潜孔锤反循环钻进孔底气固两相流场数值模拟及试验研究
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摘要
矿产资源是人类社会进步与经济发展的物质基础。随着经济的高速发展，人类社会对资源的需求日益增加，而矿产资源的储量却越来越少。经过多年的开发利用，露矿、浅层矿、易识别矿已勘探殆尽，矿产勘查的方向逐渐转向寻找隐伏矿、深部矿、难识别矿。由于勘探难度和成本日益加大，传统的钻探工艺手段已经不能满足当前矿产勘查的需要。
贯通式潜孔锤反循环连续取心钻进技术集潜孔锤冲击回转碎岩、循环介质全孔反循环、钻进中同步获取岩矿心三种工艺方法于一身，是一种先进的钻探工艺方法。经过多年的发展，该项技术已得到了一定的应用与推广，但在实际应用中也发现，对于在裂隙发育、漏失地层钻进时，存在反循环能力不足、岩屑采取率低等问题。
本文针对贯通式潜孔锤反循环钻进技术在实际应用过程中出现的问题，利用计算流体动力学软件（FLUENT）对现有引射式反循环钻头孔底气固两相流场特性进行了数值模拟研究；基于人工诱发龙卷风的形成机理，设计了新型旋风式反循环钻头，并对比分析了引射式反循环钻头与旋风式反循环钻头两者间的反循环效果；采用数值模拟和室内实验方法，分析了旋风钻头反循环效果与旋喷孔结构参数的关系。本文研究取得了以下主要结论：
（1）野外试验表明，应用引射式反循环钻头在裂隙发育、漏失地层钻进时，由于钻头与孔底岩石不能形成良好的引射结构，引射钻头反循环能力降低，孔底岩屑（样）不能上返至地表，岩心采取率低。
（2）反循环钻进所得岩屑颗粒的粒度分布具有一定的规律。从岩屑样品的粒度累积曲线来看，岩屑颗粒的级配较差，其中粒径小于2mm的组分含量较多，颗粒不均一。采用Rosin-Rammler函数对岩屑样品的粒度分布进行描述，从拟合结果来看，岩屑颗粒符合R-R分布。
（3）引射钻头孔底流场的数值模拟结果表明，随孔底钻进条件的不同，钻头底面下部流场边界条件发生改变，孔底流场内气相流体的速度、压力、湍流特征的流场参数变化明显。从流场内气相流体特征来看，完整地层条件下，孔底气体能够形成良好的反向循环，对环空内流体也有一定的抽吸作用；裂隙地层钻进时，一部分气流由裂隙进入地层中，气量损失严重；提钻条件下，钻头距离钻孔底面距离增大，钻头卷吸能力下降。
引射钻头携岩能力与岩屑进入流场的位置、颗粒直径、孔底条件密切相关。从岩屑颗粒的注入位置来看，引射钻头对于底面中心附近的岩屑的抽吸携带能力较强，而对于底面圆周附近的岩屑不具备反循环能力；从岩屑颗粒直径来看，钻头携岩能力的从大到小依次为0.1mm>1mm>5mm；从不同孔底条件来看，钻头反循环能力由大到小依次为完整地层>裂隙地层>提钻。
（4）旋风钻头孔底流场的数值模拟结果表明，随钻进条件的不同，孔底流场的变化主要表现在钻头底面下部气体流动特征的变化。从孔底流场内气体流量变化来看，旋风钻头对孔底流体抽吸能力较强，同时受孔底流场条件的影响较小，钻头中心孔流量为钻进注入量的2倍以上。
旋风钻头携岩能力保持在较高水平，受岩屑进入流场位置、颗粒直径和孔底流场条件影响不明显，均表现出较强的反循环能力，其在完整地层条件下的携岩效果接近100%，整体携岩效率也高于90%。
（5）对比旋风钻头和引射钻头两者孔底流场内气固两相流场特性，旋风钻头反循环能力优于引射钻头，前者表现出地层适应性好，携岩能力强，最小携岩注气量要求低等优点。
（6）旋风钻头旋喷孔主要结构参数包括三个：旋喷孔直径、旋喷孔倾角和旋喷孔高度。旋风钻头反循环效果随三个结构参数的变化规律为：随旋喷孔直径的增大，环空流量呈二次抛物线变化，在直径为5mm位置达到最大值；随旋喷孔角度的不断增大，环空流量单调递减；旋喷孔高度对环空流量的影响较小，随旋喷孔高度的增加，环空流量稍有增加，两者呈线性关系。
The mineral resources are the material basis of the progress of human society andeconomic development. With the rapid economic development, the demand for resources ofthe human society is increasing, but the reserve of the mineral resources is less and less.After years of development and utilization, the exposed mine, the shallow ore and the easyto identify mineral have already been explorated away, so the mineral exploration graduallychange to find the concealed ore, the deep mine, the difficult identified mine. With thedifficulty and cost of exploration increasing, the traditional drilling technology methods cannot meet the needs of the current mineral exploration.
