时反MIMO主动声纳探测关键技术
摘要
水声技术是海洋资源开发的有效手段,在军事上也具有重要作用。在浅海波导环境中,因声波传播存在严重的时延扩展和多普勒频偏,常规声纳的性能下降,需要研究和发展新的水声信号处理方法。
时反处理(time reversal processing, TRP)将海洋自身作为滤波器引入信号处理框架具有较好的宽容性,多输入多输出(multiple input multiple output, MIMO)处理方法挖掘和利用了目标分集特性,克服信道衰落和目标衰落,增强目标探测能力。为此本文将二者结合起来,进行TR-MIMO主动目标探测机理研究和实验研究。
从相干和非相干处理出发,通过三种正交发射信号波形设计获取目标分集特性,通过时反发射波束形成在抑制混响的同时实现目标回波增强,在接收端利用时反聚焦波束形成结合匹配滤波实现了对目标的测距。数值仿真和实验室波导实验证明了TR-MIMO探测方法可以有效地提高对目标的探测能力。此外,基于水平线阵实现了对目标的测向和测距。
Underwater acoustic technology is an effective tool to exploit ocean resources, and plays an important role in military. In shallow water, conventional sonar performance deteriorates due to time delay spread and Doppler shift of acoustic wave propagation in waveguide environment. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the development of the advanced underwater acoustic signal processing methods.
Time reversal processing (TRP) is robust to environmental uncertainties due to the ocean considered as a filter integrated into the signal processing scheme. On the base of exploiting the advantage of target diversities, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processing has shown the ability of the enhancement of target detection with mitigating the channel fading and target fading. Therefore, the combination of TRP and MIMO processing is investigated based on theory analysis and waveguide tank experiments.
From the viewpoint of coherent and non-coherent jointly processing, the target diversity has been obtained by designing three orthogonal transmitting signals. With transmitting time reversal beamforming, target echo is enhanced while reverberation is suppressed. Focusing beamforming is performed on the received signal, and then the target is detected following by a matched filter and the target range is estimated by referring to the transmitting time. The simulation and experimental results have demonstrated the improvement of detection of targets using TR-MIMO processing approach. Besides, the bear and range of the target are both estimated based on a horizontal linear array.
时反处理(time reversal processing, TRP)将海洋自身作为滤波器引入信号处理框架具有较好的宽容性,多输入多输出(multiple input multiple output, MIMO)处理方法挖掘和利用了目标分集特性,克服信道衰落和目标衰落,增强目标探测能力。为此本文将二者结合起来,进行TR-MIMO主动目标探测机理研究和实验研究。
从相干和非相干处理出发,通过三种正交发射信号波形设计获取目标分集特性,通过时反发射波束形成在抑制混响的同时实现目标回波增强,在接收端利用时反聚焦波束形成结合匹配滤波实现了对目标的测距。数值仿真和实验室波导实验证明了TR-MIMO探测方法可以有效地提高对目标的探测能力。此外,基于水平线阵实现了对目标的测向和测距。
Underwater acoustic technology is an effective tool to exploit ocean resources, and plays an important role in military. In shallow water, conventional sonar performance deteriorates due to time delay spread and Doppler shift of acoustic wave propagation in waveguide environment. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the development of the advanced underwater acoustic signal processing methods.
Time reversal processing (TRP) is robust to environmental uncertainties due to the ocean considered as a filter integrated into the signal processing scheme. On the base of exploiting the advantage of target diversities, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processing has shown the ability of the enhancement of target detection with mitigating the channel fading and target fading. Therefore, the combination of TRP and MIMO processing is investigated based on theory analysis and waveguide tank experiments.
From the viewpoint of coherent and non-coherent jointly processing, the target diversity has been obtained by designing three orthogonal transmitting signals. With transmitting time reversal beamforming, target echo is enhanced while reverberation is suppressed. Focusing beamforming is performed on the received signal, and then the target is detected following by a matched filter and the target range is estimated by referring to the transmitting time. The simulation and experimental results have demonstrated the improvement of detection of targets using TR-MIMO processing approach. Besides, the bear and range of the target are both estimated based on a horizontal linear array.
引文
[1]Fink. M, et al., Time-reversed acoustics [J]. Reports on Progress in Physics.2000, 63(12),1933-1995.
[2]E.Fishler, A.Haimovich, R. Blum, et al., MIMO radar:An idea whose time has come[C], Proc. IEEE Radar Conf. Apr 2004,71-78.
[3]N.H.Lehmann, E.Fishler, A. Haimovich, et al., Evaluation of transmit diversity in MIMO radar direction finding[J], IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2007,55(5), 2215-2225.
[4]I.Bekkerman, J.Tabrikian, Target detection and localization using MIMO radars and sonars[J], IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2006,54(10),3873-3883.
[5]E.Fisher, A.Haimovich, R.S.Blum, et al., Spatial diversity in radar-models and detection performance[J], IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2006,54(3),823-838.
[6]P.Stoica, J.Li, Y.Xie, On probing signal design for MIMO radar[J], IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2007,55(8),4151-4161.
