LCL滤波的三相变换器并网关键技术研究
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摘要
LCL滤波的三相并网变换器在有源电力滤波（APF）、统一潮流控制（UPFC）、超导储能（SMES）、高压直流输电（HVDC）、电力传动以及太阳能、风能等可再生能源并网发电等领域广泛应用，也是电网储能、柔性输变电、可再生能源发电、可控负载等未来智能电网技术的主要连接装置。本文主要针对LCL滤波的三相并网变换器在并网控制中的一些关键问题展开研究。
为适应中高压大功率并网应用的需求，针对多电平变换器调制问题，本文首先介绍一种基于参考电压分解的三电平矢量调制算法及其在多电平调制中的扩展。通过对比传统多电平载波调制算法，证明两者之间的等效关系。接着针对NPC型三电平变换器中点电位波动的特殊问题，提出一种通过选择可注入中点电流的大小和方向计算零序电压的中点电位控制算法。解决传统中点控制模型中的零序电压与变换器侧参考电压耦合问题，实现了中点电位控制算法的优化。
LCL滤波器各元件参数相互影响，设计复杂，本文通过基于双重傅里叶级数的两电平变换器脉宽电压谐波分析结果，分析LCL滤波器在独立/并网模式和单并网模式下参数变化对滤波效果的影响，给出一种基于谐波分析的LCL滤波器优化设计方法，实现了滤波性能的量化。
LCL滤波的三相并网变换器控制时所需传感器较多，对设计及控制有诸多不利。本文基于虚拟磁链定向原理，采用基于层叠式可编程低通滤波器的虚拟磁链观测器，并在变换器启动前用遗传算法对电网参数进行辨识，达到虚拟电网磁链及其初值较为准确观测，从而实现了变换器的无电网电压传感器控制。为抑制谐振，提出一种基于一阶高通滤波器回馈变换器侧电流的新型主动阻尼控制方法，省去滤波电容支路传感器。采用离散根轨迹法，比较无阻尼控制、直接回馈变换器侧电流的主动阻尼控制和新型主动阻尼控制三种情况下电流环稳定性，证明新型主动阻尼方法的优越性。结合上述两种策略，达到减少传感器数量，增强系统稳定性的目的。
在电网非理想条件下，采用传统的变换器控制策略时控制效果差，输出电能质量不高。本文主要针对电网电压不平衡时控制问题和电网电压突变或负载突变时直流母线电压波动抑制问题开展研究。首先分别分析了各自的控制原理。针对电网电压不平衡时控制问题，介绍了一种正负序电流独立控制的不平衡控制方法，并提出了一种较为简单的电流限幅方法。考虑到传统控制方法算法复杂，提出了一种基于虚拟导纳和PR控制器的不平衡控制法，实现了直流电压的稳定和在两相静止坐标系下对正弦电流信号的控制，简化了不平衡控制系统。针对直流母线电压波动抑制问题，传统的前馈控制受电流调节器参数的制约，响应较慢，母线电压波动幅度较大，本文提出一种基于两级前馈控制策略。通过无前馈控制、传统前馈控制和两级前馈控制等三种控制策略的小信号建模与比较分析，证明了两级前馈控制策略可以在不牺牲电流内环控制性能的同时，提升了电压外环的响应速度，减少了母线电压的波动。
最后，分别在各章结尾给出了仿真及实验结果，以证明分析的正确性及方法的有效性。
Three-phase grid-connected converter with LCL filter has widespreadapplications in active power filter(APF), unified power flow control(UPFC),superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES), high voltage direct currenttransmission(HVDC), power transmission as well as solar, wind and other renewableenergy power generation. Meanwhile, it is also used as a main connected device in thefuture smart gird technology including energy storage, flexible transmission system,renewable energy power generation and controllable load. In this dissertation, keytechniques in three-phase grid-connected converter with LCL filter are mainlydiscussed.
In order to meet the demand of the medium-voltage high-power grid-connectedapplications, firstly a space-vector modulation algorithm based on the decompositionof the reference voltage for the three-level converter and its expansion for multi-levelmodulation is introduced in this dissertation. Comparing to the traditional multi-levelcarrier modulation algorithm, the equivalent relationship between them is proved.Then, as for the neutral-point potential fluctuations of the three-level NPC converter, anew neutral-point potential control algorithm based on zero-sequence voltage which iscalculated by choosing injectable neutral-point current is proposed. The problem, thecoupling between zero-sequence voltage and the reference voltage at the side ofconverter in the traditional neutral-point potential control model, is solved and theneutral-point potential control algorithm is optimized.
