺寸的大涡模拟。数值模拟得出的屋盖上平均风压、脉动风压分布及数值与风洞试验数据有较好的吻合。验证了大涡模拟数值风洞关键技术对大跨度屋盖结构抗风设计的有效性和正确性。此外,数值风洞结果可以反映出采用缩尺模型的风洞实验很难捕捉到的狭小区域上风压梯度的剧烈变化以及站台雨棚底面与站台立柱相接处,风洞试验无法测到的该区域受立柱的影响而发生的局部风压变化。对深圳新火车站周围的风流场进行了全面细致的分析,克服了受到试验设备以及天气条件限制下,物理风洞试验和现场观测很难全面观测到建筑物周围流场的弊端。对屋盖风压分布通过流场分析了进行机理性研究,揭示建筑物周围的风速场和建筑表面风压的关联。
(3)全面考虑了以深圳大运会体育场馆为中心10公里范围内的山体和主要建筑物,采用大涡模拟数值风洞的关键技术对其进行了全尺寸的数值模拟。对深圳大运会体育中心片区的风场特性进行了分析；采用超越阈值概率方法对体育场馆周围行人风环境进行了评估；对体育场馆的平均、脉动风压分布特点进行了研究,探讨了体育场馆周边山体及建筑物对其风压分布规律及数值大小的影响；根据大涡模拟得到的体育场屋盖表面的风力时程数据对其风荷载特性进行了探讨,并计算了体育场屋盖的静力等效风荷载。数值风洞的模拟结果成功运用于大运会体育场馆的设计复核中。
(4)以台北101大楼(高508m)以及深圳平安国际金融大厦(高660m)两栋著名的超高层建筑为背景,采用大涡模拟数值风洞的关键技术对其进行了全尺寸的数值模拟。得到了台北101大楼以及深圳平安大厦周围的风流场及作用于其上的风荷载时程数据。计算了风荷载作用下两栋大楼的风致响应以及等效静力风荷载。并将计算结果与现场实测以及风洞试验的相应数据进行了对比,验证了本文采用的数值风洞技术对超高层建筑抗风设计的正确性与可靠性。探讨了不同的湍流流场对超高层建筑风场、风压分布、风荷载以及风致响应的影响。
(5)以吉林新火车站为研究对象,采用Euler-Euler体系的两相流理论,在流体计算软件FLUENT6.3基础上编写了相应的UDF计算程序,对吉林火车站周围的风雪运动进行了数值模拟,得到了不同风向下屋盖表面风致雪压的不均匀分布情况,总结了风雪共同作用下雪压的分布规律；给出了吉林火车站屋盖表面上的平均雪压分布,探讨了火车站屋盖及雨棚各分块积雪分布系数随风向的变化情况。为寒冷气候下大跨度屋盖结构的抗风设计提供了依据；
(6)对采用风机发电的“高性能”可持续性建筑：“珠江城”商务写字楼由于风洞口和风机的存在可能产生的气动噪声问题进行了数值模拟研究。采用基于SST湍流模型的宽频带噪声源模型得到了“珠江城”商务写字楼风洞口周围的噪声分布。探讨了有无风机对风洞口周围的噪声分布及大小的影响。对“珠江城”商务写字楼风洞口周围产生的室外噪声及室内噪声进行了评估。
(7)本文在高雷诺数(108)情况下,对大规模复杂建筑结构风荷载和风致振动运用大涡模拟取得的结果及与原型实测和风洞试验结果进行了对比分析,在国内外风工程及结构工程界尚属首次。
Wind effects on buildings and structures are mainly determined by means of wind tunnel testing, full-scale measurement or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predications. Compared to wind tunnel testing and full-scale measurement, CFD simulation has many advantages such as:(1) it can provide much more detailed, visualized, and comprehensive information on flow fields and pressure distributions on building surfaces, even on relatively small areas with large pressure gradient variations. In such a case, it is hard or impossible for the surface pressures to be captured by wind tunnel testing and full-scale measurement.(2) There are a number of limitations involved in wind tunnel testing, like the difficulty of fulfilling model tests under high Reynolds number flow conditions. However, for CFD simulations, it is feasible to conduct full-scale size simulations with high Reynolds number flows by adopting recently developed CFD techniques. Such drawbacks can thus be overcome accordingly.(3) CFD simulation is able to reproduce realistic wind flow fields in the atmospheric boundary layer to ensure obtaining credible results of wind effects on structures. Furthermore, it is convenient to analyze the effects of different turbulent flow fields on wind pressure coefficients, wind forces and wind-induced responses of structures.(4) It is convenient to conduct parameter analysis, mechanism investigation of wind flow phenomenon and wind effects on structures.(5) There is no need to make expensive models or purchasing costly sensors. Hence, it has the merit of low costs.
