火灾下建筑结构构件时变可靠性分析
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摘要
在各类现代建筑中,钢结构和钢筋混凝土结构占有非常大的比重。在火灾高温的作用下,建筑构件的材料性能会发生严重的劣化,严重削弱结构的承载性能,结构变形显著增加,甚至危及结构的安全。特别是对于钢结构来说,强度高、重量轻、抗震性能好和可靠性高等是其优点。但是由于钢材的耐火性能较差,当温度在400℃左右时,其屈服强度将降至室温下的一半,温度达到约600℃时,钢材将基本丧失全部强度和刚度。因此,建筑结构抗火性能的研究一直是近年来研究的热点,建筑结构抗火性能的提高十分必要和迫切。传统的建筑结构抗火分析,通常采用确定性的力学模型来进行。对于工程结构设计、施工和使用中客观存在的不确定性,传统方法对其中所蕴含的安全度不能给予科学的解释,安全系数的取值,则是根据工程事故率的高低不断进行调整的,这不免要付出过大的材料浪费和潜在的巨大损失为代价。本文从工程实际出发,通过结构可靠性设计分析火灾对结构的影响,在前人工作的基础上进行了以下一些方面的研究：
1.讨论了火灾作用下影响钢筋混凝土构可靠性的因素。将火灾下钢筋混凝土构件极限承载力的变化与其抗力相联系,提出并论证了构件抗力随火灾时间变化的规律,并通过给出抗力随时间变化的确定性函数,建立了钢筋混凝土构件在火灾下的功能函数。采用规范推荐的一次二阶矩法描述了在火灾过程中结构可靠性指标的变化过程,并分析了保护层厚度、配筋率、混凝土标号等主要因素对钢筋混凝土构件抗火性能的影响。同时充分考虑到钢筋混凝土梁构件经常带裂缝工作,本文引入了裂缝对抗力影响的随机变量,并建立了相应的极限状态方程。
2.采用全随机过程模型,求出了钢筋混凝土结构经过一定的受火时间后幸存的几率。考虑到可靠性指标计算困难,在工程上应用不便,将安全系数法引入可靠性研究,并提出了一种用可靠性意义下的安全系数近似分析计算火灾下钢筋混凝土结构可靠性的方法。该方法既保持了安全系数法简单明快的特点方便设计人员应用,同时又考虑到了应力和强度的变异性,以及结构设计可靠度目标等因素。
3.分析了钢构件保护层厚度、导热系数、以及荷载比等因素对钢梁可靠性的影响。并通过算例对钢梁在ISO834标准升温曲线作用下的耐火极限进行了时变可靠性分析。
4.在充分考虑到高温对于钢结构的强度、平面内稳定和平面外稳定的影响的基础上,建立了高温作用下钢结构柱的极限状态方程,并给出了考虑基本荷载组合时钢柱可靠性指标的求法。
综上所述,本文针对各种类型的建筑结构构件在高温下的可靠性进行了较系统的研究。建立起多种建筑构件在火灾作用下可靠性分析的方法,希望能为工程设计提供参考和帮助。
Steel and reinforced concrete structure occupies a very large proportion in modern buildings, Under high temperature in the fire, the building elements of the material properties deteriorate seriously, which will severely weakened the structural bearing capacity, significantly increase structural deformation and even endanger the structural safety. Especially for steel structure, high strength, light weight, good seismic performance and reliability are its advantages. When the temperature reaches about 400℃, the yielding strength will be reduced to half of that at room temperature. When the temperature reaches about 600℃, the steel will almost lose all the strength and stiffness. Thus, structural fire resistance research has been a hot spot in recent years, in which fire resistance of building structures is necessary and urgent. The traditional fire resistance of building has usually been analyzed by the deterministic mechanical models. For the inherent uncertainty of engineering design, construction and use, the traditional methods can not give a scientific explanation on safety and the value of safety factor was adjusted by the accident rate, which would inevitably result in excessive material waste and the potential cost of loss. In this paper, based on practical engineering problems, the effects of fire on the structure have been analyzed through structural reliability design. Based on previous research, the following aspects are given in this paper.