Hollow-through DTH hammer reverse circulation continuous coring technology is anadvanced drilling technology, which sets DTH hammer impact and rotary broken rock,circulating medium full-hole reverse circulation and synchronization acquisition rock coresduring drilling three processes in one. After years of development, the technology has beenused in practical applications, but it is found that when drilling in the fractured and dropoutstratigraphic, there are some problems such as reverse circulation insufficient capacity, lowcore recovery.
In this paper, aiming at the problems of hollow-through DTH hammer reversecirculation drilling technology applied in the actual field, the characteristics of the holebottom gas-solid flow field of the ejector reverse circulation bit is studied by thecomputational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT). Based on mechanism for generation ofarticficial tornado, a new type of reverse circulation bit is designed with a name of cyclonebit, and the reverse circulation effect between the ejector bit and the cyclone bit iscontrasted. By numerical simulation and laboratory experiments, the relation between thereverse circulation effect of the cyclone bit and the structure parameters of cyclone nozzleis analyzed. In this paper, main conclusions are as follows:
(1)Field tests showed that when used ejector bit drilling in crack stratum, the effect ofreverse circulation is poor, so the cuttings at the hole bottom can not be transported to thesurface, and the core recovery is reduced. The reason of this phenomenon is that a goodejector structure is not be made up by the bit and the rock of drilling hole.
(2)The cuttings of the reverse circulation drilling are regular in grain size distribution.From the grain size cumulative curve of the cuttings samples, it is showed that thegradation of cuttings is poor, and the quality of cuttings under2mm is more than the others.Using the Rosin-Rammler function, the cuttings samples is described, and the grain sizedistribution of cuttings is in conformity with R-R distribution.
(3)The numerical simulation results of the hole bottom flow field of the ejector bitshow that, with the different bottom hole drilling conditions, the flow field boundaryconditions of the drilling hole is changed, and the parameters of gas fluid chang obviously,such as velocity, pressure, turbulence characteristics. From characteristics of the gas fluid, itis known that with drilling in complete formation conditions, the gas at the hole bottom iscapable of forming a good reverse circulation, and it also has a suction effect on the annulusfluid. With drilling in crack stratum, a portion of the airflow into the formation by fractures,so the air loss is serious. When the bit is lift from the bottom of the hole, the capacity ofentrainment of the bit is reduced.
The capacity of carrying cuttings of the ejector bit are closely related to the location ofcuttings entering into the flow field, the particle diameter and the hole bottom conditions.For the injection position of the cutting particles, the bit can carry the cuttings near thecenter of the bottom into the center channel of the bit, but unable to convey the cuttingsaround the circumference of the hole bottom. For the diameter of the cutting particle, theability of carrying cuttings of the ejector bit with descending order is that0.1mm>1mm>5mm. For the different hole bottom condition, the reverse circulation capacity of the ejectorbit in descending order is that complete stratum> crack stratum> the drilling tool lift.
(4)The numerical simulation results of the cyclone type reverse circulation bit holebottom flow field show that, with the different bottom hole drilling conditions, the changesof the flow field are focus on the gas flow characteristics in the bottom of the drilling hole. For the changes of the gas flow in the hole bottom, the pumping capacity of the cyclone bitis strong, and less affected by the hole bottom flow field conditions. The mass flow rate ofthe center hole of the cyclone bit is2times more than the amount of injected mass flowrate.
The capacity of carrying cuttings of the cyclone type reverse circulation bit keeps in ahigh level, and there is no significant effect on the capacity by the location of the cuttingsentering into the flow field, the particle diameter and the hole bottom flow field conditions.The cyclone bit has strong reverse circulation ability, and the capability of carrying cuttingsin the complete stratum conditions is close to100%, and the portability efficiency ofcarrying cuttings for all of drilling conditions is higher than90%.
(5)Contrast the gas-solid flow field characteristics of the ejector type reversecirculation bit and the cyclone type reverse circulation drill bit, the reverse circulationcapacity of the cyclone bit is better than that of the ejector one. The cyclone bit has theadvantages such as well-adapted for different stratum conditions, strong capacity forcarrying cuttings and less mass flow rate for carrying cuttings than ejector bit.
(6)The main reverse circulation structure parameters of the cyclone reverse circulationbit include three: the diameter of the cyclone nozzle, the inclination of the cyclone nozzle,the height of the cyclone nozzle. The variation law of the reverse circulation effect of thecyclone bit by the structural parameters of cyclone nozzle is as follows. With the diameterof cyclone nozzle increasing, the mass flow rate of annulus varies as a quadratic parabola,and achieves the maximum value in diameter of5mm. With the angle of cyclone nozzleincreasing, the mass flow rate of annulus monotonically decreasing. The height of cyclonenozzle exercises a smaller influence on the mass flow rate of annulus. There is a slightincrease in the mass flow rate of annulus with the value of the height increasing, and theresi a linear relationship between them.
