全向IRST系统的图像处理与信息融合技术研究
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摘要
红外搜索与跟踪（Infra-Red Searchand Tracking，IRST）系统是一种被动式的红外探测系统，具有隐蔽性好、角分辨率高、抗电磁干扰能力强等优点，已成为现代战争防御体系中的关键装备之一。特别是随着光电对抗技术的迅速发展及广泛使用，导弹、飞机等飞行速度不断提高、导弹作战方式的多样化（如一箭多头、真伪弹齐发、多方位群发等）以及实际作战环境的复杂性，都要求IRST系统必须同时兼具响应快、视场大（全向视场）和空间分辨率高（又称高精度）等性能。作者所在项目组提出的空间多路IRFPA凝视成像全向IRST系统方案，能较好地满足上述性能要求，本文重点研究系统的图像与信息处理算法及其硬件实现技术。
论文在分析空间多路IRFPA凝视成像全向IRST系统结构和工作原理的基础上，对系统信息处理中涉及的关键技术，如红外图像预处理、弱小目标的检测与跟踪、信息融合（包括图像拼接和目标航迹融合）等问题进行了较深入的研究，提出了适用全向IRST系统性能要求的图像与信息处理算法，理论分析与仿真实验结果均验证了提出算法的合理性和有效性。最后，还设计并研制完成了实时实现上述算法的软硬件平台。论文的主要研究工作如下：
1.分析了IRFPA非均匀性产生的机理和常用非均匀性校正算法的不足，研究了基于多分辨分析小波变换的非均匀性校正算法，该算法实现了非均匀性的增益和偏置参数自适应的校正。实验结果验证了算法的有效性，使图像的质量有着明显的改善。
2.针对全向IRST系统工作环境中可能遇到的复杂云层背景和人为干扰，研究了基于全相位非下采样轮廓波变换（APNSCT）的背景抑制算法。为了增强算法的适应性，提出了两种较高性能的改进算法：基于双边滤波的APNSCT背景抑制算法和基于全变差模型的APNSCT背景抑制算法。实验结果显示，两种算法都能够有效抑制多种复杂背景，提高了图像信噪比，并且结构简单，实时性好。
3.采用自适应阈值分割算法和帧间相关序列图像检测算法，实现了弱小目标的精确检测，并利用检测概率、虚警概率和ROC曲线对目标检测算法性能进行了评价。为了实现对不同运动状态目标的可靠跟踪，提出了基于交互式多模型的卡尔曼-高斯粒子滤波（IMMK-GPF）的机动目标跟踪算法，该算法具有跟踪精度高、适应性强和实时性好等特点，具有良好的工程实用价值。
4.研究了全向IRST系统中的信息融合技术，包括目标航迹融合与图像拼接。采用分布式航迹融合结构方案，研究了分布式航迹关联算法与航迹融合算法，通过理论分析与仿真，算法可满足系统的性能指标要求。另外，还研究了多路小视场图像生成全向视场图像的拼接算法，实现了红外图像的准确、快速拼接。
5.为了实时实现全向IRST系统的图像与信息处理算法，设计并研制完成了一套基于FPGA与DSP的高速并行处理的硬件平台，给出了基于DSP/BIOS实时操作系统的RF5软件设计框架结构。硬件平台不仅功能和实时性均满足全向IRST系统的要求，而且还具有稳定性好、易于扩展和便于维护等优点。
总之，通过研究，文中提出的全向IRST系统的图像与信息处理算法以及实时实现算法的软硬件平台，都满足研究项目的性能指标要求，从而为研制高性能的全向IRST系统探索出了一条有效的技术途径，也为全向IRST系统的工程化实现奠定了一定的基础。
Infra-red search and tracking (IRST) system is a kind of passive infra-red detectionsystems, and is one of the important units in defense system for modern war, which hasadvantages of good concealing, high angular resolution and high anti-EM interferencecapability. With the development and application of optoelectronic countermeasurestechnology, the flight velocity of fighters and missiles is significantly increased,operational modes for missiles show polymorphism(for example, one missile with multiwarhead, true or false missiles firing simultaneously and multi-azimuth group hair),and the operational war environment becomes more complicated. To meet these factorsrequirements, the IRST system must be improved in response speed,field of view andspatial resolution,etal. In this thesis, omni-directional IRST system based on spatialmultiplexing IRFPA staring imaging technology is put forward, which can meet aboverequirements. The proposed information processing algorithm and hardware realizationis researched for the omni-directional IRST system in the thesis.
