含EDFA的光纤环腔全光开关的实验研究
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摘要
随着光纤通信网络的迅速发展,在现有的光网络中,光信号的交换所用的仍然是电子的交换器,电子开关器件制约了光纤通信系统对信息数据处理速率的进一步提高,严重阻碍了光网络的发展,成为所谓“电子瓶颈”。解决“电子瓶颈”的有效途径是采用全光开关在光域上实现传输和交换。全光开关具有高速、大容量、高可靠性和无需光电转换等优点,对宽带多媒体通信的实现和降低成本都具有重大意义。
由两个光纤耦合器制成的环型谐振腔全光开关具有结构简单易于集成、容易与光纤传输网耦合、插入损耗小等优点。加上它在其它应用方面的巨大潜力,目前已成为光开关研究的热点。
本文主要研究含有掺铒光纤放大器的光纤环共振腔全光开关,详细分析了这种全光开关的原理。利用光纤弱耦合模理论,分析了掺铒光纤放大器的作用。在理论上先后计算和分析了无损耗和有损耗情况下环腔的开关特性。有损耗时很难实现全光开关。当我们在环腔中加入掺铒光纤放大器后不仅会大幅降低开关功率,还能够提高开关的比率,但开关时间也随着增加了。我们可以通过控制放大器的增益和耦合器的反射率等参数,来适当增加开关功率,或减小开关时间。开关阈值功率可以低达几毫瓦,开关时间可短至几百纳秒。
在此理论研究的基础上,我们进行了实验研究,对理论进行验证。将实验中实测的环共振腔参数代入理论公式计算,得到的开关阈值功率可达百微瓦量级。
最后,介绍了一种可行性更强的开关实验方案,当环腔处于非谐振状态下,通过调制掺铒光纤放大器的泵浦光功率来实现全光开关,可以得到百分之七十左右的开关现象。我们还实验研究并讨论了耦合器的分光比、入射光功率等因素对开关特性的影响。
With the rapid development of the network of optical fiber communication, In the present optical network, the switching between optical signals still use the electronic devices, which has a slow speed. It restricts the further enhancement of data processing speed and extremely blocks the development of optical network. It is so called "electronics bottleneck". Using all-optical switches in optical network is an effective way to solve the problem of "electronics bottleneck". All-optical switches have many advantages: high speed, huge capacity, high reliability and without O-E-O conversion. All-optical switches can be used in broadband multimedia communication, and for reducing the cost of network.
The structure of the double fiber coupler ring resonator all-optical switch is simple, it can be integrated easily; it can also be easily coupled with fiber network, and the insertion loss of it is quite small. Owing to the great potential of the double fiber coupler ring resonator all-optical switch, it becomes one of the hot research subjects.
In this thesis, we mainly study on the double fiber coupler ring resonator all-optical switch containing an EDFA, and analyze this kind optical switch principle in details. By using the fiber weak coupled-mode theory, we also analyze what a role the EDFA plays. We calculated and analyzed the switching properties of the ring switches in the cases without loss and with loss. We find that it is hard to realize the switching in the device with loss in the ring. When we insert an EDFA in the ring, the switching power can be reduced rapidly and the switching rate can be increased, however, the switching time will be increased at the same time. By controlling the gain of the EDFA, the reflectivity of couplers or other parameters, we can make a tradeoff between the switching power and the switching time to obtain the desired switching parameters. For example, we can obtain the switching power down to several mW, the switching time can be controlled below several hundred ns.
Based on the theoretical works, we made the experiments for proving the theory. When inserting the experimental data into the theoretical formula to calculate the switching power, we can get the switching power is several hundred μW only.
Finally, we introduce a feasible experiment. The switching can be realized by controlling the pump power of the EDFA, while the ring is not at the resonance. We can obtain the switching rate about seventy percentage. We also discussed that the influence of the output power ratio of the fiber coupler and the input power etc. to the switching properties.
