鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩地区包气带水—地下水转化机理研究
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摘要
鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩地区能源丰富,水资源短缺,地下水是主要的供水水源。由于该区降雨稀少,蒸发强烈,生态环境脆弱,随着经济发展与能源开发,水资源供需与生态环境之间的矛盾日益尖锐,因而急需加强地下水资源开发与社会经济和生态环境协调发展的研究,其核心是研究降雨(蒸发)-包气带水-地下水转化机理,为经济发展和能源基地建设与开发提供水资源保障,为地下水资源可持续开发利用提供科学依据。
本文以“降雨(蒸发)-包气带水-地下水”转化过程为主线,采用原位试验与室内物理模拟试验和数值模拟相结合研究方法,通过试验观测包气带中负压、含水率、温度和气压等状态变量,分析其变化规律及相关关系,构建水动力场、气动力场和温度场耦合模型,揭示包气带水分运移和界面的动力学过程,分析气体、温度在包气带中变化规律以及对水分运移的影响程度,探索包气带-地下水转化机理,定量模拟降雨(蒸发)-包气带水-地下水转化过程,为评价地下水资源量提供科学依据,丰富和发展地下水的理论和方法。
本文在大量试验和理论探索的基础上,取得了以下主要结论：
一、分析研究区的地下水循环规律,认为垂向交替模式是该区主要的循环模式,包气带是该循环模式补给与排泄的主要通道。该循环模式的主要补给源为大气降水,占总补给量96.01%；排泄以蒸发为主,占总排泄量62.56%；根据补给与排泄特征不同,将垂向交替模式划分为降水补给-地表水排泄、降水-地表水补给、降水补给-潜水蒸发和降水-田间灌溉补给四种转化模式。
二、根据原位试验场综合剖面试验区的试验数据和数值模拟结果认为,包气带岩性不同,包气带水分运移规律不同。包气带岩性为风积沙时,对降雨入渗最为有利；包气带岩性为风化砂岩时,0.3m以上呈蒸发状态；包气带岩性颗粒较细时,对降雨入渗不利,地表土壤蒸发强烈。包气带岩性结构越复杂,降雨入渗机理越复杂；当包气带剖面为岩性为单一介质时,水分运移机理较简单。在当地气候条件下,对包气带起关键影响作用的是地面以下1m以内包气带岩性结构,入渗速率有风积沙>风化砂岩>砂质壤土,而表土蒸发潜力则相反。同时风积沙的持水能力弱,蒸发能力小,入渗速率快等特点,是本区地下水相对丰富的主要原因。
三、通过室内物理模拟试验和包气带水汽热耦合模型分析温度对包气带水分运移规律和潜水蒸发规律的影响。揭示了干旱半干旱典型地区包气带水分迁移转化的动力学过程,建立了等温和非等温条件下包气带水分运移模型模拟水分转化的动力学过程。通过理论与试验分析表明,当地表温度超过25℃时,在研究包气带水分运移和地下水的蒸发排泄时忽略温度的影响将会产生较大的误差；确立了地表温度25℃作为温度影响包气带水分的阈值这一关键指标；确立了研究区在地下水位埋深小于70cm时,当降低地下水位时,在地表将会引起热岛效应这一命题。
四、通过包气带水气二相砂槽模型试验和数值模拟分析气体在包气带中运移规律以及阻滞入渗水分机理。揭示了干旱半干旱地区降雨条件下包气带中气体对水分入渗的阻滞作用,主要表现为三个方面：1、入渗水分造成包气带中气体压力增加,导致非饱和渗透系数减少；2、增加入渗水分的响应时间。通过理论与实验模拟研究表明,当降雨量大于6mm/d时,在研究包气带水分运移和地下水补给时忽略气体的影响将会产生较大误差。确定了降雨量6mm/d作为气体影响包气带水分运移的阈值。3、包气带中气体在入渗水流推动下气压达到某一较大值将会冲破上覆水层由地表逃逸,气体主要以垂向运动为主。但气体随着湿润峰的推移向下运移至潜水面处,由于受到潜水面的阻滞作用,气体存在着明显的水平运移。根据试验和数值模拟结果,依据降雨条件下水气二相之间的驱替关系以及剖面气压的变化特征,将包气带中气体划分为三个区：气压稳定区I；气压变动区II；气压缓增区III。
五、根据原位试验数据和室内物理模拟数据,分析土-气界面和土-水界面和地下水界面的动力学过程。确定了水面蒸发量、土面蒸发量以及其之间关系；分析水面蒸发与温度之间在升温期呈现线性关系,在降温期呈现正指数关系；
六、包气带介质的特性参数测定,包括水分特征参数、热传导系数。设计了非等温等压包气带参数测定仪,测定试验介质的水分特征参数和饱和渗透系数。设计了“稳态法测定土壤介质的热传导率”实验方法,得到了介质热传导率随含水率的变化关系,建立了表示二者关系新的模型KT(θ)=KTs-KTs-KTr/α+(1-α)exp(βθ),模型中提出饱和热传导系数和残余热传导系数的概念,并对其可靠性、求解方法及敏感性进行了分析和验证。七、根据原位试验与数值模拟结果,分析降雨入渗系数与包气带厚度之间的关系,得到以下认识：(1)相同包气带厚度条件下降雨入渗系数从大到小的顺序为：风积沙>萨拉乌苏组>风化砂岩>砂质壤土；(2)当包气带岩性结构为上覆风积沙时,则有利于降雨入渗,故其降雨入渗系数较大,而当包气带岩性结为上覆砂质壤土时,降雨入渗系数较小,不利于水分入渗。研究潜水埋深的变化及岩性的不同对潜水蒸发排泄地下水的影响可知,随着埋深增大,潜水蒸发量减少,到达极限埋深则蒸发量趋近于零,区内几种岩性的极限埋深规律为壤土(1.6m)>淤泥质砂(1m)>风化砂岩(0.8m)>风积沙(0.5m)。
