基于E_(v2)的港区陆域高填方工后沉降预测方法研究及稳定性分析
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摘要
在我国西南地区内河港口工程的建设中，经常会遇到大面积陆域高填方工程，高填方的不均匀工后沉降将直接影响到陆域工程的稳定性,并对结构物的安全及正常运营构成威胁。因此如何有效地预测陆域高填方的工后沉降并准确评价其稳定性是当前港区陆域高填方工程中亟待解决的关键技术问题之一。目前在德国等其他欧洲国家已经广泛应用二次变形模量Ev2作为控制工后沉降的检测指标，我国仅仅初步应用于铁路地基上，在公路、港区陆域填方、库岸等工程的设计规范中还没有相关规定，为此本文提出基于Ev2的港区陆域高填方工后沉降预测方法研究及稳定性评价。为了达到对陆域高填方工后沉降的有效预测和准确评价其稳定性，本文采用试验研究、理论分析和数值模拟等手段，在对二次变形模量Ev2进行深入系统的理论和试验研究的基础上，提出了基于指标Ev2的港区陆域高填方地基工后沉降的预测方法，进而对陆域高填方的稳定性进行评价。本文所做的研究工作和得出的主要成果如下：
（1）依据Ev2的现场测试技术原理，采用击实筒制作室内测试试件研究有侧限条件下的Ev2室内测试方法，并通过对试验装置的有限元数值模拟分析验证室内试验方法的可行性。研究结果表明，室内测试试验与有限元分析结果具有良好的一致性，且室内试验装置的边界限制对测试结果可以忽略不计。
（2）在Ev2室内测试方法研究的基础上，对不同工况下的大量试件的Ev2值进行了测试，并分析含水率、孔隙比、压实度等因素对Ev2的影响规律。研究结果表明，含水率、孔隙比、以及土体级配对Ev2都有不同程度的影响，当土体处于最优含水率时，土体的Ev2值达到峰值；在级配良好时，土体的Ev2值较大；试验研究还发现土体的Ev2值随着土体孔隙比的增大而呈现减小的趋势；在相同含水率情况下，土体的Ev2值随着土体压实度的增大而呈现增大的趋势。
（3）依据二次变形模量Ev2的现场测试原理，建立填方地基模型进行了二次变形模量模型测试试验和数值模拟研究，并采用体积法制作与填方地基模型压实度一致的击实试件，进行室内测试。研究结果表明，模型试验结构槽的边界效应可以忽略不计，同时模型试验与有侧限条件下的Ev2室内测试试验结果吻合良好。基于上述大量试验结果，本文提出了一种室内测试二次变形模量Ev2的方法，该方法具有测试方便、快捷、成本低廉的特点，可为高填方地基回填料的选取提供依据，并对设计和施工提供一定的指导作用。
（4）在Ev2室内试验研究的基础上，基于弹塑性理论，对二次变形模量Ev2进行了理论推导，获得了二次变形模量Ev2的理论计算公式。通过理论计算值与室内试验测试值的对比分析表明，理论计算值与试验测试值吻合良好。因此本文提出的二次变形模量的Ev2值的理论计算公式是可行的。
（5）在Ev2的理论和试验研究的基础上，通过理论分析发现，对高填方地基沉降起主要作用的是填方土体的高度以及填方土体的变形模量，据此本文基于弹塑性理论建立了二次变形模量Ev2与工后沉降的经验关系式，并提出了基于指标Ev2的港区陆域高填方地基工后沉降评价方法。同时考虑到目前国内在港区陆域高填方地基中常用K30指标，为此本文进一步通过数值模拟的方法研究了二次变形模量Ev2与地基系数K30的相关关系，结果表明二者的相关性良好。
（6）运用本文提出的基于指标Ev2的港区陆域高填方地基工后沉降评价方法，对于已建好的高填方工程，可通过现场测试填方地基Ev2值，计算其工后沉降值，与实际观测的工后沉降值进行对比，从而初步判断填方工程是否处于稳定状态；对于拟建的陆域填方工程，可根据设计的要求中允许的高填方工程的最大工后沉降值，进而求出其最小的二次变形模量值Ev2，同时可通过室内试验来选取合适的回填料，使其二次变形模量达到要求值。在施工完成后，可通过现场测试其二次变形模量值Ev2，计算其最大工后沉降，与设计值进行对比，从而判定是否满足设计要求。
（7）通过纳溪沟码头高填方工程，元山子沟高填方工程以及重庆垫江某高填方工程的应用表明，基于指标Ev2的港区陆域高填方地基工后沉降评价方法效果良好，对设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。
本文的主要创新点如下：
（1）本文以二次变形模量Ev2的现场测试原理为基础，通过大量的试验研究后，首次提出了一种室内测试二次变形模量Ev2的方法，并与地基模型测试对比，效果良好。（该方法已申请国家专利，专利号：201210075208.0）
（2）本文深入系统的研究了土体含水量、孔隙比、压实度对二次变形模量Ev2的影响，建立了二次变形模量与各影响因素之间的变化规律。
（3）本文运用弹塑性力学理论并在室内试验的基础上，建立了二次变形模量Ev2的理论计算模型，该模型与试验测试的结果吻合良好。
（4）本文基于弹塑性力学理论，推导分析得到工后沉降的主要影响因素，并建立了基于二次变形模量Ev2的港区陆域高填方工后沉降的预测模型，通过工程应用表明该预测模型效果良好。
The land area project with high fill in the southwest of our country is existed in theconstruction of inland ports. While the stability of land area project is affectedimmediately by unequal settlement of post-construction of high fills, and the safety andnormal operation of structures are also threaten with that. So how to predict the unequalsettlement of post-construction on continent high fill effectively and evaluate whosestability correctly is one of key technical problem that continent high fill of ports urgentwants to solve. At present, as the detection index of controlling post-construction,second deformation modulus is widely used in Europe country, such as Germany,however, which is only applied on railway embankment in China, and there has norelevant rules in design standards of highway engineering, continent high fill of portsengineering and slop engineering, and so on, to this end, we propose a settlement ofpost-construction prediction method of continent high fill of ports and evaluate whosestability, based on the second deformation modulus. For predicting the settlement ofpost-construction effective and evaluating the stability correctly, we use experimentalresearch, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to study the second deformationmodulus deeply, and then, based on that, the settlement of post-construction predictionmethod in high fill of harbor is proposed and the stability is also evaluated. In this paper,the main achievements are summarized as follows:
