基于DPV的蓝色和白色有机发光器件及其效率滚降研究
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摘要
21世纪以来,中国,日本,韩国以及一些西方国家等都在不断研究有机发光二极管(OLED),并且迅速地发展以OLED为基础的显示,照明产业和产业链。在平板显示领域,OLED因为其具有化学直流驱动、高效率、自发光、高亮度、功耗低、视角广阔、超薄、造成本低、寿命长、可大面积显示、发光彩色齐全、制耐低温、工作温度范围宽等突出优点,被称为是继液晶显示(LCD)、等离子显示器(PDP)之后的新一代平板显示产品和技术。
随着OLED的技术不断完善与发展,尤其是白色有机发光器件,因其既可以应用于全色显示也可以应用于固态照明等,并且具有许多潜在优势,因此近些年来受到了业界的追捧。其在照明领域已经渐渐地从研发阶段进入广泛地商业化应用阶段,例如应用于柔性基板照明,大面积面光源的照明等等。
蓝色有机发光器件不仅是红绿蓝全彩显示的主要成分,也是白光照明中不可或缺的一部分。有机发光器件引入磷光材料对提高器件的性能有着显著的效果,这是因为磷光材料可以同时收获单线态和三线态激子,使器件的内量子效率达到100%。然而由于磷光材料寿命短,价格高,再加上蓝色磷光材料色纯度低的缺点,因此结合蓝色荧光材料橘黄(或者绿,红)磷光材料可以有效地解决这一问题。我们引入蓝色荧光材料DPV,制作了不同结构的蓝光和白光器件,并对有机发光器件效率滚降问题进行了系统分析。
首先我们介绍了有机发光电致器件效率的定义后,大致分析了一下影响效率的几个因素和提高效率的方法。主要介绍了引起效率滚降的因素：载流子传输不平衡和激子的扩散与湮灭。并细分了激子的三种湮灭方式：三线态-三线态湮灭,三线态极化湮灭,电场引起的三线态激子的解离。并对这些过程用公式进行了表述和分析。了解了器件效率滚降的主要因素后,总结了降低滚降的几个方法：控制载流子传输的平衡；对自由电子、空穴复合区域的调整,以达到形成一个稳定并且增大了的激子复合区域；控制激子的形成机制以及激子的扩散过程；引入寿命较短的有机材料。在这之后用一个具体实验更清晰地解释和分析了在合理控制激子的扩散和载流子传输并且采用适合的发光材料后,器件效率的滚降问题得到了很好的解决。
其次,在对器件效率滚降问题进行研究后,我们制作了基于荧光材料DPV的蓝色有机电致发光器件,器件结构十分简单：ITO/HTL/2-diphenylamino-7-(2,2"-diphenylvinyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene/ETL/LiF/Al。通过比较不同的空穴传输层和电子传输层的能级以及载流子传输特性后,实现了器件的高效率,滚降小,高亮度,色纯度高等优点。这都归因于很好的控制了器件中载流子传输的平衡,以及扩大了激子的形成区域。其中以4,4',4"-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine(NPB)和4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen)分别为空穴传输层和电子传输层的器件最为突出。在亮度1000cd/m2下,最大效率达到5.8cd/A,电压也只有4.6V。更为突出的是器件从最大效率时的亮度到10000cd/m2,效率的滚降只有16%。
结合蓝色荧光材料DPV效率高,稳定性好和良好的载流子传输特性,我们希望引用红色荧光材料DCV制作全荧光白色有机电致发光器件。为了对DCV的特性进行分析,我们首先制备了基于DCV的黄光发光器件,结构为ITO/m-MTDATA(30nm)/NPB(20nm)/DCV:Alq3(40nm)/BCP(5nm)/Alq3(30nm)/LiF/A1。此器件的特点是最大效率可达4.8 cd/A,掺杂浓度的增加器件的发光光谱红移,效率下降,这些现象都与传统的红光染料相类似。
接着我们又制备了基于DCV的红光发光器件,结构为ITO/m-MTDATA(30nm)/NPB(20nm)/DCV(xnm)/BCP(5nm)/Alq3(30 nm)/LiF/Al,DCV的厚度分别为40 nm和0.5nm,当DCV的厚度为40nm时,峰值波长为640nm,发出标准的红光；当DCV的厚度为0.5nm时,可以同时观察到DCV和NPB的发光,器件为白光发光。
根据DCV掺杂在Alq3可以得到效率滚降小,且效率较高这一特性,结合蓝色荧光材料DPV,我们制作了四个不同结构的全荧光白色有机电致发光器件。效率最高达到7.2cd/A,更为出色的特性是器件非常稳定,色坐标变化很小。从效率最大时的亮度到10000cd/m2器件的效率滚降只有4.8%。
最后我们希望制作基于蓝色荧光材料DPV的效率更高的荧光/磷光白色有机电致发光器件。在对黄色磷光材料(BT)2Ir(acac)进行分析后,我们利用了DPV三线态能级高,载流子迁移率不受电场影响等特性制作了荧光磷光型白色有机电致发光器件。通过合理的结构设计,器件的载流子复合区域变大,载流子传输平衡,能量损失小。从效率最大(25.1cd/A)时的亮度到10000cd/m2效率滚降到19.5cd/A。在1000cd/m2亮度下,功率效率14.11m/W,色坐标(0.41,0.41)。为了进一步增强效率,我们引入了微透镜阵列(MLA)来增强器件的光输出耦合,在1000cd/m2亮度下,效率升高到18.61m/W。
Since 21st century, China, Japan, Korea and some Western countries are all doing the research of organic light-emitting diode (OLED), with the rapid development of the OLED-based displays, lighting industry and the industrial chain. In the flat panel display, because of its chemical DC drives, high efficiency, self-luminous, high brightness, low power consumption, wide angle, ultra-thin, long life time, large area displays, LED color is complete, the system stable temperature, and other prominent advantages, OLED is expected to be the next-generation flat panel display products and technologies after the liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display panel (PDP).