Since various components’ parameters of LCL filter interact with each other, it iscomplex to design. In this dissertation, by means of the result of pulse-width voltageharmonic analysis of two-level converter based on double Fourier series, the influenceof parameters variation on filtering effect in the independent/grid-connected andsingle grid-connected mode is analyzed, the optimization design of LCL filter basedon harmonic analysis is proposed and the quantization of filtering performance isachieved.
The grid-voltage sensorless control of converter is achieved with virtual-fluxoriented control. In this dissertation, a virtual-flux observer based on the stackedprogrammable low-pass filter is adopted and genetic algorithm is used to identify gridparameters before the start of the converter. Accurate observation on virtual grid fluxand its initial value is achieved. To suppress resonance, a new active damping control of feeding back the current at the side of the converter based on a first-order high-passfilter is proposed, which eliminate the need for sensors in the filtering capacitorbranches. By means of discrete root-locus stability analysis of the current loop onthree cases, i.e. no damping control, the active damping control of directly feedingback the current at the side of the converter and the new active damping control, thesuperiority of the new active damping is identified. Combining these two strategies,ultimately, the number of sensors is reduced and system stability is enhanced.
Under non-ideal grid, the traditional control strategy is usually hard to obtain theoptimal control effect. The dissertation focuses on the grid voltage unbalance controland how to restrain the fluctuation of DC Bus voltage. Firstly their analysis of controlprinciple is respectively introduced. Towards the control technology under unbalancedgrid voltage conditions, positive and negative sequence current separate controlstrategy is utilized. In addition, this dissertation presents a simple current limitingamplitude method. Meanwhile, considering the complexity of the tradition controlstrategy, a new unbalanced control method basing on the virtual admittance and PRcontroller is presented, in which realized the DC voltage stability and the sinusoidalcurrent control under the static coordinate system, and simplified the unbalancedcontrol ultimately. To the fluctuation of DC Bus voltage, traditional feed-forwardcontrol strategy restricted by current regulator parameters has the relatively slowerresponse and the larger DC Bus voltage fluctuation range. So it is proposed a two-stepfeedforward control strategy. Furthermore, with regard to the three control strategies,which is no feedforward control strategy, traditional feedforward control strategy andthe two-step feedforward control strategy, small signal models and analysis arecomparatively studied in this dissertation. Eventually it proves the two-stepfeedforward control strategy could elevate the response speed of outer voltage loopand reduce the fluctuation of Bus voltage without decreasing the control performanceof the inner current loop.
Finally, in order to verify the correctness of the analysis and the effectiveness ofthe control methods, the simulation and experimental results are presented at the endof each chapter.
为适应中高压大功率并网应用的需求，针对多电平变换器调制问题，本文首先介绍一种基于参考电压分解的三电平矢量调制算法及其在多电平调制中的扩展。通过对比传统多电平载波调制算法，证明两者之间的等效关系。接着针对NPC型三电平变换器中点电位波动的特殊问题，提出一种通过选择可注入中点电流的大小和方向计算零序电压的中点电位控制算法。解决传统中点控制模型中的零序电压与变换器侧参考电压耦合问题，实现了中点电位控制算法的优化。
LCL滤波器各元件参数相互影响，设计复杂，本文通过基于双重傅里叶级数的两电平变换器脉宽电压谐波分析结果，分析LCL滤波器在独立/并网模式和单并网模式下参数变化对滤波效果的影响，给出一种基于谐波分析的LCL滤波器优化设计方法，实现了滤波性能的量化。
LCL滤波的三相并网变换器控制时所需传感器较多，对设计及控制有诸多不利。本文基于虚拟磁链定向原理，采用基于层叠式可编程低通滤波器的虚拟磁链观测器，并在变换器启动前用遗传算法对电网参数进行辨识，达到虚拟电网磁链及其初值较为准确观测，从而实现了变换器的无电网电压传感器控制。为抑制谐振，提出一种基于一阶高通滤波器回馈变换器侧电流的新型主动阻尼控制方法，省去滤波电容支路传感器。采用离散根轨迹法，比较无阻尼控制、直接回馈变换器侧电流的主动阻尼控制和新型主动阻尼控制三种情况下电流环稳定性，证明新型主动阻尼方法的优越性。结合上述两种策略，达到减少传感器数量，增强系统稳定性的目的。
在电网非理想条件下，采用传统的变换器控制策略时控制效果差，输出电能质量不高。本文主要针对电网电压不平衡时控制问题和电网电压突变或负载突变时直流母线电压波动抑制问题开展研究。首先分别分析了各自的控制原理。针对电网电压不平衡时控制问题，介绍了一种正负序电流独立控制的不平衡控制方法，并提出了一种较为简单的电流限幅方法。考虑到传统控制方法算法复杂，提出了一种基于虚拟导纳和PR控制器的不平衡控制法，实现了直流电压的稳定和在两相静止坐标系下对正弦电流信号的控制，简化了不平衡控制系统。针对直流母线电压波动抑制问题，传统的前馈控制受电流调节器参数的制约，响应较慢，母线电压波动幅度较大，本文提出一种基于两级前馈控制策略。通过无前馈控制、传统前馈控制和两级前馈控制等三种控制策略的小信号建模与比较分析，证明了两级前馈控制策略可以在不牺牲电流内环控制性能的同时，提升了电压外环的响应速度，减少了母线电压的波动。
最后，分别在各章结尾给出了仿真及实验结果，以证明分析的正确性及方法的有效性。
Three-phase grid-connected converter with LCL filter has widespreadapplications in active power filter(APF), unified power flow control(UPFC),superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES), high voltage direct currenttransmission(HVDC), power transmission as well as solar, wind and other renewableenergy power generation. Meanwhile, it is also used as a main connected device in thefuture smart gird technology including energy storage, flexible transmission system,renewable energy power generation and controllable load. In this dissertation, keytechniques in three-phase grid-connected converter with LCL filter are mainlydiscussed.