(1) According to the field test principle of second deformation modulus, makespecimens with compaction canister, which are used to test in the laboratory under thecondition of lateral confinement, and then through the analysis of numerical simulationon test equipment, the feasibility of laboratory test method is verified. The researchresult shows that the results of laboratory test and numerical simulation have a goodconsistency, and the border restriction of laboratory test equipment has no effects onexperimental results.
(2) Based on the laboratory testing method of second deformation modulus, a largeamount of specimen was tested with that method, and the influence rule of seconddeformation modulus on the factors which are water content, porosity, compactiondegree and saturation are studied. The research result shows that all of the factors havedifferent effects on the second deformation modulus. When the soil is in the optimummoisture, its second deformation modulus will reach peak. When the non-uniformity coefficient is biggest, the second deformation modulus is also biggest. We also foundthat the second deformation modulus is decreased with the decreasing of porosity of soil,and increased with the increasing of compaction degree, Meanwhile, the seconddeformation modulus of weathered sandstone soil is less than weathered mudstone soil.
(3) According to the field test principle of second deformation modulus, large scalefill foundation model is built which is tested second deformation modulus and studiedwith numerical simulation, the compaction degree of specimen is consistent with the fillfoundation model and made by volumetric method which is tested in laboratory. Theresearch result shows that boundary effect of model test would be negligible, thelaboratory test result agrees well with the model experiment. Based on the large numberof test result above, a laboratory test method of second deformation modulus isproposed which has characteristics with convenient, fast, cheap.
(4) Based on the study of laboratory test and elastic-plastic theory, the seconddeformation modulus is derived, and then the theory formula is obtained. Through thecomparative analysis of theory calculation and laboratory test, it shows that thelaboratory result is agree with theory result well, Even though there has some certainerrors, because the Poisson’s ratio is adopted as0.21directly according to regulations,which is between0.2and0.3in spot filed test. So the theory calculation formula isfeasible.
(5) Based on research of theory and experiment, it found that the height anddeformation modulus play an important role in settlement of high fill foundation. Soempirical relation between second deformation modulus and post-constructionsettlement is built on the basis of elastic-plastic theory, and an evaluation method ofpost-construction of high fill foundation on port area is proposed. Meanwhile,foundation coefficient is a common index on high fill foundation at present, so therelevant relationship between second deformation modulus and foundation coefficient isfurther studied with numerical simulation method, and then the result shows that both ofthem has good correlation.