由两个光纤耦合器制成的环型谐振腔全光开关具有结构简单易于集成、容易与光纤传输网耦合、插入损耗小等优点。加上它在其它应用方面的巨大潜力,目前已成为光开关研究的热点。
本文主要研究含有掺铒光纤放大器的光纤环共振腔全光开关,详细分析了这种全光开关的原理。利用光纤弱耦合模理论,分析了掺铒光纤放大器的作用。在理论上先后计算和分析了无损耗和有损耗情况下环腔的开关特性。有损耗时很难实现全光开关。当我们在环腔中加入掺铒光纤放大器后不仅会大幅降低开关功率,还能够提高开关的比率,但开关时间也随着增加了。我们可以通过控制放大器的增益和耦合器的反射率等参数,来适当增加开关功率,或减小开关时间。开关阈值功率可以低达几毫瓦,开关时间可短至几百纳秒。
在此理论研究的基础上,我们进行了实验研究,对理论进行验证。将实验中实测的环共振腔参数代入理论公式计算,得到的开关阈值功率可达百微瓦量级。
最后,介绍了一种可行性更强的开关实验方案,当环腔处于非谐振状态下,通过调制掺铒光纤放大器的泵浦光功率来实现全光开关,可以得到百分之七十左右的开关现象。我们还实验研究并讨论了耦合器的分光比、入射光功率等因素对开关特性的影响。
With the rapid development of the network of optical fiber communication, In the present optical network, the switching between optical signals still use the electronic devices, which has a slow speed. It restricts the further enhancement of data processing speed and extremely blocks the development of optical network. It is so called "electronics bottleneck". Using all-optical switches in optical network is an effective way to solve the problem of "electronics bottleneck". All-optical switches have many advantages: high speed, huge capacity, high reliability and without O-E-O conversion. All-optical switches can be used in broadband multimedia communication, and for reducing the cost of network.
The structure of the double fiber coupler ring resonator all-optical switch is simple, it can be integrated easily; it can also be easily coupled with fiber network, and the insertion loss of it is quite small. Owing to the great potential of the double fiber coupler ring resonator all-optical switch, it becomes one of the hot research subjects.
In this thesis, we mainly study on the double fiber coupler ring resonator all-optical switch containing an EDFA, and analyze this kind optical switch principle in details. By using the fiber weak coupled-mode theory, we also analyze what a role the EDFA plays. We calculated and analyzed the switching properties of the ring switches in the cases without loss and with loss. We find that it is hard to realize the switching in the device with loss in the ring. When we insert an EDFA in the ring, the switching power can be reduced rapidly and the switching rate can be increased, however, the switching time will be increased at the same time. By controlling the gain of the EDFA, the reflectivity of couplers or other parameters, we can make a tradeoff between the switching power and the switching time to obtain the desired switching parameters. For example, we can obtain the switching power down to several mW, the switching time can be controlled below several hundred ns.
Based on the theoretical works, we made the experiments for proving the theory. When inserting the experimental data into the theoretical formula to calculate the switching power, we can get the switching power is several hundred μW only.
Finally, we introduce a feasible experiment. The switching can be realized by controlling the pump power of the EDFA, while the ring is not at the resonance. We can obtain the switching rate about seventy percentage. We also discussed that the influence of the output power ratio of the fiber coupler and the input power etc. to the switching properties.
引文
1刘爱明,吴重庆,王秀彦.光控光开关的发展和应用.光通信技术.2002,26(1) : 24~27
2陈克坚,杨爱龄,江晓清,王明华.皮秒级光控光开关研究现状.光通信技术.2003,27(1): 38~41
3孙志君.2005年前的光开关市场与前景.世界电子元器件.2002, (1): 53~54
4刘琳.光开关技术发展及应用.光纤与电缆及其应用技术. 2002, (6): 10~13