八、完善地下水可再生性和地下水可再生资源的概念以及其内涵,分析了地下水可再生资源量的特征和影响因素；提出一新的思路评价地下水可再生性。基于地下水可再生资源量特征及影响因素,并根据鄂尔多斯盆地具体情况,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地地下水可再生性评价指标体系,以及评价方法的确定。根据地下水可再生资源量计算方法,计算出典型区苏北淖流域一般水文年的地下水可再生资源量为958.02万m3/a,95%频率年的地下水可再生资源量为896.63万m3/a。最后根据地下水可再生能力强弱绘制了鄂尔多斯盆地苏北淖流域地下水可再生性评价图。
The area of sand blown by wind in the Ordos Basin is rich in energy resources and short of water resources, where groundwater is the main water supply source. Since the rainfall is rare, the evaporation is intensive and the ecological environment is fragile, with the development of economic and energy, the contradiction between water supply and demand and ecological environment is Serious day and day. Hence, it is urgently needed to strengthen groundwater resource development and the research of social economic and ecological environment harmonious development, of which core is to study precipitation-vadose zone water-groundwater transformation mechanism. As a result, it provides water resource guarantee for economic development and the energy base construction and development, and a scientific basis for sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resource.
In this paper, We employ the research methods which combine in-situ testing and physical simulation test and numerical simulation, the process of precipitation (evaporation)-vadose zone water-ground water" is the main study objective. The negative pressure, water content, temperature and pressure and other state variables in the vadose zone are observed by experiments, and the variation and correlation among them are analyzed. Then the hydrodynamic field, aerodynamic field and temperature field coupling model are built, the unsaturated soil water flow and interface dynamics are revealed, the gas and temperature variation of the unsaturated zone and the influence on moisture migration are analyzed, the vadose zone water-groundwater transformation mechanism is explored, and the precipitation (evaporation)-vadose zone water-groundwater conversion process is quantitatively simulated.
