钢结构损伤诊断实用方法研究
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摘要
土木工程结构在长期的服役过程中不可避免地遭受损伤,损伤将导致结构抗力衰减,极端情况下会引发工程事故,造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失。因此对结构的损伤识别法进行深入的研究意义重大。目前,结构损伤识别研究虽然已取得了一些成果,但可用于工程实践的损伤识别方法却很少。究其原因,多数损伤识别方法存在两个重要缺陷,一是现有的工程检测技术无法为损伤识别方法的实施提供精确的并且数量足够的实测数据,二是多数损伤识别法缺少用于判断结构损伤的代表结构健康状态的基准。针对上述问题,本文提出了三种实用结构损伤诊断方法,并利用钢桁架、钢壳等结构模型的试验初步验证了这些方法的有效性。以下是本文的主要工作。
1、提出并总结了三种用于结构损伤识别的新方法:对称信号法,动静结合法和乐音准则法。(1)对称信号法是基于对称信号法基本原理的损伤识别方法,该方法适用于结构中满足对称条件的杆件间的损伤识别,它是基于局部检测的损伤识别方法,损伤识别的灵敏度高并可实现结构的损伤定位。(2)动静结合法适用于满足对称条件的多个梁式结构间的损伤诊断,动静结合法本质上实施的是整体结构的静力检测法,但动静结合法依据动、静参数的相关关系可以实现动力测试等代静力检测的效果,从而增强了静力检测法的实用性,其健康基准是我国现行规范中结构变形的限值。(3)乐音准则法是一种基于结构频谱分布规律的损伤识别方法,此方法适用于均质、规则结构的损伤诊断。规则结构的频谱分布具有谱图清晰、峰点分布呈梳齿状的特征,类比乐音现象将这一频谱特征定义为结构的乐音准则。乐音准则即为乐音准则法的结构健康基准。以上三种损伤新方法均具有严格的工程适用条件,无需复杂的反演计算,具备判别损伤的结构健康基准,用于损伤识别的结构参量具有较高的工程测试精度,因此这些方法具有良好的工程实用前景。
2、对一个典型的梁式钢桁架结构进行了损伤相关的试验研究。设计建造了一个8米长的钢桁架结构,通过不同截面杆件的轮换可构造出多种损伤工况。通过试验获取了钢桁架结构的刚度、固有频率、阻尼、振型等基本结构参数。在参数识别的精度和可靠性上,一阶频率和刚度明显优于其它参数,并且二者的改变量与桁架的损伤程度单调对应,因此用其作为结构损伤识别法研究的损伤标识量。
3、通过钢桁架的动、静力联合试验验证了动静结合法的有效性。通过杆件组合构造了12个具有不同损伤的桁架结构样本,用试验方法获取了各样本结构的刚度和一阶频率,采用一元正态线性回归的数学模型建立了代表刚度与一阶固有频率相关性的数值关系式。初步验证了动静结合法的有效性。
4、对称信号法的试验验证及单裂缝损伤模式下两端固支梁的固有频率解析式推导。在钢桁架上选取若干对称杆件进行了四种损伤工况的动力测试,试验结果显示对称信号法能轻易地识别杆件的各类损伤,具有很高的灵敏度。采用一个质量忽略不计的抗扭弹簧来模拟梁中的裂缝损伤,推导了单裂缝固支梁的频率方程,并以钢桁架损伤试验中一根损伤杆为算例,验证了该频率方程的计算效果。
5、通过三个钢质壳体结构的损伤试验验证了乐音准则法的有效性。用三个相同的钢质壳体结构进行试验,通过振动测试获得了三个钢壳的频谱分布规律。无损的钢壳结构的频谱具有谱图清晰、峰点分布呈梳齿状等特征,这与乐音准则法中乐音准则的特征相符。实施损伤识别时仅需将三个钢壳的频谱置于一个坐标系下进行对比即可轻易地发现结构的损伤。
6、空间钢网架屋面结构的工程健康诊断。结合两个实际工程的健康检测的实施过程,对网架结构健康诊断中的若干问题进行了总结与分析。对于承载力存在问题的网架结构采用静力加载法可以获得满意的健康诊断效果。振动检测用于结构振动问题的分析十分有效。
The civil engineering structure suffers damage inevitably in the long-term service process. Damage will make the structural resistance weaken and cause some project accidents in the extreme case. Then it will cause great personnel casualties and property losses. Therefore, studying on structural damage identification has significant values. At present, although there are some achievements in damage identification for structures, they couldn’t meet the needs of engineering practices. There are two obvious defects in most damage identification method: 1.Current engineering inspection techniques cannot provide accurate and adequate measured data for the application of damage identification 2.Most of damage identification methods lack baseline which judge structural damage and represent structure in good condition. Based on problems mentioned above, three experimental structural damage detection methods are proposed in the paper, and in order to verify the effectivity of the methods proposed, experiments on the steel structure prototype and steel shell are carried out. The main tasks can be summarized as follows:
1. It is advanced and summarized three new damage identification methods. These methods are symmetrical signal method, dynamic and static combining method and Musical tone rule method.(1)Symmetrical signal method is a damage identification method based on the basic theory of symmetrical signal. The method based on local detection is applicable to identifying damage in the symmetric member system of structure. The method is of high sensibility, and it can localize the structural damage.(2)Dynamic and static combining method is apply to damage diagnosis involving more beam-type structures which meet the symmetry conditions. It conducts inherently the static detecting method of integral structure. However, based on the correlation between dynamic and static parameters, the effect of complication on static detecting prior to dynamic test can be realized by dynamic and static combining method. So it amplifies the practicality of the static detecting method. Its healthy standard is the allowable deformation of structure in current national code.(3)Musical tone rule method is a damage identification method based on spectrum distribution of structure. This method is applicable to the damage diagnosis of homogeneous and regular structure. The spectrum distribution of regular structure shows the characteristic of clear spectrum and comb-like distribution of peak points. Make an analogy to musical phenomenon, the characteristic is defined as the musical tone rule of structure. The rule is the structural healthy standard for musical tone rule method.
