大跨桥梁颤振导数识别的强迫振动法研究
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摘要
长期以来，桥梁断面颤振导数的识别都是大跨度桥梁颤抖振响应分析中的重点和难点问题。鉴于目前桥梁断面颤振导数识别的水平和存在的问题，本文通过对大跨度桥梁非定常气动力、颤振分析方法及颤振导数识别方法的回顾和评述，基于现有的非定常气动力和颤振导数的测试方法，在国家自然科学基金与铁道部重点学科基金的联合资助下，研究开发了一套在风洞中采用强迫振动法测试颤振导数的装置。本文主要进行了以下几方面的工作：
1．首次在国内成功实现了在风洞中测试桥梁节段模型颤振导数的强迫振动法，并通过大量的试验验证了本测试装置的可靠性。结果显示：本文提出的强迫振动法装置具有试验数据稳定、数据重复性好、可测量的折减风速范围宽、交叉项导数与对角项导数具有同等精度和不需要复杂的系统识别过程等一系列优点。
2．通过系列试验考查了模型驱动频率和振幅对颤振导数的影响，验证了驱动频率和振幅对颤振导数影响很小。在折减风速的实用范围之内，颤振导数只是折减风速的函数。
3．通过对三种典型断面颤振导数的测试，考查了各颤振导数随断面形状的变化趋势，说明了最主要的变化体现在与扭转阻尼有关的H_2和A_2项。
4．考查了Scanlan的线性假定：如果自激力与模型运动的位移、速度成线性关系，模型振动是某一频率的正弦函数，那么相应的自激力也应是这一频率的正弦函数，高次谐波的分量应极小。结果表明对薄平板这一类近乎流线体的断面，自激力与振动参数之间能较好地满足线性关系。而钝体断面的颤振自激力高次谐波分量较大，具有较明显的非线性响应特征，验证了用颤振导数表示钝体的自激力只是一种线性近似。
5．在两自由度桥梁断面颤振导数的强迫振动法识别装置的基础上，我们和国防科技大学及同济大学风洞试验室联合研制开发了一套三自由度桥梁断面颤振导数的强迫振动法识别装置，进一步的研究正在进行中。
The identification of flutter derivatives for bridge sectional model has long been a key issue in long-span bridge flutter and buffeting analysis. As to the current problems existing in the identification for these flutter derivatives, the dissertation tries to trace the development in the identification for the past unsteady aerodynamic forces of long-span bridges. It also investigates the method for flutter and buffeting analysis and the flutter derivatives. Based on the present methods used in obtaining the unsteady aerodynamic forces and flutter derivatives, and co-funded by a natural scientific fund from the Nation and a key project fund from the Railway Ministry, the current research has attempted to develop a device which can be employed in the wind tunnel to test flutter derivative through a forced vibration method. Major contents of the dissertation includes the following:
1. As the first successful experiment which has been conducted in China to test the unsteady aerodynamic forces in wind tunnel, the feasibility of the method is proved through numerous tests and abundant practice. The result of the experiment shows that the proposed forced vibration method device has the quality of stability and repetitiveness of the data, the wide range of the testable reduced velocity, the exactness of coupled and direct flutter derivatives. And it does not need to employ any complicated identification system to check it further.
2. A systematic test has been carried out to observe how the model actuating frequencies and amplitudes affect the flutter derivatives, and the effect is found to be quite minor. The researcher also concludes that in the range of reduced velocity, the flutter derivatives equal to the function of it.
3. A test has been carried out on three typical bridges sectional models of flutter derivatives to find the general rules with the change of flutter derivatives of the
bridges sectional model. And it has been discovered that this change depend on the torsional damping, an element closely relating to the H*2 and A*2
4. A study on the proposed Scanlan linearity has discovered that if the self-excited loads and movement of the model and velocity constitute a linear relationship, and the model vibration accounts for a sine function of the frequency, the rate of the high-order harmonic waves should be quite small. And the result shows that the self-excited loads and the flutter derivatives satisfying the linear relationship as to the streamline section-like thin plate. While the flutter self-excited loads of a bluff section has a quality of obvious nonlinearity. And the application of flutter derivatives to self-excited loads of the bluff section is close to a linear relationship.