Based on numbers of experiment and theory, the main conclusions are obtained as follows:
1. According to the regular pattern of groundwater in study area, it is considered that the vertical alternate model is the main circulation pattern, and the vadose zone is the main channel of the supplies and excretion cyclic patterns. The main recharged source of this pattern is atmospheric precipitation, which is96.01%of the total recharge; Discharge is mainly evaporation, which is62.56%of the total excretion; According to different characteristics of supplies and excretion, the vertical alternate model is divided into four transformation models, which are precipitation supplies-surface water excretion, surface water supplies, precipitation recharge-diving evaporation and rainfall precipitation field irrigation supply.
2. According to the text data and numerical simulation results of the comprehensive profile experimental site in situ test, it is considered that the moisture migration rule in vadose zone is different with the difference of vadose lithology. When the vadose lithology is wind-blown sand, it is of the most advantageous to precipitation infiltration; when the lithology of the vadose zone is weathered sandstone, more than0.3m is in evaporation state; when the lithology particles of the vadose zone is fine, it is adverse to precipitation infiltration, and surface soil evaporates strongly. The more complex vadose lithology structure is, the more complex precipitation mechanism is; when the profile lithology of the vadose zone is a single medium, the moisture migration mechanism is easier. In the local climate condition, it is the lithology structure of the vadose zone within the ground below lm that plays a key influence to the vadose zone, the infiltration rate is that wind-blown sand> sandy loam> weathered sandstone, while surface soil evaporation potential opposites. In the meanwhile, because the hold-water ability of wind-blown sand is weak, its evaporation capacity is small, its infiltration rate is fast and other features, the wind-blown sand is the main cause of relatively rich groundwater of this area.
3. Through the indoor physical simulation experiment and the vapor heat coupling model the vadose zone, the influence of temperature on moisture migration regulation and phreatic water evaporation regulation is analyzed. It reveals the dynamic process of water content transformation in the typical area of arid and semi-arid area, and it builds the dynamic process of moisture transformation under isothermy and non-isothermal circumstances, which is simulated by vadose moisture migration model. According to the theoretical and experimental analysis, when the surface temperature is more than25℃, ignoring the influence of temperature will cause a greater error when researching the moisture migration of vadose zone and the evaporation and excretion of groundwater; It established the key indicator that surface temperature25℃as temperature affects vadose moisture threshold; It established a proposition that, in the research area, when groundwater depth is less than70cm, with lowering groundwater level decreased, heat island effect would be caused in the surface.
4. Through the vadose hydrosphere two-phase sand slot model test and numerical simulation, it analyzes gas migration regularity in the vadose zone and block infiltration moisture mechanism. Hence, it reveals the arid and semi-arid area rainfall condition vadose for water infiltration of gas block function, which mainly performs as two aspects:1) infiltration moisture causes the increase of vadose gas pressure, which causes the reduction of unsaturated permeability; and2) it increases the response time of infiltration moisture. According to the theoretical and experimental simulation study, when precipitation is more than6mm/d, ignoring the influence of gas will cause a greater error when researching the moisture migration of vadose zone and groundwater supply. The precipitation6mm/d is determined as the threshold which gases affect moisture migration in vodase zone. At the same time, vadose gas flow in infiltration under pressure to push a larger value will break by overlying water surface, the gas main to escape the vertical movement primarily. But gas with the passage of moist peak migration to face downward dive in the block due to diving role, gas exist obvious level migration. According to the test and numerical simulation results, based on rainfall condition of water between two phase multi-gas relations and the pressure changes features of profile, the gas in vadose is divided into three areas:Ⅰ steady area; Ⅱ gas pressure changing area; and Ⅲ gas pressure slow-increasing area.