With the development of OLED technology, especially the white organic light-emitting device, as it can not only be used in full-color display,but also can be used in solid-state lighting, so in recent years, so the research gained rapid development, gradually the application area had wider to the commercial application stage, such as flexible substrates lighting, large area of surface light illumination and so on.
Blue OLED not only is the major constituent for red-green-blue full color displays,but also the indispensable element for the white OLED, which has practical solid-state lighting applications. OLEDs employing phosphorescent materials are most effective because phosphorescent materials can harvest both singlet and triplet excitons which lead to the potential for achieving 100% internal quantum efficiency. However, due to the common problem of short operational lifetimes and the high material cost, electrophosphorescence-based OLEDs with acceptable blue color purity are relatively rare. So the combination of blue fluorescent and orange (or green, red) phosphorescent dyes may solve these problems and provide efficient and stable WOLEDs.2-Diphenylamino-7-(2,2"-diphenylvinyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (DPV) is a very promising nondoped blue fluorescent material for its color purity and high quantum yield. We make blue and white organic light emitting devices based on blue fluorescence material DPV with some different structure. We also have a deep research on the problem of OLED roll-off.
Firstly, we delimit the OLEDs efficiency, then we analysis the factors that affect the efficiency, especially introduce the reason for the efficiency roll-off:carrier transmission imbalance and exitons diffusion and non-radiative exciton quenching. The mutual triplet-triplet or triplet-plaron annihilation, a process that becomes very efficient at high triplet concentration, is a general explanation for the efficiency roll-off under high current density. The field-assisted dissociation of charge pairs is another principal cause of the efficiency drop at high electric fields. On the basis of experimental and analytical results, we propose some methods to solve the problem of efficiency roll-off. To select molecular systems with strongly bound excitons, low exciton diffusivity and a wide recombination zone in addition to short lifetime of triplet excitons are thus expected to minimize the exciton quenching effect.
We make a non-doped blue organic light-emitting devices with a structure of ITO/hole transporting layer (HTL)/2-diphenylamino-7-(2,2"-diphenylvinyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene/electronic transporting layer (ETL)/LiF/Al are fabricated. The performances of the devices are dependent on the charge mobility, charge injection, and energy level characteristics of HTL and ETL. The device with 4,4',4"-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline as HTL and ETL shows high efficiency and brightness at low voltage (5.8 cd/A and 1000 cd/m2 at 4.6 V). Furthermore, the device shows a slight efficiency roll-off of 16% from the brightness at maximum current efficiency to 10 000 cd/m2. We attributed this to the formation of a broader carrier recombination zone and relative charge-balancing in the device.