In order to meet the demand of the medium-voltage high-power grid-connectedapplications, firstly a space-vector modulation algorithm based on the decompositionof the reference voltage for the three-level converter and its expansion for multi-levelmodulation is introduced in this dissertation. Comparing to the traditional multi-levelcarrier modulation algorithm, the equivalent relationship between them is proved.Then, as for the neutral-point potential fluctuations of the three-level NPC converter, anew neutral-point potential control algorithm based on zero-sequence voltage which iscalculated by choosing injectable neutral-point current is proposed. The problem, thecoupling between zero-sequence voltage and the reference voltage at the side ofconverter in the traditional neutral-point potential control model, is solved and theneutral-point potential control algorithm is optimized.
Since various components’ parameters of LCL filter interact with each other, it iscomplex to design. In this dissertation, by means of the result of pulse-width voltageharmonic analysis of two-level converter based on double Fourier series, the influenceof parameters variation on filtering effect in the independent/grid-connected andsingle grid-connected mode is analyzed, the optimization design of LCL filter basedon harmonic analysis is proposed and the quantization of filtering performance isachieved.
The grid-voltage sensorless control of converter is achieved with virtual-fluxoriented control. In this dissertation, a virtual-flux observer based on the stackedprogrammable low-pass filter is adopted and genetic algorithm is used to identify gridparameters before the start of the converter. Accurate observation on virtual grid fluxand its initial value is achieved. To suppress resonance, a new active damping control of feeding back the current at the side of the converter based on a first-order high-passfilter is proposed, which eliminate the need for sensors in the filtering capacitorbranches. By means of discrete root-locus stability analysis of the current loop onthree cases, i.e. no damping control, the active damping control of directly feedingback the current at the side of the converter and the new active damping control, thesuperiority of the new active damping is identified. Combining these two strategies,ultimately, the number of sensors is reduced and system stability is enhanced.
Under non-ideal grid, the traditional control strategy is usually hard to obtain theoptimal control effect. The dissertation focuses on the grid voltage unbalance controland how to restrain the fluctuation of DC Bus voltage. Firstly their analysis of controlprinciple is respectively introduced. Towards the control technology under unbalancedgrid voltage conditions, positive and negative sequence current separate controlstrategy is utilized. In addition, this dissertation presents a simple current limitingamplitude method. Meanwhile, considering the complexity of the tradition controlstrategy, a new unbalanced control method basing on the virtual admittance and PRcontroller is presented, in which realized the DC voltage stability and the sinusoidalcurrent control under the static coordinate system, and simplified the unbalancedcontrol ultimately. To the fluctuation of DC Bus voltage, traditional feed-forwardcontrol strategy restricted by current regulator parameters has the relatively slowerresponse and the larger DC Bus voltage fluctuation range. So it is proposed a two-stepfeedforward control strategy. Furthermore, with regard to the three control strategies,which is no feedforward control strategy, traditional feedforward control strategy andthe two-step feedforward control strategy, small signal models and analysis arecomparatively studied in this dissertation. Eventually it proves the two-stepfeedforward control strategy could elevate the response speed of outer voltage loopand reduce the fluctuation of Bus voltage without decreasing the control performanceof the inner current loop.
Finally, in order to verify the correctness of the analysis and the effectiveness ofthe control methods, the simulation and experimental results are presented at the endof each chapter.
引文
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