5. According to the in-situ test data and indoor physical simulation data, it analyzes soil-air interface and soil-water interface and groundwater kinetic process of the interface. The relationship between water evaporation and soil surface evaporation is determined the water evaporation temperature and the analysis of present in warming period between linear relation in cooling period, positively index;
6. The medium characteristic parameters in the Vadose zone determination includes moisture feature parameters and heat conduction coefficient. we designs a nonisothermal pressure vadose parameters of medium to determine the tester, water characteristic parameters and Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). We designs the determination of soil media state of heat conductivity "experiment method, obtained the medium heat conductivity with moisture content, established the relation between new model said elationship KT(θ)=KTs(?),which saturated Heat conductivity and put forward the concept of residual Heat conductivity, and its reliability and sensitivity, solving method is analyzed and verified.
7. According to the in-situ test and numerical simulation results, we analyzes precipitation infiltration coefficient and thickness in vadose zone, and get the following conclusions:(1) under the same thickness conditions in vadose zone precipitation coefficient from big to small orders:wind-blown sand>salawusu group> weathered sandstone> sandy loam; and (2) when the lithology structure in vadose zone for wind-blown sand overlying, be helpful for precipitation, therefore its rainfall infiltration coefficient, and when vadose lithology overlying sandy loam knot, precipitation infiltration coefficient is lesser, against water infiltration. Study the buried depth of the change and scuba diving lithology of different groundwater evaporation excretion of the influence of the buried depth, along with depth increased, phreatic water vaporization decreases, reached the limit buried depth is evaporation close to zero, the limits of several lithology buried depth rule for loam (1.6m)> mucky sand (lm)> weathered sandstone (0.8m)> wind-blown sand (0.5m).
8. Completing renewability and groundwater renewable resource concept and its connotation, this paper analyzes the groundwater renewable resource characteristics and influencing factors; and put forward a new evaluation of groundwater reproducibility. Based on renewable resources characteristics of groundwater and the influential factors, and according to the specific situation in Ordos Basin, this paper establishes the groundwater of Ordos Basin renewability evaluation index system, and identifies evaluation method. According to the calculation method of renewable resources of groundwater, calculating the renewable resources for groundwater of general water year in the typical area of Subei River Basin is958.02million m3/a, and95%frequency years of groundwater renewable resources is896.63million m3/a. Finally, according to the groundwater renewable ability, it draws the evaluation map of groundwater renewability of Subei River Basin in northern Ordos Basin.
