城市河道污染水体生物净化试验研究
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摘要
近年来,由于经济发展和城市建设的加快,城市周围中小河流的污染事故不断发生,河流生态系统严重受损,因此如何防治河流进一步恶化、保护水资源,走可持续发展的道路成为人类共同追求的目标。本文以深圳市福田河中心公园河段为研究对象,综合国内外对河流污染水体强化净化技术的研究成果,结合我国河流污染严重的特点,以及经济基础还比较薄弱的现实情况,采用自行设计的试验装置来模拟河道,同时选择曝气方式、膜材料以及特效种菌,通过布设填料和投加特效菌种对河流污染水体进行试验研究。
首先,以河道中原有的天然生物菌群作为菌源,经过30多天的动态培养,COD_(Cr)的去除率稳定在35%左右,NH_4~+-N的去除率稳定在25%左右,而填料丝上生物膜的外观也经历了无色透明、淡绿色、黄绿色、褐绿色、黑褐色的变化过程,同时填料丝上的生物也对应出现从无到以藻类为主,再到出现菌胶团,最后直至出现微型动物的一系列变化过程,标志着生物填料在装置中动态挂膜的成功。
其次,系统成功挂膜后,构建复合生物净化技术(曝气+填料+特效菌种)来去除河道污染物。在试验期间,不投菌装置对BOD_5、CODcr、TN、TP、NH_4~+-N和SS的平均去除率分别为53.34%、45.44%、28.64%、22.61%、28.51%和74.51%,投菌装置对BOD_5、CODcr、TN、TP、NH_4~+-N和SS的平均去除率分别为76.38%、69.58%、44.39%、30.00%、57.95%和85.17%,要好于不投菌装置。
MPN计数试验结果表明,投菌装置中硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌数量上比没有投菌增加了2～3数量级;难降解和聚磷菌增加了1～2个数量级,各种细菌数量的增加促进了系统污染物的去除。生物膜DGGE的结果显示,生物膜的生物总量及其多样性在投菌后是逐渐增大、丰富的。试验表明复合生物净化技术的净化效果高于单一技术或单一的组合净化技术。
In recent years, because of the rapid development of economy and city expansion, pollution emergencies of medium and small rivers happened frequently, leading to serious deterioration of river ecosystem. Therefore, how to prevent river from getting worse, maintain the safety of water resources, and carry out the strategy of sustainable development become the main targets pursued by human being. The Center Park section of Futian River in the city of Shenzhen was considered as the investigation object, and the latest research results in further purification technologies of polluted water reported home and abroad was summarized, a self-designed device system was performed in this research to simulate rivers in specific conditions based on the situation that rivers are polluted heavily and the economy of our country is still increasing. Aeration styles, membrane materials and specific-effective bacteria was studied and chosen in this system. Meanwhile, in-situ experiments were carried out by emplacing fillings and introducing specific-effective bacteria.
First of all, the packing was dynamically cultivated with the polluted water, after 30 days the removal efficiency of COD_(Cr) and NH_4~+ -N was stabilized at about 35% and 25% respectively. The appearance of the biofilm on the packing experienced the process of being colorless and transparent to light green, yellowish green, brownish green, then to dark brown sequentially. At the same time, the living things on the packing changed from nothing which could be observed under microscope to several kinds of algae, zoogloea, miniature animals coexisted which symbolized the successful dynamical membrane hanging on media-filling in the device.
Secondly, compound biological purification technology (aeration + fillings + specific-effective bacteria) was studied after the mature of biofilm. During the experiment, the average removal of BOD_5、CODcr、TN、TP、NH_4~+-N and SS were 53.34%、45.44%、28.64%、22.61%、28.51% and 74.51% respectively in no adding specific bacteria device,and the removal efficiencies were 76.38%、69.58%、44.39%、30.00%、57.95% and 85.17% in adding specific bacteria device, which was more effective than no adding device.