Three new methods about damage identification are applied with strict engineering conditions. Without complicated inversion Calculation, these methods have the structural healthy standard of damage identification. The structure parameters used in damage identification possess higher precision in engineering tests, so these methods have good practical engineering prospects.
2. A research for the damage-related experiment on a typical beam steel truss structure has been made. An 8-meter-long steel truss structure is designed and built. Through the rotation of members with different section, it could construct many damage conditions. Through the experiment, stiffness, natural frequency, damping, displacement model, and other basic structural parameters of the steel truss structure are obtained. Based on the accuracy and reliability of parameter identification, the stiffness and first step frequency obviously excel the others. And there is a monotonic relation between the change of them and the damage degree of truss. So the stiffness and first step frequency are proposed for the signature of damage detection in the research of structural damage identification.
3. The validity of the dynamic static integrated method was verified by the static and dynamic combined experiment of steel truss. Through the members combined, the research constructed twelve truss samples with different damage and acquired the stiffness and first natural frequency of each sample. Then combining the measured results into the dynamic and static parameter general formula of the dynamic static integrated method using unitary normal distribution model, the numerical relation formulas which represent the correlation between the stiffness and first natural frequency were established successfully. All of which have proved the effectivity of this method.
4. Symmetrical signal method is verified by experiment. The analytical solution of natural frequencies of a beam with two fixed supports is also obtained. The beam was tested under the single crack damage mode. The test selected several symmetrical members on the steel truss, and carried out dynamic test of four damage conditions. The experiment showed that symmetrical signal method could identify various damages easily. The method has very high sensibility. The test analogue the crack damage in a rock with one anti-torsion spring which neglected weight, and deduced the frequency equation of simply supported beam with one crack. When the boundary of the symmetric member meets the doubly-clamped conditions, the roughly region of damage could be inferred by this equation.
5. The validity of musical tone rule method was verified by the damage experiment of three steel shells. The test used three same steel shells. Through the vibration test, the spectral distribution rule of these shells has been obtained. The frequency spectrum of these steel shells without destructive shows the characteristics of clear spectrum and comb-like distribution of peak points. This is in accordance with the feature of musical tone rule. Implementation of the damage identification could only be placed in a coordinate system, and the structural damage can be found easily.