本文以“降雨(蒸发)-包气带水-地下水”转化过程为主线,采用原位试验与室内物理模拟试验和数值模拟相结合研究方法,通过试验观测包气带中负压、含水率、温度和气压等状态变量,分析其变化规律及相关关系,构建水动力场、气动力场和温度场耦合模型,揭示包气带水分运移和界面的动力学过程,分析气体、温度在包气带中变化规律以及对水分运移的影响程度,探索包气带-地下水转化机理,定量模拟降雨(蒸发)-包气带水-地下水转化过程,为评价地下水资源量提供科学依据,丰富和发展地下水的理论和方法。
本文在大量试验和理论探索的基础上,取得了以下主要结论：
一、分析研究区的地下水循环规律,认为垂向交替模式是该区主要的循环模式,包气带是该循环模式补给与排泄的主要通道。该循环模式的主要补给源为大气降水,占总补给量96.01%；排泄以蒸发为主,占总排泄量62.56%；根据补给与排泄特征不同,将垂向交替模式划分为降水补给-地表水排泄、降水-地表水补给、降水补给-潜水蒸发和降水-田间灌溉补给四种转化模式。
二、根据原位试验场综合剖面试验区的试验数据和数值模拟结果认为,包气带岩性不同,包气带水分运移规律不同。包气带岩性为风积沙时,对降雨入渗最为有利；包气带岩性为风化砂岩时,0.3m以上呈蒸发状态；包气带岩性颗粒较细时,对降雨入渗不利,地表土壤蒸发强烈。包气带岩性结构越复杂,降雨入渗机理越复杂；当包气带剖面为岩性为单一介质时,水分运移机理较简单。在当地气候条件下,对包气带起关键影响作用的是地面以下1m以内包气带岩性结构,入渗速率有风积沙>风化砂岩>砂质壤土,而表土蒸发潜力则相反。同时风积沙的持水能力弱,蒸发能力小,入渗速率快等特点,是本区地下水相对丰富的主要原因。
三、通过室内物理模拟试验和包气带水汽热耦合模型分析温度对包气带水分运移规律和潜水蒸发规律的影响。揭示了干旱半干旱典型地区包气带水分迁移转化的动力学过程,建立了等温和非等温条件下包气带水分运移模型模拟水分转化的动力学过程。通过理论与试验分析表明,当地表温度超过25℃时,在研究包气带水分运移和地下水的蒸发排泄时忽略温度的影响将会产生较大的误差；确立了地表温度25℃作为温度影响包气带水分的阈值这一关键指标；确立了研究区在地下水位埋深小于70cm时,当降低地下水位时,在地表将会引起热岛效应这一命题。
四、通过包气带水气二相砂槽模型试验和数值模拟分析气体在包气带中运移规律以及阻滞入渗水分机理。揭示了干旱半干旱地区降雨条件下包气带中气体对水分入渗的阻滞作用,主要表现为三个方面：1、入渗水分造成包气带中气体压力增加,导致非饱和渗透系数减少；2、增加入渗水分的响应时间。通过理论与实验模拟研究表明,当降雨量大于6mm/d时,在研究包气带水分运移和地下水补给时忽略气体的影响将会产生较大误差。确定了降雨量6mm/d作为气体影响包气带水分运移的阈值。3、包气带中气体在入渗水流推动下气压达到某一较大值将会冲破上覆水层由地表逃逸,气体主要以垂向运动为主。但气体随着湿润峰的推移向下运移至潜水面处,由于受到潜水面的阻滞作用,气体存在着明显的水平运移。根据试验和数值模拟结果,依据降雨条件下水气二相之间的驱替关系以及剖面气压的变化特征,将包气带中气体划分为三个区：气压稳定区I；气压变动区II；气压缓增区III。
五、根据原位试验数据和室内物理模拟数据,分析土-气界面和土-水界面和地下水界面的动力学过程。确定了水面蒸发量、土面蒸发量以及其之间关系；分析水面蒸发与温度之间在升温期呈现线性关系,在降温期呈现正指数关系；
六、包气带介质的特性参数测定,包括水分特征参数、热传导系数。设计了非等温等压包气带参数测定仪,测定试验介质的水分特征参数和饱和渗透系数。设计了“稳态法测定土壤介质的热传导率”实验方法,得到了介质热传导率随含水率的变化关系,建立了表示二者关系新的模型KT(θ)=KTs-KTs-KTr/α+(1-α)exp(βθ),模型中提出饱和热传导系数和残余热传导系数的概念,并对其可靠性、求解方法及敏感性进行了分析和验证。七、根据原位试验与数值模拟结果,分析降雨入渗系数与包气带厚度之间的关系,得到以下认识：(1)相同包气带厚度条件下降雨入渗系数从大到小的顺序为：风积沙>萨拉乌苏组>风化砂岩>砂质壤土；(2)当包气带岩性结构为上覆风积沙时,则有利于降雨入渗,故其降雨入渗系数较大,而当包气带岩性结为上覆砂质壤土时,降雨入渗系数较小,不利于水分入渗。研究潜水埋深的变化及岩性的不同对潜水蒸发排泄地下水的影响可知,随着埋深增大,潜水蒸发量减少,到达极限埋深则蒸发量趋近于零,区内几种岩性的极限埋深规律为壤土(1.6m)>淤泥质砂(1m)>风化砂岩(0.8m)>风积沙(0.5m)。
八、完善地下水可再生性和地下水可再生资源的概念以及其内涵,分析了地下水可再生资源量的特征和影响因素；提出一新的思路评价地下水可再生性。基于地下水可再生资源量特征及影响因素,并根据鄂尔多斯盆地具体情况,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地地下水可再生性评价指标体系,以及评价方法的确定。根据地下水可再生资源量计算方法,计算出典型区苏北淖流域一般水文年的地下水可再生资源量为958.02万m3/a,95%频率年的地下水可再生资源量为896.63万m3/a。最后根据地下水可再生能力强弱绘制了鄂尔多斯盆地苏北淖流域地下水可再生性评价图。
The area of sand blown by wind in the Ordos Basin is rich in energy resources and short of water resources, where groundwater is the main water supply source. Since the rainfall is rare, the evaporation is intensive and the ecological environment is fragile, with the development of economic and energy, the contradiction between water supply and demand and ecological environment is Serious day and day. Hence, it is urgently needed to strengthen groundwater resource development and the research of social economic and ecological environment harmonious development, of which core is to study precipitation-vadose zone water-groundwater transformation mechanism. As a result, it provides water resource guarantee for economic development and the energy base construction and development, and a scientific basis for sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resource.