Steady/unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methods used to be adopted to study wind effects on buildings and structures. But, in recent years, Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach has been identified as a useful tool for investigation of wind loads and wind-induced response of civil structures. Although encouraging results have been achieved by LES, most of the concerned buildings in previous studies with LES are too idealized or simplified, such as with rectangle or circular shapes. Meanwhile, most commonly utilized sub-grid scale (SGS) models are merely suitable under the conditions of relatively high-order numerical discritization and high quality structural or hexahedral grids. This study adopts novel key techniques of LES to predict wind effects on super-tall buildings and long-span roof structures with irregular shapes. Besides, the distributions of wind-driven snows on a long-span roof are investigated by means of CFD simulations. In addition, this study estimated the noise levels and distributions around wind turbines installed in a super-tall building, the Pearl River Tower. The major contents involved in this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Basic theoretical knowledge of CFD simulations of wind effects on structures is briefly introduced first. The LES approach is highlighted as an efficient CFD method for its ability of reproducing complex turbulent flows around and wind-induced loads on buildings and structures. Novel key techniques for LES are introduced, which include a new inflow turbulence generator called the discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation (DSRFG) approach and a new one-equation dynamic SGS model. These techniques play an important role in accurate estimations of wind effects on civil structures by using LES approach and form the theoretical foundation of the research works presented in this dissertation.
(2) The wind effects on the Shenzhen new railway station is first studied using the new LES techniques based on the parallel computation on the software platform of Fluent6.3. The predicted distributions of both mean and fluctuating pressures on the station roof are found to agree with those from wind tunnel tests. The numerical simulation approach is proofed to be an efficient tool for structural engineers to assess the wind effects on long-span roof structures at the design stage. Specially, the numerical simulation can provide much more detailed information of pressures on small areas with large pressure gradient variations, such as joints of the roof undersurface and the uprights where such information is hard or impossible to be obtained by wind tunnel testing due to insufficient number of pressure taps in a scaled building model. Furthermore, wind flow characteristics around this station are investigated in detail. It is found that the adopted numerical approach is of great efficiency and effectiveness. It can give finer depiction of wind fields around obstacles and provide reliable pressure distributions on the station building. In addition, the mechanisms for the pressure distributions on the station roof are discussed by analyzing the correlations between the wind pressures on the building surfaces and the wind fields around the building.
(3) The wind effects on the Shenzhen Universiade Stadium are studied with consideration of all the major mountains and structures (in full-scale sizes) within a range of10km. Wind fields around the stadium, wind environment at pedestrian level, the wind-induced equivalent static loads on the roof surfaces and interference effects on the pressure distributions from surrounding obstacles are investigated, respectively. The numerical results have been successfully utilized in the design of the stadium.
(4) The508m high Taipei101Tower and the660m high Shenzhen Ping-An International Finance Centre are considered as objects for investigation of wind effects on the two super-tall buildings by the LES approach. Based on the computational results, wind flow fields around the buildings, wind pressure distributions, the wind-induced responses and the equivalent static wind loads on these two buildings are presented and discussed. The effects of different turbulent flow fields on the wind pressure coefficients, wind forces and wind-induced responses are discussed. The obtained results are compared with those from wind tunnel tests and full-scale measurements. It is found that the numerical simulation approach as adopted in this dissertation is an effective tool for structural engineers to assess the wind effects on super-tall buildings at the design stage.
(5) The phenomenon of wind-driven snow on the Jilin New Railway Station is investigated based on the Euler-Euler two-phase flow theory. UDF programs are compiled to realize parallel computation on the Fluent software platform under Linux system. The distributions of wind-driven snow loads on the station roof and the snow loads under the different incident wind directions are presented and discussed. The distributions of the averaged snow loads on the station roof and their variations with respect to the approaching wind directions are demonstrated. These results provide meaningful references for the design of this station and other similar roof structures in cold climate regions.
(6) Pearl River Tower is regarded as a global origination "High Performance" Sustainable tall building installed with wind turbines in four tunnels inside the building for power generation, which may produce notable noises when wind blows through the tunnels. It is thus necessary to predict and evaluate the noise levels and distributions around the Pearl River Tower at the design stage. Broadband noise source model based on the SST turbulence model is used in the numerical simulation of the aerodynamic-induced noise distributions around the Pearl River Tower. The influence of the wind turbines on the noise distributions is discussed and the noise levels inside and outside the tall building are evaluated.
(7) To the best knowledge of the author, it is the first time in wind engineering and structural engineering to adopt LES for predictions of wind loads and wind-induced vibrations of large-scale complex structures under extremely high Reynolds numbers (108) conditions. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from wind tunnel tests and full-scale measurements.
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