贯通式潜孔锤反循环连续取心钻进技术集潜孔锤冲击回转碎岩、循环介质全孔反循环、钻进中同步获取岩矿心三种工艺方法于一身，是一种先进的钻探工艺方法。经过多年的发展，该项技术已得到了一定的应用与推广，但在实际应用中也发现，对于在裂隙发育、漏失地层钻进时，存在反循环能力不足、岩屑采取率低等问题。
本文针对贯通式潜孔锤反循环钻进技术在实际应用过程中出现的问题，利用计算流体动力学软件（FLUENT）对现有引射式反循环钻头孔底气固两相流场特性进行了数值模拟研究；基于人工诱发龙卷风的形成机理，设计了新型旋风式反循环钻头，并对比分析了引射式反循环钻头与旋风式反循环钻头两者间的反循环效果；采用数值模拟和室内实验方法，分析了旋风钻头反循环效果与旋喷孔结构参数的关系。本文研究取得了以下主要结论：
（1）野外试验表明，应用引射式反循环钻头在裂隙发育、漏失地层钻进时，由于钻头与孔底岩石不能形成良好的引射结构，引射钻头反循环能力降低，孔底岩屑（样）不能上返至地表，岩心采取率低。
（2）反循环钻进所得岩屑颗粒的粒度分布具有一定的规律。从岩屑样品的粒度累积曲线来看，岩屑颗粒的级配较差，其中粒径小于2mm的组分含量较多，颗粒不均一。采用Rosin-Rammler函数对岩屑样品的粒度分布进行描述，从拟合结果来看，岩屑颗粒符合R-R分布。
（3）引射钻头孔底流场的数值模拟结果表明，随孔底钻进条件的不同，钻头底面下部流场边界条件发生改变，孔底流场内气相流体的速度、压力、湍流特征的流场参数变化明显。从流场内气相流体特征来看，完整地层条件下，孔底气体能够形成良好的反向循环，对环空内流体也有一定的抽吸作用；裂隙地层钻进时，一部分气流由裂隙进入地层中，气量损失严重；提钻条件下，钻头距离钻孔底面距离增大，钻头卷吸能力下降。
引射钻头携岩能力与岩屑进入流场的位置、颗粒直径、孔底条件密切相关。从岩屑颗粒的注入位置来看，引射钻头对于底面中心附近的岩屑的抽吸携带能力较强，而对于底面圆周附近的岩屑不具备反循环能力；从岩屑颗粒直径来看，钻头携岩能力的从大到小依次为0.1mm>1mm>5mm；从不同孔底条件来看，钻头反循环能力由大到小依次为完整地层>裂隙地层>提钻。
（4）旋风钻头孔底流场的数值模拟结果表明，随钻进条件的不同，孔底流场的变化主要表现在钻头底面下部气体流动特征的变化。从孔底流场内气体流量变化来看，旋风钻头对孔底流体抽吸能力较强，同时受孔底流场条件的影响较小，钻头中心孔流量为钻进注入量的2倍以上。
旋风钻头携岩能力保持在较高水平，受岩屑进入流场位置、颗粒直径和孔底流场条件影响不明显，均表现出较强的反循环能力，其在完整地层条件下的携岩效果接近100%，整体携岩效率也高于90%。
（5）对比旋风钻头和引射钻头两者孔底流场内气固两相流场特性，旋风钻头反循环能力优于引射钻头，前者表现出地层适应性好，携岩能力强，最小携岩注气量要求低等优点。
（6）旋风钻头旋喷孔主要结构参数包括三个：旋喷孔直径、旋喷孔倾角和旋喷孔高度。旋风钻头反循环效果随三个结构参数的变化规律为：随旋喷孔直径的增大，环空流量呈二次抛物线变化，在直径为5mm位置达到最大值；随旋喷孔角度的不断增大，环空流量单调递减；旋喷孔高度对环空流量的影响较小，随旋喷孔高度的增加，环空流量稍有增加，两者呈线性关系。
The mineral resources are the material basis of the progress of human society andeconomic development. With the rapid economic development, the demand for resources ofthe human society is increasing, but the reserve of the mineral resources is less and less.After years of development and utilization, the exposed mine, the shallow ore and the easyto identify mineral have already been explorated away, so the mineral exploration graduallychange to find the concealed ore, the deep mine, the difficult identified mine. With thedifficulty and cost of exploration increasing, the traditional drilling technology methods cannot meet the needs of the current mineral exploration.