[7]Jackson.D.R, Dowing.D.R, Phase conjugation in underwater acoustics[J]. J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,1991,89(1),171-181.
[8]Ribay. G, Rosny.J, Fink.M, Time reversal of noise sources in a reverberation room[J] J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2005,117(5),2866-2872.
[9]KupermanW.A, Hodgkiss W.S, Song H.C., Phase conjugation in the ocean: Experimental demonstration of an acoustic time-reversal mirror[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,1998,103(1),25-40.
[10]Roux.P, Fink.M., Time reversal in a waveguide:Study of the temporal and spatial focusing[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2000,107(5),2418-2429.
[11]Sabra.K.G, Dowling.D.R., Effects of time-reversing array deformation ocean wave guide[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2004,115(6),2844-2847.
[12]Sabra.K.G, Dowling.D.R., Broadband performance of a time reversing with a moving source[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2004,115(6),2807-2817.
[13]Kim S, Kuperman W.A, Hodgkiss W.S., et al. Robust time reversal focusing in the ocean[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2003,114(1),145-157.
[14]Khosla S.R., Performance analysis of an acoustic time reversal system in dynamic and random oceanic environments[D]. USA, the University of Michigan,2000.
[15]Kim S, Kuperman W.A, Hogdkiss W.S., et al. Echo-to-reverberation enhancement using a time reversal mirror[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2004,115(4), 1525-1531.
[16]Moura J.M.F, Jin Y., Detection by time reversal:Single antenna[J]. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2007,55(1),187-201.
[17]Moura J.M.F, Jin Y., Time-reversal detection using antenna arrays[J]. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2009,57(4),1396-1414.
[18]张碧星,陆铭慧,汪承灏,用时间反转法在水下波导介质中实现自适应聚焦的研究[J].声学学报,2002,27(6),541-548.
[19]陆铭慧,张碧星,汪承灏,时间反转法在水下通信中的应用[J].声学学报,2005,30(4),349-354.
[20]殷敬伟,惠娟,惠俊英,生雪莉,姚直象,无源时间反转镜在水声通信中的应用[J].声学学报,2007,32(4),362-368.
[21]邓菲,吴斌,何存富,基于时反导波检测的管道缺陷圆周定位研究[J].声学学报，2008,33(1),28-34.
[22]郭国强,杨益新,孙超,前后混响零点约束下基于时反算子分解的信混比增强方法研究[J].声学学报,2008,33(2),116-123.
[23]阎丽明,时间反转处理用于掩埋目标检测[J].声学学报,2008,33(6),542-547.
[24]李建龙,祝恒年,赵航芳,基于时反算子分解的时反高分辨力定位技术研究[J].声学学报,已收录待发表.
[25]李春晓,宫先仪,邹丽娜,干扰环境下窄带信号时反算子分解聚焦性能分析[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2008,29(8),867-871.
[26]阮一荻.不确实环境下目标检测与定位的宽容性最小方差时反波束形成[J].声学学报,2008,33(6),534-541.
[27]C.X Li, J.L Li, X.Y Gong, et al. Focusing with the decomposition of the time reversal operator method in noisy environments[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A,2009,10(7),997-1008.
[28]J.L Li, X Pan, L.M Yan, et al. Buried target detection based on time reversal by probing beam[C], Proc. Oceans MTS/IEEE,2008.
[29]C.X Li, et al. Effect of environmental mismatch on range estimation using waveguide invariant:theoretical analysis, simulations and experimental results [J]. IET Radar Sonar Navig.,2007,1(4),274-280.
[30]H.C. Song, P. Roux, W.A. Kuperman, Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output coherent time reversal communications in a shallow-water acoustic channel[J], IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,2006,31(1),170-178.
[31]D.B. Kilfoyle, J.C. Preisig, A.B. Baggeroer, Spatial modulation experiments in the underwater acoustic channel[J], IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,2005, 30(2),406-415.
[32]P.F. Sammartino, et al, Target model effects on MIMO radar performance[C], Proc. IEEE International Conference,2006,1129-1132.
[33]J. Li and P. Stoica, MIMO radar with colocated antennas[J], IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2007,24(5),106-114.
[34]A.M. Haimovich, R.S. Blum, et al., MIMO radar with widely separated antennas[J], IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2008,25(1),116-129.
[35]D.R Fuhrmann, G. San Antonio, Transmit beamforming for MIMO radar system using partial signal correlation[C], Proc. IEEE Signals Systems and Computers,2004, 295-299.
[36]Yan Pailhas, Yvan Petillot, Chris Capus, Keith Brown, Broadband MIMO sonar system:A theoretical and experimental approach[J]. Proc. Int. Conf. Underwater Acoustic Measurements:Technologies & Results, Napflion, Greece, June 2009,1-6.
[37]李强,李志舜,一种新的非相干分布源模型及方位估计方法[J],声学技术,2007,26(5),910-914.
[38]M. Jin, G.S Liao, J. Li, Joint DOD and DOA estimation for bistatic MIMO radar[J], IEEE Signal Processing,2009,89(2),244-251.