In order to make a outperformance white OLED based on DPV, we introduce a red fluorescent material DCV. For the purpose of acknowledge the character of DCV, we make a yellow OLED with a structure of:ITO/m-MTDATA(30nm)/ NPB(20nm)/DCV:Alq3(40nm)/BCP(5nm)/Alq3(30 nm)/LiF/Al. The maximus current efficiency is 4.8cd/A. As the concentration increasing, the spectrum shows a little red-shift and the efficiency declines.
Moreover, we also make the red OLEDs based on DCV with the structure of ITO/m-MTDATA(30nm)/NPB(20nm)/DCV(xnm)/BCP(5nm)/Alq3(30 nm)/LiF/Al. The red emission layer with two thickness (40nm and 0.5nm). When the thickness is 40nm, the spectrum show the typical DCV ELcharacteristics with a peak at 640nm. When the thickness is 0.5nm, the spectrum shows a white light emission with two peak, which from DCV and NPB emission.
We fabricat the white OLEDs using fluorescent donor-acceptor-substituted spirobifluorene compounds, red DCV and DPV with four different structures. The maximum current efficiency is 7.2 cd/A. Remarkably, the EL spectrum of the devices and the CIE coordinates remains almost the same when the brightness ranged from 1000 cd/m2 to 10000 cd/m2. Besides the high efficiency and the stable colour, the present device's efficiency roll-off was only 4.8% from the brightness at maximum current efficiency to 10000 cd/m2.
Then we hope to make a high efficiency F/P WOLEDs using the ambipolar blue fluorescent emitter 2-diphenylamino-7-(2,2"-diphenylvinyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (DPV) and the phosperescent material (BT)2Ir(acac). Particularly, DPV has a relatively electric-field independent hole and electron mobilities. The effects of the triplet energies and charge transporting properties of the blue materials on the performance of the white device are discussed. By using such a blue emitter in the device, a broader charge recombination zone is formed and the energy loss is reduced. WOLEDs with a maximum current efficiency of 25.1 cd/A which shift to 19.5 cd/A at 10000 cd/m2 have been achieved. The power efficiency of the device can reach 14.1 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2. By attaching a microlens array on the backside of the substrate, the outcoupling of electroluminescence in the forward direction is enhanced, resulting in elevated power efficiency 18.6 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2.
随着OLED的技术不断完善与发展,尤其是白色有机发光器件,因其既可以应用于全色显示也可以应用于固态照明等,并且具有许多潜在优势,因此近些年来受到了业界的追捧。其在照明领域已经渐渐地从研发阶段进入广泛地商业化应用阶段,例如应用于柔性基板照明,大面积面光源的照明等等。
蓝色有机发光器件不仅是红绿蓝全彩显示的主要成分,也是白光照明中不可或缺的一部分。有机发光器件引入磷光材料对提高器件的性能有着显著的效果,这是因为磷光材料可以同时收获单线态和三线态激子,使器件的内量子效率达到100%。然而由于磷光材料寿命短,价格高,再加上蓝色磷光材料色纯度低的缺点,因此结合蓝色荧光材料橘黄(或者绿,红)磷光材料可以有效地解决这一问题。我们引入蓝色荧光材料DPV,制作了不同结构的蓝光和白光器件,并对有机发光器件效率滚降问题进行了系统分析。