System structure and working principle for omni-directional IRST system basedIRFPA staring imaging technology are analyzed, then key technologies in informationprocessing algorithms, such as, infrared image preprocessing, weak target detection andtracking and information fusion for multi sensors, are further studied. Informationprocessing algorithms for the omni-directional IRST system are proposed. Thecorrectness and efficiency for above algorithms are verified with theory analysis andsimulation verification. Finally, hardware for realizing these algorithms is also provided.
Main works in this thesis are list as follow:
1. Based on analysis on the generation mechanism of non-uniformity in IRFPAstaring imaging algorithm and shortage for common non-uniformity correctionalgorithms, non-uniformity correction algorithm with multi-resolution wavelettransforms is researched. The gain and bias parameters of non-uniformity arecorrected by using this algorithm. More important, its efficiency is verified withexperimental results.
2. According to complex background and interference of man-made targets inworking environment for IRST system, background suppression algorithm based on allphase non-subsampled contourlet transform is put forward. Combined phasenon-subsampled Contourlet transform with fuzzy theory and total variation model isrealized to improve the adaptability of the algorithm. Simulation results show that ahigh signal-to-noise ratio is achieved. This algorithm has advantages in simple structure, strong robustness and good real-time performance.
3. By using auto-thresholding segmentation algorithm and inter-frame relatedsequence image detecting algorithm, weak target accurate detection is realized,and theperformance of target detection algorithms are evaluated by using the detectionprobability, false alarm probability and ROC curve. In order to realize In order to realizetarget tracking with many kinds of moving state, the maneuvering target tracking algorithmbased on the interacting multiple model Kalman-Gauss partice filter is proposed. Thisalgorithm has the characteristics of high precision,strong adaptability and goodreal-time, and has a good engineering application prospect.
4. Information fusion technologies in omni directional IRST system areinvestigated with target tracking fusion and image mosaic algorithm. By adoptingdistributed tracking fusion structure, tracking association and fusion algorithm isproposed. To realize the combination small view field images originated from IRFPAsensors into one omni directional image, fast image mosaic algorithm based onimproved SURF feature detection, RANSAC feature points matching and weightedaverage pixel fusion is realized.
5. To realize the proposed information processing algorithm in omni directionalIRST system, high speed parallel image processing hardware platform based on FPGAand multi DSP is obtained. RF5software framework for DSP/BIOS real-time operatingsystem is also achieved in thesis. The hardware platform has advantages, not only inhigh precision and real-time, but also in well stability, easy extension and co nvenientmaintenance.
In a word, image information processing algorithm of omni-directional IRSTsystem and the software&hardware platform for real-time realized proposed algorithmin the thesis can satisfy the performance requirements of the research project. Theseresearch results explore an effective way to research high performance omni-directionalIRST system, and provide a certain foundation for the project implementation of theomni-directional IRST system.
论文在分析空间多路IRFPA凝视成像全向IRST系统结构和工作原理的基础上，对系统信息处理中涉及的关键技术，如红外图像预处理、弱小目标的检测与跟踪、信息融合（包括图像拼接和目标航迹融合）等问题进行了较深入的研究，提出了适用全向IRST系统性能要求的图像与信息处理算法，理论分析与仿真实验结果均验证了提出算法的合理性和有效性。最后，还设计并研制完成了实时实现上述算法的软硬件平台。论文的主要研究工作如下：
1.分析了IRFPA非均匀性产生的机理和常用非均匀性校正算法的不足，研究了基于多分辨分析小波变换的非均匀性校正算法，该算法实现了非均匀性的增益和偏置参数自适应的校正。实验结果验证了算法的有效性，使图像的质量有着明显的改善。
2.针对全向IRST系统工作环境中可能遇到的复杂云层背景和人为干扰，研究了基于全相位非下采样轮廓波变换（APNSCT）的背景抑制算法。为了增强算法的适应性，提出了两种较高性能的改进算法：基于双边滤波的APNSCT背景抑制算法和基于全变差模型的APNSCT背景抑制算法。实验结果显示，两种算法都能够有效抑制多种复杂背景，提高了图像信噪比，并且结构简单，实时性好。
3.采用自适应阈值分割算法和帧间相关序列图像检测算法，实现了弱小目标的精确检测，并利用检测概率、虚警概率和ROC曲线对目标检测算法性能进行了评价。为了实现对不同运动状态目标的可靠跟踪，提出了基于交互式多模型的卡尔曼-高斯粒子滤波（IMMK-GPF）的机动目标跟踪算法，该算法具有跟踪精度高、适应性强和实时性好等特点，具有良好的工程实用价值。
4.研究了全向IRST系统中的信息融合技术，包括目标航迹融合与图像拼接。采用分布式航迹融合结构方案，研究了分布式航迹关联算法与航迹融合算法，通过理论分析与仿真，算法可满足系统的性能指标要求。另外，还研究了多路小视场图像生成全向视场图像的拼接算法，实现了红外图像的准确、快速拼接。
5.为了实时实现全向IRST系统的图像与信息处理算法，设计并研制完成了一套基于FPGA与DSP的高速并行处理的硬件平台，给出了基于DSP/BIOS实时操作系统的RF5软件设计框架结构。硬件平台不仅功能和实时性均满足全向IRST系统的要求，而且还具有稳定性好、易于扩展和便于维护等优点。
总之，通过研究，文中提出的全向IRST系统的图像与信息处理算法以及实时实现算法的软硬件平台，都满足研究项目的性能指标要求，从而为研制高性能的全向IRST系统探索出了一条有效的技术途径，也为全向IRST系统的工程化实现奠定了一定的基础。