6. The project with spatial steel truss structures is diagnosed healthily. The combination of two detecting processes of engineering cases, some problems of health detection in spatial grid structure have been summarized and analyzed. The results of the spatial grid structure detection indicated that static loading method based on structural integral identification can obtain satisfied engineering diagnosis effects. Due to the lack of healthy standard, vibration detecting method is confined in the application of structure Health Diagnosis. Vibration detection for structural vibration analysis is very effective.
1、提出并总结了三种用于结构损伤识别的新方法:对称信号法,动静结合法和乐音准则法。(1)对称信号法是基于对称信号法基本原理的损伤识别方法,该方法适用于结构中满足对称条件的杆件间的损伤识别,它是基于局部检测的损伤识别方法,损伤识别的灵敏度高并可实现结构的损伤定位。(2)动静结合法适用于满足对称条件的多个梁式结构间的损伤诊断,动静结合法本质上实施的是整体结构的静力检测法,但动静结合法依据动、静参数的相关关系可以实现动力测试等代静力检测的效果,从而增强了静力检测法的实用性,其健康基准是我国现行规范中结构变形的限值。(3)乐音准则法是一种基于结构频谱分布规律的损伤识别方法,此方法适用于均质、规则结构的损伤诊断。规则结构的频谱分布具有谱图清晰、峰点分布呈梳齿状的特征,类比乐音现象将这一频谱特征定义为结构的乐音准则。乐音准则即为乐音准则法的结构健康基准。以上三种损伤新方法均具有严格的工程适用条件,无需复杂的反演计算,具备判别损伤的结构健康基准,用于损伤识别的结构参量具有较高的工程测试精度,因此这些方法具有良好的工程实用前景。
2、对一个典型的梁式钢桁架结构进行了损伤相关的试验研究。设计建造了一个8米长的钢桁架结构,通过不同截面杆件的轮换可构造出多种损伤工况。通过试验获取了钢桁架结构的刚度、固有频率、阻尼、振型等基本结构参数。在参数识别的精度和可靠性上,一阶频率和刚度明显优于其它参数,并且二者的改变量与桁架的损伤程度单调对应,因此用其作为结构损伤识别法研究的损伤标识量。
3、通过钢桁架的动、静力联合试验验证了动静结合法的有效性。通过杆件组合构造了12个具有不同损伤的桁架结构样本,用试验方法获取了各样本结构的刚度和一阶频率,采用一元正态线性回归的数学模型建立了代表刚度与一阶固有频率相关性的数值关系式。初步验证了动静结合法的有效性。
4、对称信号法的试验验证及单裂缝损伤模式下两端固支梁的固有频率解析式推导。在钢桁架上选取若干对称杆件进行了四种损伤工况的动力测试,试验结果显示对称信号法能轻易地识别杆件的各类损伤,具有很高的灵敏度。采用一个质量忽略不计的抗扭弹簧来模拟梁中的裂缝损伤,推导了单裂缝固支梁的频率方程,并以钢桁架损伤试验中一根损伤杆为算例,验证了该频率方程的计算效果。
5、通过三个钢质壳体结构的损伤试验验证了乐音准则法的有效性。用三个相同的钢质壳体结构进行试验,通过振动测试获得了三个钢壳的频谱分布规律。无损的钢壳结构的频谱具有谱图清晰、峰点分布呈梳齿状等特征,这与乐音准则法中乐音准则的特征相符。实施损伤识别时仅需将三个钢壳的频谱置于一个坐标系下进行对比即可轻易地发现结构的损伤。
6、空间钢网架屋面结构的工程健康诊断。结合两个实际工程的健康检测的实施过程,对网架结构健康诊断中的若干问题进行了总结与分析。对于承载力存在问题的网架结构采用静力加载法可以获得满意的健康诊断效果。振动检测用于结构振动问题的分析十分有效。
The civil engineering structure suffers damage inevitably in the long-term service process. Damage will make the structural resistance weaken and cause some project accidents in the extreme case. Then it will cause great personnel casualties and property losses. Therefore, studying on structural damage identification has significant values. At present, although there are some achievements in damage identification for structures, they couldn’t meet the needs of engineering practices. There are two obvious defects in most damage identification method: 1.Current engineering inspection techniques cannot provide accurate and adequate measured data for the application of damage identification 2.Most of damage identification methods lack baseline which judge structural damage and represent structure in good condition. Based on problems mentioned above, three experimental structural damage detection methods are proposed in the paper, and in order to verify the effectivity of the methods proposed, experiments on the steel structure prototype and steel shell are carried out. The main tasks can be summarized as follows:
1. It is advanced and summarized three new damage identification methods. These methods are symmetrical signal method, dynamic and static combining method and Musical tone rule method.(1)Symmetrical signal method is a damage identification method based on the basic theory of symmetrical signal. The method based on local detection is applicable to identifying damage in the symmetric member system of structure. The method is of high sensibility, and it can localize the structural damage.(2)Dynamic and static combining method is apply to damage diagnosis involving more beam-type structures which meet the symmetry conditions. It conducts inherently the static detecting method of integral structure. However, based on the correlation between dynamic and static parameters, the effect of complication on static detecting prior to dynamic test can be realized by dynamic and static combining method. So it amplifies the practicality of the static detecting method. Its healthy standard is the allowable deformation of structure in current national code.(3)Musical tone rule method is a damage identification method based on spectrum distribution of structure. This method is applicable to the damage diagnosis of homogeneous and regular structure. The spectrum distribution of regular structure shows the characteristic of clear spectrum and comb-like distribution of peak points. Make an analogy to musical phenomenon, the characteristic is defined as the musical tone rule of structure. The rule is the structural healthy standard for musical tone rule method.