首先我们介绍了有机发光电致器件效率的定义后,大致分析了一下影响效率的几个因素和提高效率的方法。主要介绍了引起效率滚降的因素：载流子传输不平衡和激子的扩散与湮灭。并细分了激子的三种湮灭方式：三线态-三线态湮灭,三线态极化湮灭,电场引起的三线态激子的解离。并对这些过程用公式进行了表述和分析。了解了器件效率滚降的主要因素后,总结了降低滚降的几个方法：控制载流子传输的平衡；对自由电子、空穴复合区域的调整,以达到形成一个稳定并且增大了的激子复合区域；控制激子的形成机制以及激子的扩散过程；引入寿命较短的有机材料。在这之后用一个具体实验更清晰地解释和分析了在合理控制激子的扩散和载流子传输并且采用适合的发光材料后,器件效率的滚降问题得到了很好的解决。
其次,在对器件效率滚降问题进行研究后,我们制作了基于荧光材料DPV的蓝色有机电致发光器件,器件结构十分简单：ITO/HTL/2-diphenylamino-7-(2,2"-diphenylvinyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene/ETL/LiF/Al。通过比较不同的空穴传输层和电子传输层的能级以及载流子传输特性后,实现了器件的高效率,滚降小,高亮度,色纯度高等优点。这都归因于很好的控制了器件中载流子传输的平衡,以及扩大了激子的形成区域。其中以4,4',4"-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine(NPB)和4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen)分别为空穴传输层和电子传输层的器件最为突出。在亮度1000cd/m2下,最大效率达到5.8cd/A,电压也只有4.6V。更为突出的是器件从最大效率时的亮度到10000cd/m2,效率的滚降只有16%。
结合蓝色荧光材料DPV效率高,稳定性好和良好的载流子传输特性,我们希望引用红色荧光材料DCV制作全荧光白色有机电致发光器件。为了对DCV的特性进行分析,我们首先制备了基于DCV的黄光发光器件,结构为ITO/m-MTDATA(30nm)/NPB(20nm)/DCV:Alq3(40nm)/BCP(5nm)/Alq3(30nm)/LiF/A1。此器件的特点是最大效率可达4.8 cd/A,掺杂浓度的增加器件的发光光谱红移,效率下降,这些现象都与传统的红光染料相类似。
接着我们又制备了基于DCV的红光发光器件,结构为ITO/m-MTDATA(30nm)/NPB(20nm)/DCV(xnm)/BCP(5nm)/Alq3(30 nm)/LiF/Al,DCV的厚度分别为40 nm和0.5nm,当DCV的厚度为40nm时,峰值波长为640nm,发出标准的红光；当DCV的厚度为0.5nm时,可以同时观察到DCV和NPB的发光,器件为白光发光。
根据DCV掺杂在Alq3可以得到效率滚降小,且效率较高这一特性,结合蓝色荧光材料DPV,我们制作了四个不同结构的全荧光白色有机电致发光器件。效率最高达到7.2cd/A,更为出色的特性是器件非常稳定,色坐标变化很小。从效率最大时的亮度到10000cd/m2器件的效率滚降只有4.8%。
最后我们希望制作基于蓝色荧光材料DPV的效率更高的荧光/磷光白色有机电致发光器件。在对黄色磷光材料(BT)2Ir(acac)进行分析后,我们利用了DPV三线态能级高,载流子迁移率不受电场影响等特性制作了荧光磷光型白色有机电致发光器件。通过合理的结构设计,器件的载流子复合区域变大,载流子传输平衡,能量损失小。从效率最大(25.1cd/A)时的亮度到10000cd/m2效率滚降到19.5cd/A。在1000cd/m2亮度下,功率效率14.11m/W,色坐标(0.41,0.41)。为了进一步增强效率,我们引入了微透镜阵列(MLA)来增强器件的光输出耦合,在1000cd/m2亮度下,效率升高到18.61m/W。
Since 21st century, China, Japan, Korea and some Western countries are all doing the research of organic light-emitting diode (OLED), with the rapid development of the OLED-based displays, lighting industry and the industrial chain. In the flat panel display, because of its chemical DC drives, high efficiency, self-luminous, high brightness, low power consumption, wide angle, ultra-thin, long life time, large area displays, LED color is complete, the system stable temperature, and other prominent advantages, OLED is expected to be the next-generation flat panel display products and technologies after the liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display panel (PDP).
With the development of OLED technology, especially the white organic light-emitting device, as it can not only be used in full-color display,but also can be used in solid-state lighting, so in recent years, so the research gained rapid development, gradually the application area had wider to the commercial application stage, such as flexible substrates lighting, large area of surface light illumination and so on.