5刘国祥,胡力,叶昆珍.2×2全光纤声光开关的实验研究.激光技术. 2006,30(1): 53~55
6胡巧燕,袁菁,李静,李宝.4×4纵横交换微电机械系统光开关阵列.中国激光.2005,32(7): 937~941
7葛峻,秦明.MEMS光开关技术的研究进展.电子器件.2003,26(3): 244~247
8张孝俊,刘铁根,周波,于晋龙,王磊,张弛.超快非线性干涉仪开关窗口的特性研究.光电工程.2006,33(5): 126~135
9陈明,李淳飞,徐迈,王维彪,夏玉学,马少杰.非线性一维光子晶体光开关与光双稳.光子学报.2005,34(1): 98~101
10宋学鹏,杨广强,张霞,黄永清,陈雪,任晓敏.高非线性微结构光纤环镜开关效应的实验研究.光电器件.2006,27(2): 140~142
11李应良,陈禹.光纤通信中MEMS器件及应用.光通信技术.2003(5): 35~39
12何慧茹,元秀华.基于非线性放大环镜的全光开关特性研究.中国激光. 2005,32(3): 418~422
13刘建国,开桂云等.基于高非线性光子晶体光纤Sagnac环形镜的全光开关.物理学报.2007,56(2): 941~945
14殷建玲,黄旭光,刘颂豪,胡社军.液晶调制的光子晶体可控偏光片和光开关.物理学报.2006,55(10): 5269~5275
15陆履豪,谭为平.掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)及其应用.电力系统通信.2002(8): 39~44
16董小伟,裴丽,简水生.环型谐振器非线性开关特性研究.光子技术.2005,(2): 21~24
17 I Glesk, R J Runser, P R Prucnal. New Generation of Devices for All-Optical Communications. Acta Physcia Slovaca. 2001, 51(2): 151~162
18 M. A. Bourouha, M. Bataineh, M. Guizani. Advances in Optical Switching and Networking: Past, Present, and Future. Proc. IEEE. 2002, Southeastcon: 405~413
19 P. De Dobbelaere, K. Falta, L.Fan, S. Gloecker, and S. Patra. Digital MEMS for optical swithing. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2002,(3): 88~95
20 Smith K, Doran N. J. and Wigley P.G.J. Pulse shaping, compression, and pedestal suppression employing a nonlinear-optical loop mirror[J]. Optics Letters.1990, 15(22): 1294~1296
21 K. Nakagawa, S. Nishi, K. Aida, E. Yoneda. Trunk and Distribution Network Application of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier. J. Lightwave Technol. 2003,9(2): 198~208
22 S. Nakamura and K. Tajima. Analysis of Subpicosecond Full-Switching with a Symmetric Mach-Zehnder All-Optical Switch. J. Appl. Phys.1996,35:1426~1429
23 Chunfei Li, A. Bananej. Finesse-Enhanced Ring Resonator Coupled Mach-Zehnder Interferometer All-Optical Switches. Chinese Physics Lett. 2003,21(1): 90~93
24 Chunfei Li, A. Bananej, J. Li and Guangming Xu. Finesse Controllable Active Ring- Resonator-Coupled M-Z Interferometer Optical Switches. J. Non. Opt. Phys.Mate. 2004,13 (1): 37~44
25 A. Bananej, Chunfei Li. Controllable All-Optical Switch Using an EDF-Ring Coupled M-Z Interferometer. IEEE Phonton. Technol. Lett. 2004,16(9): 2102~2104
26 Doran N. J. and David Wood. Nonlinear-optical loop mirror [J]. Optics Letters, 1988, 13(1): 56~58
27 Ding Wang, Ekaterina A. Golovchenko, Alexei N. Pilipetskii, Curtis R. Menyuk. Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror Based on Standard Communication Fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 1997, 15(4): 642~646
28 M. E. Fermann, F. Haberl, M. Hofer, and H. Hochreiter. Nonlinear amplifying loop mirror. Optics Letters.1990,15(13): 752~754
29 M. Jinnno. Effects of Group Velocity Dispersion on Self/Cross Phase Modulation in a Nonlinear Sagnac Interferometer Switch. J. Lightwave Technol. 1992, 10(8): 1169~1178
30 Takehiro Fukushima, Toyokazu Sakamoto. Kerr-effect-induced S–R flip-flop operation in an optical fiber loop resonator with double couplers. OpticsLetters.1995,20(10):1119~1121
31 A. L. Steele. Optical bistability, instabilities and power limiting behaviour from a dual nonlinear optical fibre loop mirror resonator. Opt. Commu. 2004, (236): 209~218
32 Desurvire, J. R. Simpson. Amplification of Spontaneous Emission in Erbium-Doped Single-Mode Fibers. J. Lighwave Technol, 1989,7(5): 835~845