(6) For high fill project which has been built, whose second deformation modulus canbe obtained with field test, and then be calculated post-construction settlement, finally,compare the value of calculation to actual observation, thus, the stability of high fillproject can be judged preliminary. For high fill project which will be proposed, whosesmallest second deformation modulus can be obtained according to the largest post-construction settlement which is allowed in the design requirements, meanwhile, backfill can be chose through laboratory test, which can make the second deformationmodulus to meet the design requirements. Therefore, after construction finished, thesecond deformation modulus can be obtained through field test, and then the post-construction settlement also can be obtained, which is compared to the design value,thus, it can judge that whether or not meet the design requirement.
(7) The practical application shows that, include high fill projects of Naxigou wharf,Yuanshanzi and Changan test track, based on the second deformation modulus, thevaluation method of post-construction settlement of high fill foundation on port areasbrings about good results, and it also has certain significance for design andconstruction.
（1）依据Ev2的现场测试技术原理，采用击实筒制作室内测试试件研究有侧限条件下的Ev2室内测试方法，并通过对试验装置的有限元数值模拟分析验证室内试验方法的可行性。研究结果表明，室内测试试验与有限元分析结果具有良好的一致性，且室内试验装置的边界限制对测试结果可以忽略不计。
（2）在Ev2室内测试方法研究的基础上，对不同工况下的大量试件的Ev2值进行了测试，并分析含水率、孔隙比、压实度等因素对Ev2的影响规律。研究结果表明，含水率、孔隙比、以及土体级配对Ev2都有不同程度的影响，当土体处于最优含水率时，土体的Ev2值达到峰值；在级配良好时，土体的Ev2值较大；试验研究还发现土体的Ev2值随着土体孔隙比的增大而呈现减小的趋势；在相同含水率情况下，土体的Ev2值随着土体压实度的增大而呈现增大的趋势。
（3）依据二次变形模量Ev2的现场测试原理，建立填方地基模型进行了二次变形模量模型测试试验和数值模拟研究，并采用体积法制作与填方地基模型压实度一致的击实试件，进行室内测试。研究结果表明，模型试验结构槽的边界效应可以忽略不计，同时模型试验与有侧限条件下的Ev2室内测试试验结果吻合良好。基于上述大量试验结果，本文提出了一种室内测试二次变形模量Ev2的方法，该方法具有测试方便、快捷、成本低廉的特点，可为高填方地基回填料的选取提供依据，并对设计和施工提供一定的指导作用。
（4）在Ev2室内试验研究的基础上，基于弹塑性理论，对二次变形模量Ev2进行了理论推导，获得了二次变形模量Ev2的理论计算公式。通过理论计算值与室内试验测试值的对比分析表明，理论计算值与试验测试值吻合良好。因此本文提出的二次变形模量的Ev2值的理论计算公式是可行的。
（5）在Ev2的理论和试验研究的基础上，通过理论分析发现，对高填方地基沉降起主要作用的是填方土体的高度以及填方土体的变形模量，据此本文基于弹塑性理论建立了二次变形模量Ev2与工后沉降的经验关系式，并提出了基于指标Ev2的港区陆域高填方地基工后沉降评价方法。同时考虑到目前国内在港区陆域高填方地基中常用K30指标，为此本文进一步通过数值模拟的方法研究了二次变形模量Ev2与地基系数K30的相关关系，结果表明二者的相关性良好。
（6）运用本文提出的基于指标Ev2的港区陆域高填方地基工后沉降评价方法，对于已建好的高填方工程，可通过现场测试填方地基Ev2值，计算其工后沉降值，与实际观测的工后沉降值进行对比，从而初步判断填方工程是否处于稳定状态；对于拟建的陆域填方工程，可根据设计的要求中允许的高填方工程的最大工后沉降值，进而求出其最小的二次变形模量值Ev2，同时可通过室内试验来选取合适的回填料，使其二次变形模量达到要求值。在施工完成后，可通过现场测试其二次变形模量值Ev2，计算其最大工后沉降，与设计值进行对比，从而判定是否满足设计要求。
（7）通过纳溪沟码头高填方工程，元山子沟高填方工程以及重庆垫江某高填方工程的应用表明，基于指标Ev2的港区陆域高填方地基工后沉降评价方法效果良好，对设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。
本文的主要创新点如下：
（1）本文以二次变形模量Ev2的现场测试原理为基础，通过大量的试验研究后，首次提出了一种室内测试二次变形模量Ev2的方法，并与地基模型测试对比，效果良好。（该方法已申请国家专利，专利号：201210075208.0）
（2）本文深入系统的研究了土体含水量、孔隙比、压实度对二次变形模量Ev2的影响，建立了二次变形模量与各影响因素之间的变化规律。
（3）本文运用弹塑性力学理论并在室内试验的基础上，建立了二次变形模量Ev2的理论计算模型，该模型与试验测试的结果吻合良好。
（4）本文基于弹塑性力学理论，推导分析得到工后沉降的主要影响因素，并建立了基于二次变形模量Ev2的港区陆域高填方工后沉降的预测模型，通过工程应用表明该预测模型效果良好。
The land area project with high fill in the southwest of our country is existed in theconstruction of inland ports. While the stability of land area project is affectedimmediately by unequal settlement of post-construction of high fills, and the safety andnormal operation of structures are also threaten with that. So how to predict the unequalsettlement of post-construction on continent high fill effectively and evaluate whosestability correctly is one of key technical problem that continent high fill of ports urgentwants to solve. At present, as the detection index of controlling post-construction,second deformation modulus is widely used in Europe country, such as Germany,however, which is only applied on railway embankment in China, and there has norelevant rules in design standards of highway engineering, continent high fill of portsengineering and slop engineering, and so on, to this end, we propose a settlement ofpost-construction prediction method of continent high fill of ports and evaluate whosestability, based on the second deformation modulus. For predicting the settlement ofpost-construction effective and evaluating the stability correctly, we use experimentalresearch, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to study the second deformationmodulus deeply, and then, based on that, the settlement of post-construction predictionmethod in high fill of harbor is proposed and the stability is also evaluated. In this paper,the main achievements are summarized as follows:
(1) According to the field test principle of second deformation modulus, makespecimens with compaction canister, which are used to test in the laboratory under thecondition of lateral confinement, and then through the analysis of numerical simulationon test equipment, the feasibility of laboratory test method is verified. The researchresult shows that the results of laboratory test and numerical simulation have a goodconsistency, and the border restriction of laboratory test equipment has no effects onexperimental results.
(2) Based on the laboratory testing method of second deformation modulus, a largeamount of specimen was tested with that method, and the influence rule of seconddeformation modulus on the factors which are water content, porosity, compactiondegree and saturation are studied. The research result shows that all of the factors havedifferent effects on the second deformation modulus. When the soil is in the optimummoisture, its second deformation modulus will reach peak. When the non-uniformity coefficient is biggest, the second deformation modulus is also biggest. We also foundthat the second deformation modulus is decreased with the decreasing of porosity of soil,and increased with the increasing of compaction degree, Meanwhile, the seconddeformation modulus of weathered sandstone soil is less than weathered mudstone soil.
(3) According to the field test principle of second deformation modulus, large scalefill foundation model is built which is tested second deformation modulus and studiedwith numerical simulation, the compaction degree of specimen is consistent with the fillfoundation model and made by volumetric method which is tested in laboratory. Theresearch result shows that boundary effect of model test would be negligible, thelaboratory test result agrees well with the model experiment. Based on the large numberof test result above, a laboratory test method of second deformation modulus isproposed which has characteristics with convenient, fast, cheap.
(4) Based on the study of laboratory test and elastic-plastic theory, the seconddeformation modulus is derived, and then the theory formula is obtained. Through thecomparative analysis of theory calculation and laboratory test, it shows that thelaboratory result is agree with theory result well, Even though there has some certainerrors, because the Poisson’s ratio is adopted as0.21directly according to regulations,which is between0.2and0.3in spot filed test. So the theory calculation formula isfeasible.
(5) Based on research of theory and experiment, it found that the height anddeformation modulus play an important role in settlement of high fill foundation. Soempirical relation between second deformation modulus and post-constructionsettlement is built on the basis of elastic-plastic theory, and an evaluation method ofpost-construction of high fill foundation on port area is proposed. Meanwhile,foundation coefficient is a common index on high fill foundation at present, so therelevant relationship between second deformation modulus and foundation coefficient isfurther studied with numerical simulation method, and then the result shows that both ofthem has good correlation.
(6) For high fill project which has been built, whose second deformation modulus canbe obtained with field test, and then be calculated post-construction settlement, finally,compare the value of calculation to actual observation, thus, the stability of high fillproject can be judged preliminary. For high fill project which will be proposed, whosesmallest second deformation modulus can be obtained according to the largest post-construction settlement which is allowed in the design requirements, meanwhile, backfill can be chose through laboratory test, which can make the second deformationmodulus to meet the design requirements. Therefore, after construction finished, thesecond deformation modulus can be obtained through field test, and then the post-construction settlement also can be obtained, which is compared to the design value,thus, it can judge that whether or not meet the design requirement.
(7) The practical application shows that, include high fill projects of Naxigou wharf,Yuanshanzi and Changan test track, based on the second deformation modulus, thevaluation method of post-construction settlement of high fill foundation on port areasbrings about good results, and it also has certain significance for design andconstruction.
引文
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