Blue OLED not only is the major constituent for red-green-blue full color displays,but also the indispensable element for the white OLED, which has practical solid-state lighting applications. OLEDs employing phosphorescent materials are most effective because phosphorescent materials can harvest both singlet and triplet excitons which lead to the potential for achieving 100% internal quantum efficiency. However, due to the common problem of short operational lifetimes and the high material cost, electrophosphorescence-based OLEDs with acceptable blue color purity are relatively rare. So the combination of blue fluorescent and orange (or green, red) phosphorescent dyes may solve these problems and provide efficient and stable WOLEDs.2-Diphenylamino-7-(2,2"-diphenylvinyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (DPV) is a very promising nondoped blue fluorescent material for its color purity and high quantum yield. We make blue and white organic light emitting devices based on blue fluorescence material DPV with some different structure. We also have a deep research on the problem of OLED roll-off.
Firstly, we delimit the OLEDs efficiency, then we analysis the factors that affect the efficiency, especially introduce the reason for the efficiency roll-off:carrier transmission imbalance and exitons diffusion and non-radiative exciton quenching. The mutual triplet-triplet or triplet-plaron annihilation, a process that becomes very efficient at high triplet concentration, is a general explanation for the efficiency roll-off under high current density. The field-assisted dissociation of charge pairs is another principal cause of the efficiency drop at high electric fields. On the basis of experimental and analytical results, we propose some methods to solve the problem of efficiency roll-off. To select molecular systems with strongly bound excitons, low exciton diffusivity and a wide recombination zone in addition to short lifetime of triplet excitons are thus expected to minimize the exciton quenching effect.
We make a non-doped blue organic light-emitting devices with a structure of ITO/hole transporting layer (HTL)/2-diphenylamino-7-(2,2"-diphenylvinyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene/electronic transporting layer (ETL)/LiF/Al are fabricated. The performances of the devices are dependent on the charge mobility, charge injection, and energy level characteristics of HTL and ETL. The device with 4,4',4"-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline as HTL and ETL shows high efficiency and brightness at low voltage (5.8 cd/A and 1000 cd/m2 at 4.6 V). Furthermore, the device shows a slight efficiency roll-off of 16% from the brightness at maximum current efficiency to 10 000 cd/m2. We attributed this to the formation of a broader carrier recombination zone and relative charge-balancing in the device.
In order to make a outperformance white OLED based on DPV, we introduce a red fluorescent material DCV. For the purpose of acknowledge the character of DCV, we make a yellow OLED with a structure of:ITO/m-MTDATA(30nm)/ NPB(20nm)/DCV:Alq3(40nm)/BCP(5nm)/Alq3(30 nm)/LiF/Al. The maximus current efficiency is 4.8cd/A. As the concentration increasing, the spectrum shows a little red-shift and the efficiency declines.
Moreover, we also make the red OLEDs based on DCV with the structure of ITO/m-MTDATA(30nm)/NPB(20nm)/DCV(xnm)/BCP(5nm)/Alq3(30 nm)/LiF/Al. The red emission layer with two thickness (40nm and 0.5nm). When the thickness is 40nm, the spectrum show the typical DCV ELcharacteristics with a peak at 640nm. When the thickness is 0.5nm, the spectrum shows a white light emission with two peak, which from DCV and NPB emission.
We fabricat the white OLEDs using fluorescent donor-acceptor-substituted spirobifluorene compounds, red DCV and DPV with four different structures. The maximum current efficiency is 7.2 cd/A. Remarkably, the EL spectrum of the devices and the CIE coordinates remains almost the same when the brightness ranged from 1000 cd/m2 to 10000 cd/m2. Besides the high efficiency and the stable colour, the present device's efficiency roll-off was only 4.8% from the brightness at maximum current efficiency to 10000 cd/m2.
Then we hope to make a high efficiency F/P WOLEDs using the ambipolar blue fluorescent emitter 2-diphenylamino-7-(2,2"-diphenylvinyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (DPV) and the phosperescent material (BT)2Ir(acac). Particularly, DPV has a relatively electric-field independent hole and electron mobilities. The effects of the triplet energies and charge transporting properties of the blue materials on the performance of the white device are discussed. By using such a blue emitter in the device, a broader charge recombination zone is formed and the energy loss is reduced. WOLEDs with a maximum current efficiency of 25.1 cd/A which shift to 19.5 cd/A at 10000 cd/m2 have been achieved. The power efficiency of the device can reach 14.1 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2. By attaching a microlens array on the backside of the substrate, the outcoupling of electroluminescence in the forward direction is enhanced, resulting in elevated power efficiency 18.6 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2.
引文
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