5. Based on a identification device of forced vibration mthod for 2-DOF flutter derivatives of bridges sectional model, the researcher, cooperated with some others from the National University of Defense Technology and Tongji University, has developed a set of identification device for a 3-DOF flutter derivatives of bridges sectional model, and further research is being conducted.
1．首次在国内成功实现了在风洞中测试桥梁节段模型颤振导数的强迫振动法，并通过大量的试验验证了本测试装置的可靠性。结果显示：本文提出的强迫振动法装置具有试验数据稳定、数据重复性好、可测量的折减风速范围宽、交叉项导数与对角项导数具有同等精度和不需要复杂的系统识别过程等一系列优点。
2．通过系列试验考查了模型驱动频率和振幅对颤振导数的影响，验证了驱动频率和振幅对颤振导数影响很小。在折减风速的实用范围之内，颤振导数只是折减风速的函数。
3．通过对三种典型断面颤振导数的测试，考查了各颤振导数随断面形状的变化趋势，说明了最主要的变化体现在与扭转阻尼有关的H_2和A_2项。
4．考查了Scanlan的线性假定：如果自激力与模型运动的位移、速度成线性关系，模型振动是某一频率的正弦函数，那么相应的自激力也应是这一频率的正弦函数，高次谐波的分量应极小。结果表明对薄平板这一类近乎流线体的断面，自激力与振动参数之间能较好地满足线性关系。而钝体断面的颤振自激力高次谐波分量较大，具有较明显的非线性响应特征，验证了用颤振导数表示钝体的自激力只是一种线性近似。
5．在两自由度桥梁断面颤振导数的强迫振动法识别装置的基础上，我们和国防科技大学及同济大学风洞试验室联合研制开发了一套三自由度桥梁断面颤振导数的强迫振动法识别装置，进一步的研究正在进行中。
The identification of flutter derivatives for bridge sectional model has long been a key issue in long-span bridge flutter and buffeting analysis. As to the current problems existing in the identification for these flutter derivatives, the dissertation tries to trace the development in the identification for the past unsteady aerodynamic forces of long-span bridges. It also investigates the method for flutter and buffeting analysis and the flutter derivatives. Based on the present methods used in obtaining the unsteady aerodynamic forces and flutter derivatives, and co-funded by a natural scientific fund from the Nation and a key project fund from the Railway Ministry, the current research has attempted to develop a device which can be employed in the wind tunnel to test flutter derivative through a forced vibration method. Major contents of the dissertation includes the following:
1. As the first successful experiment which has been conducted in China to test the unsteady aerodynamic forces in wind tunnel, the feasibility of the method is proved through numerous tests and abundant practice. The result of the experiment shows that the proposed forced vibration method device has the quality of stability and repetitiveness of the data, the wide range of the testable reduced velocity, the exactness of coupled and direct flutter derivatives. And it does not need to employ any complicated identification system to check it further.
2. A systematic test has been carried out to observe how the model actuating frequencies and amplitudes affect the flutter derivatives, and the effect is found to be quite minor. The researcher also concludes that in the range of reduced velocity, the flutter derivatives equal to the function of it.
3. A test has been carried out on three typical bridges sectional models of flutter derivatives to find the general rules with the change of flutter derivatives of the
bridges sectional model. And it has been discovered that this change depend on the torsional damping, an element closely relating to the H*2 and A*2
4. A study on the proposed Scanlan linearity has discovered that if the self-excited loads and movement of the model and velocity constitute a linear relationship, and the model vibration accounts for a sine function of the frequency, the rate of the high-order harmonic waves should be quite small. And the result shows that the self-excited loads and the flutter derivatives satisfying the linear relationship as to the streamline section-like thin plate. While the flutter self-excited loads of a bluff section has a quality of obvious nonlinearity. And the application of flutter derivatives to self-excited loads of the bluff section is close to a linear relationship.
5. Based on a identification device of forced vibration mthod for 2-DOF flutter derivatives of bridges sectional model, the researcher, cooperated with some others from the National University of Defense Technology and Tongji University, has developed a set of identification device for a 3-DOF flutter derivatives of bridges sectional model, and further research is being conducted.