Hollow-through DTH hammer reverse circulation continuous coring technology is anadvanced drilling technology, which sets DTH hammer impact and rotary broken rock,circulating medium full-hole reverse circulation and synchronization acquisition rock coresduring drilling three processes in one. After years of development, the technology has beenused in practical applications, but it is found that when drilling in the fractured and dropoutstratigraphic, there are some problems such as reverse circulation insufficient capacity, lowcore recovery.
In this paper, aiming at the problems of hollow-through DTH hammer reversecirculation drilling technology applied in the actual field, the characteristics of the holebottom gas-solid flow field of the ejector reverse circulation bit is studied by thecomputational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT). Based on mechanism for generation ofarticficial tornado, a new type of reverse circulation bit is designed with a name of cyclonebit, and the reverse circulation effect between the ejector bit and the cyclone bit iscontrasted. By numerical simulation and laboratory experiments, the relation between thereverse circulation effect of the cyclone bit and the structure parameters of cyclone nozzleis analyzed. In this paper, main conclusions are as follows:
(1)Field tests showed that when used ejector bit drilling in crack stratum, the effect ofreverse circulation is poor, so the cuttings at the hole bottom can not be transported to thesurface, and the core recovery is reduced. The reason of this phenomenon is that a goodejector structure is not be made up by the bit and the rock of drilling hole.
(2)The cuttings of the reverse circulation drilling are regular in grain size distribution.From the grain size cumulative curve of the cuttings samples, it is showed that thegradation of cuttings is poor, and the quality of cuttings under2mm is more than the others.Using the Rosin-Rammler function, the cuttings samples is described, and the grain sizedistribution of cuttings is in conformity with R-R distribution.
(3)The numerical simulation results of the hole bottom flow field of the ejector bitshow that, with the different bottom hole drilling conditions, the flow field boundaryconditions of the drilling hole is changed, and the parameters of gas fluid chang obviously,such as velocity, pressure, turbulence characteristics. From characteristics of the gas fluid, itis known that with drilling in complete formation conditions, the gas at the hole bottom iscapable of forming a good reverse circulation, and it also has a suction effect on the annulusfluid. With drilling in crack stratum, a portion of the airflow into the formation by fractures,so the air loss is serious. When the bit is lift from the bottom of the hole, the capacity ofentrainment of the bit is reduced.
The capacity of carrying cuttings of the ejector bit are closely related to the location ofcuttings entering into the flow field, the particle diameter and the hole bottom conditions.For the injection position of the cutting particles, the bit can carry the cuttings near thecenter of the bottom into the center channel of the bit, but unable to convey the cuttingsaround the circumference of the hole bottom. For the diameter of the cutting particle, theability of carrying cuttings of the ejector bit with descending order is that0.1mm>1mm>5mm. For the different hole bottom condition, the reverse circulation capacity of the ejectorbit in descending order is that complete stratum> crack stratum> the drilling tool lift.
(4)The numerical simulation results of the cyclone type reverse circulation bit holebottom flow field show that, with the different bottom hole drilling conditions, the changesof the flow field are focus on the gas flow characteristics in the bottom of the drilling hole. For the changes of the gas flow in the hole bottom, the pumping capacity of the cyclone bitis strong, and less affected by the hole bottom flow field conditions. The mass flow rate ofthe center hole of the cyclone bit is2times more than the amount of injected mass flowrate.
The capacity of carrying cuttings of the cyclone type reverse circulation bit keeps in ahigh level, and there is no significant effect on the capacity by the location of the cuttingsentering into the flow field, the particle diameter and the hole bottom flow field conditions.The cyclone bit has strong reverse circulation ability, and the capability of carrying cuttingsin the complete stratum conditions is close to100%, and the portability efficiency ofcarrying cuttings for all of drilling conditions is higher than90%.
(5)Contrast the gas-solid flow field characteristics of the ejector type reversecirculation bit and the cyclone type reverse circulation drill bit, the reverse circulationcapacity of the cyclone bit is better than that of the ejector one. The cyclone bit has theadvantages such as well-adapted for different stratum conditions, strong capacity forcarrying cuttings and less mass flow rate for carrying cuttings than ejector bit.
(6)The main reverse circulation structure parameters of the cyclone reverse circulationbit include three: the diameter of the cyclone nozzle, the inclination of the cyclone nozzle,the height of the cyclone nozzle. The variation law of the reverse circulation effect of thecyclone bit by the structural parameters of cyclone nozzle is as follows. With the diameterof cyclone nozzle increasing, the mass flow rate of annulus varies as a quadratic parabola,and achieves the maximum value in diameter of5mm. With the angle of cyclone nozzleincreasing, the mass flow rate of annulus monotonically decreasing. The height of cyclonenozzle exercises a smaller influence on the mass flow rate of annulus. There is a slightincrease in the mass flow rate of annulus with the value of the height increasing, and theresi a linear relationship between them.
引文
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