33 E. Desurvire. Study of The Complex Atomic Susceptibility of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. J. Lightwave Technol. 1990, 8(10): 1517~1527
34 E. DEsurvire, J. L. Zyskind, C. R. Giles. Design Optimization for Efficient Erbium- Doped Fiber Amplifiers. J. Lightwave Technol. 1990,8(11): 1730~1741
35 Paul Urquhart. Compound optical-fiber-based resonators.1988,5(6): 803~812
36 K. Ogusu, H. shigekuni, and Y. Yokota. Dynamic transmission properties of a nonlinear fiber ring resonator. Opt. Lett.1995,20(22): 2286~2288
37 J. E. Heebner, R. W. Boyd. Enhanced All-Optical Switching by Use of Nonlinear Fiber Ring Resonantor. Opt. Lett. 1999,24(12): 847~849
38 Yoh Imai, Tomoyuki Tamura. Coherence effect on nonlinear dynamics in fiber- optic ring resonator. Opt. Commu. 2001,(195): 259~265
39 Jay E. Sharping, Marco Fiorentino, Prem Kumar and Robert S. Windeler. All-Optical Switching Based on Cross-Phase Modulation in Microstructure Fiber. IEEE Photon Technol.Lett. 2002,14(1): 77~79
40 Vilson R. Almeida, Carlos A. Barrios, Roberto R. Panepucci, and Michal Lipson. All-optical switching on a silicon chip. Opt. Lett. 2004, 29(24): 2867~2869
41 Chunfei Li, Guangming Xu, Liansheng Ma, Na Dou and Hong Gu. An Erbium- Doped Fibre Nonlinear Coupler with Coupling Ratios Controlled by Pump Power. J of Opt. A-Pure and Appl. Opt. 2005,( 7): 540~543
42 Chunfei Li, Na Dou and P P Yupapin. Milliwatt and nanosecond all-optical switching in a double-coupler ring resonator containing an EDFA. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 2006: 1~5
2陈克坚,杨爱龄,江晓清,王明华.皮秒级光控光开关研究现状.光通信技术.2003,27(1): 38~41
3孙志君.2005年前的光开关市场与前景.世界电子元器件.2002, (1): 53~54
4刘琳.光开关技术发展及应用.光纤与电缆及其应用技术. 2002, (6): 10~13
5刘国祥,胡力,叶昆珍.2×2全光纤声光开关的实验研究.激光技术. 2006,30(1): 53~55
6胡巧燕,袁菁,李静,李宝.4×4纵横交换微电机械系统光开关阵列.中国激光.2005,32(7): 937~941
7葛峻,秦明.MEMS光开关技术的研究进展.电子器件.2003,26(3): 244~247
8张孝俊,刘铁根,周波,于晋龙,王磊,张弛.超快非线性干涉仪开关窗口的特性研究.光电工程.2006,33(5): 126~135
9陈明,李淳飞,徐迈,王维彪,夏玉学,马少杰.非线性一维光子晶体光开关与光双稳.光子学报.2005,34(1): 98~101
10宋学鹏,杨广强,张霞,黄永清,陈雪,任晓敏.高非线性微结构光纤环镜开关效应的实验研究.光电器件.2006,27(2): 140~142
11李应良,陈禹.光纤通信中MEMS器件及应用.光通信技术.2003(5): 35~39
12何慧茹,元秀华.基于非线性放大环镜的全光开关特性研究.中国激光. 2005,32(3): 418~422
13刘建国,开桂云等.基于高非线性光子晶体光纤Sagnac环形镜的全光开关.物理学报.2007,56(2): 941~945
14殷建玲,黄旭光,刘颂豪,胡社军.液晶调制的光子晶体可控偏光片和光开关.物理学报.2006,55(10): 5269~5275
15陆履豪,谭为平.掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)及其应用.电力系统通信.2002(8): 39~44
16董小伟,裴丽,简水生.环型谐振器非线性开关特性研究.光子技术.2005,(2): 21~24
17 I Glesk, R J Runser, P R Prucnal. New Generation of Devices for All-Optical Communications. Acta Physcia Slovaca. 2001, 51(2): 151~162
18 M. A. Bourouha, M. Bataineh, M. Guizani. Advances in Optical Switching and Networking: Past, Present, and Future. Proc. IEEE. 2002, Southeastcon: 405~413
19 P. De Dobbelaere, K. Falta, L.Fan, S. Gloecker, and S. Patra. Digital MEMS for optical swithing. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2002,(3): 88~95
20 Smith K, Doran N. J. and Wigley P.G.J. Pulse shaping, compression, and pedestal suppression employing a nonlinear-optical loop mirror[J]. Optics Letters.1990, 15(22): 1294~1296
21 K. Nakagawa, S. Nishi, K. Aida, E. Yoneda. Trunk and Distribution Network Application of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier. J. Lightwave Technol. 2003,9(2): 198~208