Meanwhile MPN counting experiments were carried out, the results showed that the nitrifying bacteria, nitrite bacteria and denitrifying bacteria increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude in adding bacteria devices, and refractory and poly-phosphate bacteria enhanced by 1-2 orders of magnitude, which is consistent with the removal rate. That means the added specific bacteria promoted the removal of pollutants in the system. According to the DGGE results of biofilm, the biological diversity and total biomass of biofilm increased gradually after adding the specific-bacteria. It is showed that the compound biological purification technology is more effective than a single technology or a single combination of purification technologies.
首先,以河道中原有的天然生物菌群作为菌源,经过30多天的动态培养,COD_(Cr)的去除率稳定在35%左右,NH_4~+-N的去除率稳定在25%左右,而填料丝上生物膜的外观也经历了无色透明、淡绿色、黄绿色、褐绿色、黑褐色的变化过程,同时填料丝上的生物也对应出现从无到以藻类为主,再到出现菌胶团,最后直至出现微型动物的一系列变化过程,标志着生物填料在装置中动态挂膜的成功。
其次,系统成功挂膜后,构建复合生物净化技术(曝气+填料+特效菌种)来去除河道污染物。在试验期间,不投菌装置对BOD_5、CODcr、TN、TP、NH_4~+-N和SS的平均去除率分别为53.34%、45.44%、28.64%、22.61%、28.51%和74.51%,投菌装置对BOD_5、CODcr、TN、TP、NH_4~+-N和SS的平均去除率分别为76.38%、69.58%、44.39%、30.00%、57.95%和85.17%,要好于不投菌装置。
MPN计数试验结果表明,投菌装置中硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌数量上比没有投菌增加了2～3数量级;难降解和聚磷菌增加了1～2个数量级,各种细菌数量的增加促进了系统污染物的去除。生物膜DGGE的结果显示,生物膜的生物总量及其多样性在投菌后是逐渐增大、丰富的。试验表明复合生物净化技术的净化效果高于单一技术或单一的组合净化技术。
In recent years, because of the rapid development of economy and city expansion, pollution emergencies of medium and small rivers happened frequently, leading to serious deterioration of river ecosystem. Therefore, how to prevent river from getting worse, maintain the safety of water resources, and carry out the strategy of sustainable development become the main targets pursued by human being. The Center Park section of Futian River in the city of Shenzhen was considered as the investigation object, and the latest research results in further purification technologies of polluted water reported home and abroad was summarized, a self-designed device system was performed in this research to simulate rivers in specific conditions based on the situation that rivers are polluted heavily and the economy of our country is still increasing. Aeration styles, membrane materials and specific-effective bacteria was studied and chosen in this system. Meanwhile, in-situ experiments were carried out by emplacing fillings and introducing specific-effective bacteria.
First of all, the packing was dynamically cultivated with the polluted water, after 30 days the removal efficiency of COD_(Cr) and NH_4~+ -N was stabilized at about 35% and 25% respectively. The appearance of the biofilm on the packing experienced the process of being colorless and transparent to light green, yellowish green, brownish green, then to dark brown sequentially. At the same time, the living things on the packing changed from nothing which could be observed under microscope to several kinds of algae, zoogloea, miniature animals coexisted which symbolized the successful dynamical membrane hanging on media-filling in the device.
Secondly, compound biological purification technology (aeration + fillings + specific-effective bacteria) was studied after the mature of biofilm. During the experiment, the average removal of BOD_5、CODcr、TN、TP、NH_4~+-N and SS were 53.34%、45.44%、28.64%、22.61%、28.51% and 74.51% respectively in no adding specific bacteria device,and the removal efficiencies were 76.38%、69.58%、44.39%、30.00%、57.95% and 85.17% in adding specific bacteria device, which was more effective than no adding device.
Meanwhile MPN counting experiments were carried out, the results showed that the nitrifying bacteria, nitrite bacteria and denitrifying bacteria increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude in adding bacteria devices, and refractory and poly-phosphate bacteria enhanced by 1-2 orders of magnitude, which is consistent with the removal rate. That means the added specific bacteria promoted the removal of pollutants in the system. According to the DGGE results of biofilm, the biological diversity and total biomass of biofilm increased gradually after adding the specific-bacteria. It is showed that the compound biological purification technology is more effective than a single technology or a single combination of purification technologies.
引文
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