引文
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104．何宪飞．三自由度桥梁断面颤振导数识别的实验研究．同济大学硕士学位论文，2001．
105．华旭刚，陈政清．桥梁风致颤振临界状态的全域自动搜索法，工程力学，19(2),2002年4月．
106．黄方林，陈政清．桥梁颤振导数识别的泛函极小值搜索方法，第十三届全国桥梁大会论文集，同济大学出版社，1998，572-576
107．李国豪．桥梁结构稳定与振动(修订版)．中国铁道出版社，1996年．
108．希缪，A·，斯坎伦，R．H．(刘尚培，项海帆，谢雾明译)．风对结构的作用．同济大学出版社，1992．
109．项海帆、陈艾荣等．桥梁断面18个颤振导数识别的试验研究，大型复杂结构体系的关键科学问题及设计理论研究论文集．同济大学出版社，2000．
110．项海帆．21世纪世界桥梁工程的展望，土木工程学报，33(3)，2000年6月．
111．项海帆．进入二十一世纪的中国大桥工程及抗风研究．
112．项海帆．桥梁工程的宏伟发展前景，桥梁漫笔．366—372．
113．项海帆等．公路桥梁抗风设计指南．人民交通出版社，1996．
114．小西一郎(日) (张键峰译)．钢桥(第11分册)，人民铁道出版社，1981．
115．谢霁明，项海帆，桥梁三维颤振分析的状态空间法．同济大学学报,1985年第3
期．
116．谢霁明．识别非定常气动力模型的初脉冲耦合振动法．空气动力学学报，4(3)，1996年9月．
117．张若雪．桥梁结构气动导数识别的理论和试验研究．同济大学博士论文，1998．
118．张新军，大跨度桥梁三维非线性颤振分析，同济大学博士学位论文，2000．
119．周传荣，赵淳生编著．机械振动参数识别及其应用．科学出版社，1989．
120．曹丰产．桥梁气动弹性问题的数值计算，同济大学博士学位论文，1999．
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99．曹映泓．大跨度桥梁非线性颤振和抖振时程分析，上海：同济大学博士论文，1999
100．陈政清．桥梁颤振临界风速值上下限预测与多模态参与效应，结构工程研究的新进展及应用，1993．
101．陈政清．桥梁颤振临界状态的三维分析与机理研究．见：1994年斜拉桥国际学术讨论会论文集．上海，1994
102．程韶红，大跨度桥梁的三维颤，有限元分析，同济大学硕士学位论文，1993．
103．傅志方主编．振动模态分析与参数辨识，机械工业出版社，1990．
104．何宪飞．三自由度桥梁断面颤振导数识别的实验研究．同济大学硕士学位论文，2001．
105．华旭刚，陈政清．桥梁风致颤振临界状态的全域自动搜索法，工程力学，19(2),2002年4月．
106．黄方林，陈政清．桥梁颤振导数识别的泛函极小值搜索方法，第十三届全国桥梁大会论文集，同济大学出版社，1998，572-576
107．李国豪．桥梁结构稳定与振动(修订版)．中国铁道出版社，1996年．
108．希缪，A·，斯坎伦，R．H．(刘尚培，项海帆，谢雾明译)．风对结构的作用．同济大学出版社，1992．
109．项海帆、陈艾荣等．桥梁断面18个颤振导数识别的试验研究，大型复杂结构体系的关键科学问题及设计理论研究论文集．同济大学出版社，2000．
110．项海帆．21世纪世界桥梁工程的展望，土木工程学报，33(3)，2000年6月．
111．项海帆．进入二十一世纪的中国大桥工程及抗风研究．
112．项海帆．桥梁工程的宏伟发展前景，桥梁漫笔．366—372．
113．项海帆等．公路桥梁抗风设计指南．人民交通出版社，1996．
114．小西一郎(日) (张键峰译)．钢桥(第11分册)，人民铁道出版社，1981．
115．谢霁明，项海帆，桥梁三维颤振分析的状态空间法．同济大学学报,1985年第3
期．
116．谢霁明．识别非定常气动力模型的初脉冲耦合振动法．空气动力学学报，4(3)，1996年9月．
117．张若雪．桥梁结构气动导数识别的理论和试验研究．同济大学博士论文，1998．
118．张新军，大跨度桥梁三维非线性颤振分析，同济大学博士学位论文，2000．
119．周传荣，赵淳生编著．机械振动参数识别及其应用．科学出版社，1989．
120．曹丰产．桥梁气动弹性问题的数值计算，同济大学博士学位论文，1999．