In this paper, We employ the research methods which combine in-situ testing and physical simulation test and numerical simulation, the process of precipitation (evaporation)-vadose zone water-ground water" is the main study objective. The negative pressure, water content, temperature and pressure and other state variables in the vadose zone are observed by experiments, and the variation and correlation among them are analyzed. Then the hydrodynamic field, aerodynamic field and temperature field coupling model are built, the unsaturated soil water flow and interface dynamics are revealed, the gas and temperature variation of the unsaturated zone and the influence on moisture migration are analyzed, the vadose zone water-groundwater transformation mechanism is explored, and the precipitation (evaporation)-vadose zone water-groundwater conversion process is quantitatively simulated.
Based on numbers of experiment and theory, the main conclusions are obtained as follows:
1. According to the regular pattern of groundwater in study area, it is considered that the vertical alternate model is the main circulation pattern, and the vadose zone is the main channel of the supplies and excretion cyclic patterns. The main recharged source of this pattern is atmospheric precipitation, which is96.01%of the total recharge; Discharge is mainly evaporation, which is62.56%of the total excretion; According to different characteristics of supplies and excretion, the vertical alternate model is divided into four transformation models, which are precipitation supplies-surface water excretion, surface water supplies, precipitation recharge-diving evaporation and rainfall precipitation field irrigation supply.
2. According to the text data and numerical simulation results of the comprehensive profile experimental site in situ test, it is considered that the moisture migration rule in vadose zone is different with the difference of vadose lithology. When the vadose lithology is wind-blown sand, it is of the most advantageous to precipitation infiltration; when the lithology of the vadose zone is weathered sandstone, more than0.3m is in evaporation state; when the lithology particles of the vadose zone is fine, it is adverse to precipitation infiltration, and surface soil evaporates strongly. The more complex vadose lithology structure is, the more complex precipitation mechanism is; when the profile lithology of the vadose zone is a single medium, the moisture migration mechanism is easier. In the local climate condition, it is the lithology structure of the vadose zone within the ground below lm that plays a key influence to the vadose zone, the infiltration rate is that wind-blown sand> sandy loam> weathered sandstone, while surface soil evaporation potential opposites. In the meanwhile, because the hold-water ability of wind-blown sand is weak, its evaporation capacity is small, its infiltration rate is fast and other features, the wind-blown sand is the main cause of relatively rich groundwater of this area.
3. Through the indoor physical simulation experiment and the vapor heat coupling model the vadose zone, the influence of temperature on moisture migration regulation and phreatic water evaporation regulation is analyzed. It reveals the dynamic process of water content transformation in the typical area of arid and semi-arid area, and it builds the dynamic process of moisture transformation under isothermy and non-isothermal circumstances, which is simulated by vadose moisture migration model. According to the theoretical and experimental analysis, when the surface temperature is more than25℃, ignoring the influence of temperature will cause a greater error when researching the moisture migration of vadose zone and the evaporation and excretion of groundwater; It established the key indicator that surface temperature25℃as temperature affects vadose moisture threshold; It established a proposition that, in the research area, when groundwater depth is less than70cm, with lowering groundwater level decreased, heat island effect would be caused in the surface.