Firstly,under the impact of fire, the influencing factor on reinforced concrete structure reliability has been discussed. The fire bearing capacity of reinforced concrete and the resistance force have been linked together and the laws of resistance force changing with time have been given. By the certainty function of resistance force changing with time, the performance function has been built for steel concrete components under fire. With the use of standard first order second moment method recommended by the norm, the structural reliability factor change under fire has been described and analyzed the influence of protective layer thickness, reinforcement ratio, concrete grade, and other major factors on the fire resistance reliability of reinforced concrete structures. Meanwhile, with fully consideration of the existence of cracks in the beam components of reinforced concrete, the random variables concerning the influence of cracks on the resistance force has been introduced and the corresponding limit state equation has been given.
Firstly, based on the theory of conical flow field, with shock angle, semi-spanwise angle, expansion angle, length-to-span ratio and function coefficient as design control parameters, cone-derived waverider configuration is generated under conditions of mach number 6 and 30km high atmosphere. On the basis of the analysis of the effect of the design control parameters on the performance of the lift-to-drag ratio of the waverider configuration, volume efficiency and etc., complex method is introduced to optimize and process the matching of lift to weight and top surface isentropic expansion of the generated waverider and the optimized shape of waverider is obtained under the design condition.
Secondly, the surviving chance of reinforced concrete structures under fire in a certain time have been obtained by the all-random process model. With the calculation of difficulties on reliability index computation, which is inconvenient in engineering, the safety factor method has been introduced and the the approximate analysis has been used in calculating the reliability of reinforced concrete structures under fire by the safety factor, which maintains the simplicity and convenience of the safety factor method for designers and takes into account the variation of stress and strength, as well as structural design reliability goals.
Thirdly, the influence of protective layer thickness of steel components, thermal conductivity, and the load ratio on the reliability of steel girder has been analyzed. Through the time variant reliability analysis, the fire resistance of steel girder under ISO834 standard temperature rising curves has been given.
Finally, Through the mathematical derivation on reliability and with the consideration of high temperature on steel structure strength and in-plane and out-plane stability, the limit state equation of steel columns under high temperature has been established and the reliability index of steel columns has been given when considering basic load combination.
In conclusion, reliabilities according to all kinds of structural building components under fire have been studied systematically. Reliability analysis methods have been obtained for building components under fire, which hopefully would provide useful reference to practical engineering problems.
1.讨论了火灾作用下影响钢筋混凝土构可靠性的因素。将火灾下钢筋混凝土构件极限承载力的变化与其抗力相联系,提出并论证了构件抗力随火灾时间变化的规律,并通过给出抗力随时间变化的确定性函数,建立了钢筋混凝土构件在火灾下的功能函数。采用规范推荐的一次二阶矩法描述了在火灾过程中结构可靠性指标的变化过程,并分析了保护层厚度、配筋率、混凝土标号等主要因素对钢筋混凝土构件抗火性能的影响。同时充分考虑到钢筋混凝土梁构件经常带裂缝工作,本文引入了裂缝对抗力影响的随机变量,并建立了相应的极限状态方程。
2.采用全随机过程模型,求出了钢筋混凝土结构经过一定的受火时间后幸存的几率。考虑到可靠性指标计算困难,在工程上应用不便,将安全系数法引入可靠性研究,并提出了一种用可靠性意义下的安全系数近似分析计算火灾下钢筋混凝土结构可靠性的方法。该方法既保持了安全系数法简单明快的特点方便设计人员应用,同时又考虑到了应力和强度的变异性,以及结构设计可靠度目标等因素。
3.分析了钢构件保护层厚度、导热系数、以及荷载比等因素对钢梁可靠性的影响。并通过算例对钢梁在ISO834标准升温曲线作用下的耐火极限进行了时变可靠性分析。
4.在充分考虑到高温对于钢结构的强度、平面内稳定和平面外稳定的影响的基础上,建立了高温作用下钢结构柱的极限状态方程,并给出了考虑基本荷载组合时钢柱可靠性指标的求法。
综上所述,本文针对各种类型的建筑结构构件在高温下的可靠性进行了较系统的研究。建立起多种建筑构件在火灾作用下可靠性分析的方法,希望能为工程设计提供参考和帮助。