Three new methods about damage identification are applied with strict engineering conditions. Without complicated inversion Calculation, these methods have the structural healthy standard of damage identification. The structure parameters used in damage identification possess higher precision in engineering tests, so these methods have good practical engineering prospects.
2. A research for the damage-related experiment on a typical beam steel truss structure has been made. An 8-meter-long steel truss structure is designed and built. Through the rotation of members with different section, it could construct many damage conditions. Through the experiment, stiffness, natural frequency, damping, displacement model, and other basic structural parameters of the steel truss structure are obtained. Based on the accuracy and reliability of parameter identification, the stiffness and first step frequency obviously excel the others. And there is a monotonic relation between the change of them and the damage degree of truss. So the stiffness and first step frequency are proposed for the signature of damage detection in the research of structural damage identification.
3. The validity of the dynamic static integrated method was verified by the static and dynamic combined experiment of steel truss. Through the members combined, the research constructed twelve truss samples with different damage and acquired the stiffness and first natural frequency of each sample. Then combining the measured results into the dynamic and static parameter general formula of the dynamic static integrated method using unitary normal distribution model, the numerical relation formulas which represent the correlation between the stiffness and first natural frequency were established successfully. All of which have proved the effectivity of this method.
4. Symmetrical signal method is verified by experiment. The analytical solution of natural frequencies of a beam with two fixed supports is also obtained. The beam was tested under the single crack damage mode. The test selected several symmetrical members on the steel truss, and carried out dynamic test of four damage conditions. The experiment showed that symmetrical signal method could identify various damages easily. The method has very high sensibility. The test analogue the crack damage in a rock with one anti-torsion spring which neglected weight, and deduced the frequency equation of simply supported beam with one crack. When the boundary of the symmetric member meets the doubly-clamped conditions, the roughly region of damage could be inferred by this equation.
5. The validity of musical tone rule method was verified by the damage experiment of three steel shells. The test used three same steel shells. Through the vibration test, the spectral distribution rule of these shells has been obtained. The frequency spectrum of these steel shells without destructive shows the characteristics of clear spectrum and comb-like distribution of peak points. This is in accordance with the feature of musical tone rule. Implementation of the damage identification could only be placed in a coordinate system, and the structural damage can be found easily.
6. The project with spatial steel truss structures is diagnosed healthily. The combination of two detecting processes of engineering cases, some problems of health detection in spatial grid structure have been summarized and analyzed. The results of the spatial grid structure detection indicated that static loading method based on structural integral identification can obtain satisfied engineering diagnosis effects. Due to the lack of healthy standard, vibration detecting method is confined in the application of structure Health Diagnosis. Vibration detection for structural vibration analysis is very effective.
引文
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