22 S. Nakamura and K. Tajima. Analysis of Subpicosecond Full-Switching with a Symmetric Mach-Zehnder All-Optical Switch. J. Appl. Phys.1996,35:1426~1429
23 Chunfei Li, A. Bananej. Finesse-Enhanced Ring Resonator Coupled Mach-Zehnder Interferometer All-Optical Switches. Chinese Physics Lett. 2003,21(1): 90~93
24 Chunfei Li, A. Bananej, J. Li and Guangming Xu. Finesse Controllable Active Ring- Resonator-Coupled M-Z Interferometer Optical Switches. J. Non. Opt. Phys.Mate. 2004,13 (1): 37~44
25 A. Bananej, Chunfei Li. Controllable All-Optical Switch Using an EDF-Ring Coupled M-Z Interferometer. IEEE Phonton. Technol. Lett. 2004,16(9): 2102~2104
26 Doran N. J. and David Wood. Nonlinear-optical loop mirror [J]. Optics Letters, 1988, 13(1): 56~58
27 Ding Wang, Ekaterina A. Golovchenko, Alexei N. Pilipetskii, Curtis R. Menyuk. Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror Based on Standard Communication Fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 1997, 15(4): 642~646
28 M. E. Fermann, F. Haberl, M. Hofer, and H. Hochreiter. Nonlinear amplifying loop mirror. Optics Letters.1990,15(13): 752~754
29 M. Jinnno. Effects of Group Velocity Dispersion on Self/Cross Phase Modulation in a Nonlinear Sagnac Interferometer Switch. J. Lightwave Technol. 1992, 10(8): 1169~1178
30 Takehiro Fukushima, Toyokazu Sakamoto. Kerr-effect-induced S–R flip-flop operation in an optical fiber loop resonator with double couplers. OpticsLetters.1995,20(10):1119~1121
31 A. L. Steele. Optical bistability, instabilities and power limiting behaviour from a dual nonlinear optical fibre loop mirror resonator. Opt. Commu. 2004, (236): 209~218
32 Desurvire, J. R. Simpson. Amplification of Spontaneous Emission in Erbium-Doped Single-Mode Fibers. J. Lighwave Technol, 1989,7(5): 835~845
33 E. Desurvire. Study of The Complex Atomic Susceptibility of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. J. Lightwave Technol. 1990, 8(10): 1517~1527
34 E. DEsurvire, J. L. Zyskind, C. R. Giles. Design Optimization for Efficient Erbium- Doped Fiber Amplifiers. J. Lightwave Technol. 1990,8(11): 1730~1741
35 Paul Urquhart. Compound optical-fiber-based resonators.1988,5(6): 803~812
36 K. Ogusu, H. shigekuni, and Y. Yokota. Dynamic transmission properties of a nonlinear fiber ring resonator. Opt. Lett.1995,20(22): 2286~2288
37 J. E. Heebner, R. W. Boyd. Enhanced All-Optical Switching by Use of Nonlinear Fiber Ring Resonantor. Opt. Lett. 1999,24(12): 847~849
38 Yoh Imai, Tomoyuki Tamura. Coherence effect on nonlinear dynamics in fiber- optic ring resonator. Opt. Commu. 2001,(195): 259~265
39 Jay E. Sharping, Marco Fiorentino, Prem Kumar and Robert S. Windeler. All-Optical Switching Based on Cross-Phase Modulation in Microstructure Fiber. IEEE Photon Technol.Lett. 2002,14(1): 77~79
40 Vilson R. Almeida, Carlos A. Barrios, Roberto R. Panepucci, and Michal Lipson. All-optical switching on a silicon chip. Opt. Lett. 2004, 29(24): 2867~2869
41 Chunfei Li, Guangming Xu, Liansheng Ma, Na Dou and Hong Gu. An Erbium- Doped Fibre Nonlinear Coupler with Coupling Ratios Controlled by Pump Power. J of Opt. A-Pure and Appl. Opt. 2005,( 7): 540~543
42 Chunfei Li, Na Dou and P P Yupapin. Milliwatt and nanosecond all-optical switching in a double-coupler ring resonator containing an EDFA. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 2006: 1~5
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