Steel and reinforced concrete structure occupies a very large proportion in modern buildings, Under high temperature in the fire, the building elements of the material properties deteriorate seriously, which will severely weakened the structural bearing capacity, significantly increase structural deformation and even endanger the structural safety. Especially for steel structure, high strength, light weight, good seismic performance and reliability are its advantages. When the temperature reaches about 400℃, the yielding strength will be reduced to half of that at room temperature. When the temperature reaches about 600℃, the steel will almost lose all the strength and stiffness. Thus, structural fire resistance research has been a hot spot in recent years, in which fire resistance of building structures is necessary and urgent. The traditional fire resistance of building has usually been analyzed by the deterministic mechanical models. For the inherent uncertainty of engineering design, construction and use, the traditional methods can not give a scientific explanation on safety and the value of safety factor was adjusted by the accident rate, which would inevitably result in excessive material waste and the potential cost of loss. In this paper, based on practical engineering problems, the effects of fire on the structure have been analyzed through structural reliability design. Based on previous research, the following aspects are given in this paper.
Firstly,under the impact of fire, the influencing factor on reinforced concrete structure reliability has been discussed. The fire bearing capacity of reinforced concrete and the resistance force have been linked together and the laws of resistance force changing with time have been given. By the certainty function of resistance force changing with time, the performance function has been built for steel concrete components under fire. With the use of standard first order second moment method recommended by the norm, the structural reliability factor change under fire has been described and analyzed the influence of protective layer thickness, reinforcement ratio, concrete grade, and other major factors on the fire resistance reliability of reinforced concrete structures. Meanwhile, with fully consideration of the existence of cracks in the beam components of reinforced concrete, the random variables concerning the influence of cracks on the resistance force has been introduced and the corresponding limit state equation has been given.
Firstly, based on the theory of conical flow field, with shock angle, semi-spanwise angle, expansion angle, length-to-span ratio and function coefficient as design control parameters, cone-derived waverider configuration is generated under conditions of mach number 6 and 30km high atmosphere. On the basis of the analysis of the effect of the design control parameters on the performance of the lift-to-drag ratio of the waverider configuration, volume efficiency and etc., complex method is introduced to optimize and process the matching of lift to weight and top surface isentropic expansion of the generated waverider and the optimized shape of waverider is obtained under the design condition.
Secondly, the surviving chance of reinforced concrete structures under fire in a certain time have been obtained by the all-random process model. With the calculation of difficulties on reliability index computation, which is inconvenient in engineering, the safety factor method has been introduced and the the approximate analysis has been used in calculating the reliability of reinforced concrete structures under fire by the safety factor, which maintains the simplicity and convenience of the safety factor method for designers and takes into account the variation of stress and strength, as well as structural design reliability goals.
Thirdly, the influence of protective layer thickness of steel components, thermal conductivity, and the load ratio on the reliability of steel girder has been analyzed. Through the time variant reliability analysis, the fire resistance of steel girder under ISO834 standard temperature rising curves has been given.
Finally, Through the mathematical derivation on reliability and with the consideration of high temperature on steel structure strength and in-plane and out-plane stability, the limit state equation of steel columns under high temperature has been established and the reliability index of steel columns has been given when considering basic load combination.
In conclusion, reliabilities according to all kinds of structural building components under fire have been studied systematically. Reliability analysis methods have been obtained for building components under fire, which hopefully would provide useful reference to practical engineering problems.
引文
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