钝体绕流及风致振动流固耦合的CFD研究
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摘要
本文在总结以往学者在CFD研究理论的基础之上,采用有限体积法,利用SST湍流模型以及大涡模型进行湍流的模拟,并结合动网格方法对工程中较常用断面的静止、风致振动下的流场进行了数值模拟,同时针对传统风洞试验中条件难以实施,而工程实际中急需解决的问题进行了研究。本文主要包括以下一些工作：
1、以工程使用最多的圆形截面为研究对象,通过使用计算流体动力学方法,分别采用SST湍流模型与大涡湍流模型对不同雷诺数下的三维圆柱进行了非定常绕流数值模拟。着重研究了三维圆柱的阻力系数、升力系数和斯脱罗哈数随Re数的变化规律及其三维流动特性。通过与已有试验结果与数值模拟结果进行比较,验证了两种湍流模型在钝体外型结构计算中的准确性,为本文工作的进一步开展提供依据。
2、采用CFD方法研究了全尺寸双曲冷却塔在运行过程中内外表面的平均风压系数。首先,通过对规范内规定高度的某冷却塔进行外表面风压系数计算,考虑全尺寸冷却塔混凝土表面粗糙度对外表面风压系数的影响,将结果与以往风洞试验以及现场实测进行对比,结果表明,在外压计算中必须考虑冷却塔外表面混凝土粗糙度对风压系数的影响；然后,将此方法应用于超出规范范围的220米高的冷却塔外压计算上,指导目前世界最高塔的设计与计算。在塔内表面压力系数计算中,通过编制程序进行二次开发,在冷却塔填料区添加热水程序,模拟冷却塔在运行过程中塔内自然通风过程中发生的传热传质过程,内压结果表明二次开发程序的正确性,并对内压系数的确定提供了参考依据；最后研究了侧风对冷却塔运行性能影响,提出了各种防侧风措施的选取原则。
3、通过使用ANSYS CFX的User Fortran工具对现有商业计算程序CFX进行二次开发,提出了一种流固耦合分析方法用以分析涡致振动及横风向驰振两种风致振动现象。流固耦合分析结果不仅成功地实现了对涡致振动的模拟,准确地捕捉到涡振区间、“锁定”和“拍”现象,同时再现了风洞试验中出现的斜拉桥拉索驰振现象,而且能较好地解释驰振力的形成机理,从而验证了流固耦合计算方法的正确性,可供类似问题研究作参考。
4、CFD数值模拟作为平台,采用“动网格”技术研究了列车风对桥梁主梁气动影响,结果表明,有侧风和无侧风情况下,列车运行导致的主梁结构周围压力场的变化趋势是一致的；普通列车冲击波对桥主梁的冲击气流压力并不大,设计时候不需要考虑,而高速动车冲击波对主梁影响有限,但其对桥梁附属结构的安全性会构成威胁,设计中应加以考虑。
In this work, the flow characteristic around cross-section which is most commonly used in the civil engineering is simulated with the Shear-Stress Transport(SST) model and Large Eddy Simulation(LES) on the basis of current finite volume methods of CFD thesis. Beside, the wind-induced vibration has been simulated by using moving grid method. the main research work is as follows:
1. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the circular cylinder which is commonly used in the civil engineering is simulated by computational fluid dynamic method with SST and LES turbulence model. The simulation is focused on three-dimensional flow characteristics and variation of drag coefficient,lift coefficient and Strouhal number with different Reynolds. The agreement of CFD simulation result with former recorded data prove the accuracy of two turbulence modle in bluff body calculation.This give a basis thesis for the further work of the paper.
2. CFD technique is employed to obtain the mean wind pressure coefficient distribution at various heights of isolated large hyperbolic cooling tower. First, effects of surface roughness on mean pressure coefficient of concrete cooling tower which is below the high degree of code for cooling tower is tested. The comparison of CFD result with former recorded data via full-scale measurement and wind-tunnel testing shows that the effect of roughness on full-scale cooling tower surface can not be ignored.then, the method will be proposed to abtain the mean prssure coefficient of cooling tower with220meters heigh which is out of the high degree of standards. The mean pressure coefficient inside the cooling tower is discussed by a external program with heat and mass transfer, the result prove the correctness of external program,and provides a reference method for the determination of internal mean pressure coefficient of cooling tower. The effects of crosswind on the performance of cooling tower is discussed, and the principle of how to choice the defensive measures to crosswind is offered.
3. A numerical method has been proposed to solving the fluid-structure interaction of vortex-induced vibrations and cross-wind galloping with the User Fortran module of ANSYS CFX. The simulation not only successfully captured the "lock-in" and "beat" phenomena,and reproduced the galloping which take place in the wind-tunnel. The results explain the formation mechanism of galloping well,and prove the correctness of method which can be used to the similar problems.
4. By using the CFD numerical method as a platform, the moving grid technique is used to discussed wind effects on bridge, where the wind is induced by train.the result indicate that the variation trend of pressure which is induecd by train is similar under different condition with crosswind and without crosswind. The effects of shock wave by train with normal speed can be negligible in the design calculation of bridge. The effect of high speed train on the bridge is limited, while pressure shock wave may be dangerous to the subsidiary structure of bridge,and should be considered carefully.