Infra-red search and tracking (IRST) system is a kind of passive infra-red detectionsystems, and is one of the important units in defense system for modern war, which hasadvantages of good concealing, high angular resolution and high anti-EM interferencecapability. With the development and application of optoelectronic countermeasurestechnology, the flight velocity of fighters and missiles is significantly increased,operational modes for missiles show polymorphism(for example, one missile with multiwarhead, true or false missiles firing simultaneously and multi-azimuth group hair),and the operational war environment becomes more complicated. To meet these factorsrequirements, the IRST system must be improved in response speed,field of view andspatial resolution,etal. In this thesis, omni-directional IRST system based on spatialmultiplexing IRFPA staring imaging technology is put forward, which can meet aboverequirements. The proposed information processing algorithm and hardware realizationis researched for the omni-directional IRST system in the thesis.
System structure and working principle for omni-directional IRST system basedIRFPA staring imaging technology are analyzed, then key technologies in informationprocessing algorithms, such as, infrared image preprocessing, weak target detection andtracking and information fusion for multi sensors, are further studied. Informationprocessing algorithms for the omni-directional IRST system are proposed. Thecorrectness and efficiency for above algorithms are verified with theory analysis andsimulation verification. Finally, hardware for realizing these algorithms is also provided.
Main works in this thesis are list as follow:
1. Based on analysis on the generation mechanism of non-uniformity in IRFPAstaring imaging algorithm and shortage for common non-uniformity correctionalgorithms, non-uniformity correction algorithm with multi-resolution wavelettransforms is researched. The gain and bias parameters of non-uniformity arecorrected by using this algorithm. More important, its efficiency is verified withexperimental results.
2. According to complex background and interference of man-made targets inworking environment for IRST system, background suppression algorithm based on allphase non-subsampled contourlet transform is put forward. Combined phasenon-subsampled Contourlet transform with fuzzy theory and total variation model isrealized to improve the adaptability of the algorithm. Simulation results show that ahigh signal-to-noise ratio is achieved. This algorithm has advantages in simple structure, strong robustness and good real-time performance.
3. By using auto-thresholding segmentation algorithm and inter-frame relatedsequence image detecting algorithm, weak target accurate detection is realized,and theperformance of target detection algorithms are evaluated by using the detectionprobability, false alarm probability and ROC curve. In order to realize In order to realizetarget tracking with many kinds of moving state, the maneuvering target tracking algorithmbased on the interacting multiple model Kalman-Gauss partice filter is proposed. Thisalgorithm has the characteristics of high precision,strong adaptability and goodreal-time, and has a good engineering application prospect.
4. Information fusion technologies in omni directional IRST system areinvestigated with target tracking fusion and image mosaic algorithm. By adoptingdistributed tracking fusion structure, tracking association and fusion algorithm isproposed. To realize the combination small view field images originated from IRFPAsensors into one omni directional image, fast image mosaic algorithm based onimproved SURF feature detection, RANSAC feature points matching and weightedaverage pixel fusion is realized.
5. To realize the proposed information processing algorithm in omni directionalIRST system, high speed parallel image processing hardware platform based on FPGAand multi DSP is obtained. RF5software framework for DSP/BIOS real-time operatingsystem is also achieved in thesis. The hardware platform has advantages, not only inhigh precision and real-time, but also in well stability, easy extension and co nvenientmaintenance.
In a word, image information processing algorithm of omni-directional IRSTsystem and the software&hardware platform for real-time realized proposed algorithmin the thesis can satisfy the performance requirements of the research project. Theseresearch results explore an effective way to research high performance omni-directionalIRST system, and provide a certain foundation for the project implementation of theomni-directional IRST system.
引文
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