4. Through the vadose hydrosphere two-phase sand slot model test and numerical simulation, it analyzes gas migration regularity in the vadose zone and block infiltration moisture mechanism. Hence, it reveals the arid and semi-arid area rainfall condition vadose for water infiltration of gas block function, which mainly performs as two aspects:1) infiltration moisture causes the increase of vadose gas pressure, which causes the reduction of unsaturated permeability; and2) it increases the response time of infiltration moisture. According to the theoretical and experimental simulation study, when precipitation is more than6mm/d, ignoring the influence of gas will cause a greater error when researching the moisture migration of vadose zone and groundwater supply. The precipitation6mm/d is determined as the threshold which gases affect moisture migration in vodase zone. At the same time, vadose gas flow in infiltration under pressure to push a larger value will break by overlying water surface, the gas main to escape the vertical movement primarily. But gas with the passage of moist peak migration to face downward dive in the block due to diving role, gas exist obvious level migration. According to the test and numerical simulation results, based on rainfall condition of water between two phase multi-gas relations and the pressure changes features of profile, the gas in vadose is divided into three areas:Ⅰ steady area; Ⅱ gas pressure changing area; and Ⅲ gas pressure slow-increasing area.
5. According to the in-situ test data and indoor physical simulation data, it analyzes soil-air interface and soil-water interface and groundwater kinetic process of the interface. The relationship between water evaporation and soil surface evaporation is determined the water evaporation temperature and the analysis of present in warming period between linear relation in cooling period, positively index;
6. The medium characteristic parameters in the Vadose zone determination includes moisture feature parameters and heat conduction coefficient. we designs a nonisothermal pressure vadose parameters of medium to determine the tester, water characteristic parameters and Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). We designs the determination of soil media state of heat conductivity "experiment method, obtained the medium heat conductivity with moisture content, established the relation between new model said elationship KT(θ)=KTs(?),which saturated Heat conductivity and put forward the concept of residual Heat conductivity, and its reliability and sensitivity, solving method is analyzed and verified.
7. According to the in-situ test and numerical simulation results, we analyzes precipitation infiltration coefficient and thickness in vadose zone, and get the following conclusions:(1) under the same thickness conditions in vadose zone precipitation coefficient from big to small orders:wind-blown sand>salawusu group> weathered sandstone> sandy loam; and (2) when the lithology structure in vadose zone for wind-blown sand overlying, be helpful for precipitation, therefore its rainfall infiltration coefficient, and when vadose lithology overlying sandy loam knot, precipitation infiltration coefficient is lesser, against water infiltration. Study the buried depth of the change and scuba diving lithology of different groundwater evaporation excretion of the influence of the buried depth, along with depth increased, phreatic water vaporization decreases, reached the limit buried depth is evaporation close to zero, the limits of several lithology buried depth rule for loam (1.6m)> mucky sand (lm)> weathered sandstone (0.8m)> wind-blown sand (0.5m).
8. Completing renewability and groundwater renewable resource concept and its connotation, this paper analyzes the groundwater renewable resource characteristics and influencing factors; and put forward a new evaluation of groundwater reproducibility. Based on renewable resources characteristics of groundwater and the influential factors, and according to the specific situation in Ordos Basin, this paper establishes the groundwater of Ordos Basin renewability evaluation index system, and identifies evaluation method. According to the calculation method of renewable resources of groundwater, calculating the renewable resources for groundwater of general water year in the typical area of Subei River Basin is958.02million m3/a, and95%frequency years of groundwater renewable resources is896.63million m3/a. Finally, according to the groundwater renewable ability, it draws the evaluation map of groundwater renewability of Subei River Basin in northern Ordos Basin.
引文
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