1、以工程使用最多的圆形截面为研究对象,通过使用计算流体动力学方法,分别采用SST湍流模型与大涡湍流模型对不同雷诺数下的三维圆柱进行了非定常绕流数值模拟。着重研究了三维圆柱的阻力系数、升力系数和斯脱罗哈数随Re数的变化规律及其三维流动特性。通过与已有试验结果与数值模拟结果进行比较,验证了两种湍流模型在钝体外型结构计算中的准确性,为本文工作的进一步开展提供依据。
2、采用CFD方法研究了全尺寸双曲冷却塔在运行过程中内外表面的平均风压系数。首先,通过对规范内规定高度的某冷却塔进行外表面风压系数计算,考虑全尺寸冷却塔混凝土表面粗糙度对外表面风压系数的影响,将结果与以往风洞试验以及现场实测进行对比,结果表明,在外压计算中必须考虑冷却塔外表面混凝土粗糙度对风压系数的影响；然后,将此方法应用于超出规范范围的220米高的冷却塔外压计算上,指导目前世界最高塔的设计与计算。在塔内表面压力系数计算中,通过编制程序进行二次开发,在冷却塔填料区添加热水程序,模拟冷却塔在运行过程中塔内自然通风过程中发生的传热传质过程,内压结果表明二次开发程序的正确性,并对内压系数的确定提供了参考依据；最后研究了侧风对冷却塔运行性能影响,提出了各种防侧风措施的选取原则。
3、通过使用ANSYS CFX的User Fortran工具对现有商业计算程序CFX进行二次开发,提出了一种流固耦合分析方法用以分析涡致振动及横风向驰振两种风致振动现象。流固耦合分析结果不仅成功地实现了对涡致振动的模拟,准确地捕捉到涡振区间、“锁定”和“拍”现象,同时再现了风洞试验中出现的斜拉桥拉索驰振现象,而且能较好地解释驰振力的形成机理,从而验证了流固耦合计算方法的正确性,可供类似问题研究作参考。
4、CFD数值模拟作为平台,采用“动网格”技术研究了列车风对桥梁主梁气动影响,结果表明,有侧风和无侧风情况下,列车运行导致的主梁结构周围压力场的变化趋势是一致的；普通列车冲击波对桥主梁的冲击气流压力并不大,设计时候不需要考虑,而高速动车冲击波对主梁影响有限,但其对桥梁附属结构的安全性会构成威胁,设计中应加以考虑。
In this work, the flow characteristic around cross-section which is most commonly used in the civil engineering is simulated with the Shear-Stress Transport(SST) model and Large Eddy Simulation(LES) on the basis of current finite volume methods of CFD thesis. Beside, the wind-induced vibration has been simulated by using moving grid method. the main research work is as follows:
1. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the circular cylinder which is commonly used in the civil engineering is simulated by computational fluid dynamic method with SST and LES turbulence model. The simulation is focused on three-dimensional flow characteristics and variation of drag coefficient,lift coefficient and Strouhal number with different Reynolds. The agreement of CFD simulation result with former recorded data prove the accuracy of two turbulence modle in bluff body calculation.This give a basis thesis for the further work of the paper.
2. CFD technique is employed to obtain the mean wind pressure coefficient distribution at various heights of isolated large hyperbolic cooling tower. First, effects of surface roughness on mean pressure coefficient of concrete cooling tower which is below the high degree of code for cooling tower is tested. The comparison of CFD result with former recorded data via full-scale measurement and wind-tunnel testing shows that the effect of roughness on full-scale cooling tower surface can not be ignored.then, the method will be proposed to abtain the mean prssure coefficient of cooling tower with220meters heigh which is out of the high degree of standards. The mean pressure coefficient inside the cooling tower is discussed by a external program with heat and mass transfer, the result prove the correctness of external program,and provides a reference method for the determination of internal mean pressure coefficient of cooling tower. The effects of crosswind on the performance of cooling tower is discussed, and the principle of how to choice the defensive measures to crosswind is offered.
3. A numerical method has been proposed to solving the fluid-structure interaction of vortex-induced vibrations and cross-wind galloping with the User Fortran module of ANSYS CFX. The simulation not only successfully captured the "lock-in" and "beat" phenomena,and reproduced the galloping which take place in the wind-tunnel. The results explain the formation mechanism of galloping well,and prove the correctness of method which can be used to the similar problems.
4. By using the CFD numerical method as a platform, the moving grid technique is used to discussed wind effects on bridge, where the wind is induced by train.the result indicate that the variation trend of pressure which is induecd by train is similar under different condition with crosswind and without crosswind. The effects of shock wave by train with normal speed can be negligible in the design calculation of bridge. The effect of high speed train on the bridge is limited, while pressure shock wave may be dangerous to the subsidiary structure of bridge,and should be considered carefully.
引文
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