[39]L.L. Scharf, Statistical Signal Processing:Detection, Estimation and Time Series Analysis[M]. Addison Wesley,1991.
[40]F.B. Jensen, W.A. Kuperman, M.B. Porter, H.Schmit, Computational Ocean Acousticsp[M], AIP Press, Woodbury, NY,1994.
[41]周洁,潘翔,李建龙,时间反转处理用于目标探测研究[J],浙江大学学报工学版,2007,41(12),2044-2047.
[42]阮一荻,环境失配条件下MVDR发收互动时反波束形成目标检测[D],浙江大学,2008.
[43]Kim S, Edelmann G.F, Kuperman W.A, et al. Spatial resolution of time reversal arrays in shallow water[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2001,110(2),820-829.
[44]李春晓,强散射介质中分布性目标时反广义似然比检验和定位[D],浙江大学,2009.
[45]C.Y Chen, Signal processing algorithms for MIMO radar[D]. USA, California Institute of Technology,2009.
[46]P. Stoica, E. G. Larsson, and A. B. Gershman, The stochastic CRB for array processing:Textbook derivation[J], IEEE Signal Processing.,2001,8(5),148-150.
[47]H. L. V. Trees, Optimum Array Processing[M],1st ed. John Wiley, NY,2003.
[48]Y. Yang, R. S. Blum, MIMO radar waveform design based on mutual information and minimum mean-square error estimation [J], IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2007,43(1),330-343.
[49]Y. Yang, R. S. Blum, Minimax robust MIMO radar waveform design[J], IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing,2007,1(1),147-155.
[50]A. Leshem, O. Naparstek, A. Nehorai, Information theoretic adaptive radar waveform design for multiple extended targets[J], IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing,2007,1(1),42-55.
[51]B. Friedlander, Waveform design for MIMO radars[J], IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2007,43(3),1227-1238.
[52]成芳,正交波形MIMO雷达中信号处理与仿真实验研究[D],电子科技大学,2008.
[53]H. Deng, Discrete frequency-coding waveform design for netted radar system[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2004,11(2),179-182.
[54]J.L Li, X Pan, H.F Zhao, Buried target detection based on time reversal focusing with a probe source[J], Applied Acoustics,2009,70(3),473-478.
[2]E.Fishler, A.Haimovich, R. Blum, et al., MIMO radar:An idea whose time has come[C], Proc. IEEE Radar Conf. Apr 2004,71-78.
[3]N.H.Lehmann, E.Fishler, A. Haimovich, et al., Evaluation of transmit diversity in MIMO radar direction finding[J], IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2007,55(5), 2215-2225.
[4]I.Bekkerman, J.Tabrikian, Target detection and localization using MIMO radars and sonars[J], IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2006,54(10),3873-3883.
[5]E.Fisher, A.Haimovich, R.S.Blum, et al., Spatial diversity in radar-models and detection performance[J], IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2006,54(3),823-838.
[6]P.Stoica, J.Li, Y.Xie, On probing signal design for MIMO radar[J], IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2007,55(8),4151-4161.
[7]Jackson.D.R, Dowing.D.R, Phase conjugation in underwater acoustics[J]. J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,1991,89(1),171-181.
[8]Ribay. G, Rosny.J, Fink.M, Time reversal of noise sources in a reverberation room[J] J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2005,117(5),2866-2872.
[9]KupermanW.A, Hodgkiss W.S, Song H.C., Phase conjugation in the ocean: Experimental demonstration of an acoustic time-reversal mirror[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,1998,103(1),25-40.
[10]Roux.P, Fink.M., Time reversal in a waveguide:Study of the temporal and spatial focusing[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2000,107(5),2418-2429.
[11]Sabra.K.G, Dowling.D.R., Effects of time-reversing array deformation ocean wave guide[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2004,115(6),2844-2847.
[12]Sabra.K.G, Dowling.D.R., Broadband performance of a time reversing with a moving source[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2004,115(6),2807-2817.
[13]Kim S, Kuperman W.A, Hodgkiss W.S., et al. Robust time reversal focusing in the ocean[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2003,114(1),145-157.
[14]Khosla S.R., Performance analysis of an acoustic time reversal system in dynamic and random oceanic environments[D]. USA, the University of Michigan,2000.
[15]Kim S, Kuperman W.A, Hogdkiss W.S., et al. Echo-to-reverberation enhancement using a time reversal mirror[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2004,115(4), 1525-1531.
[16]Moura J.M.F, Jin Y., Detection by time reversal:Single antenna[J]. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2007,55(1),187-201.
[17]Moura J.M.F, Jin Y., Time-reversal detection using antenna arrays[J]. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,2009,57(4),1396-1414.
[18]张碧星,陆铭慧,汪承灏,用时间反转法在水下波导介质中实现自适应聚焦的研究[J].声学学报,2002,27(6),541-548.
[19]陆铭慧,张碧星,汪承灏,时间反转法在水下通信中的应用[J].声学学报,2005,30(4),349-354.
[20]殷敬伟,惠娟,惠俊英,生雪莉,姚直象,无源时间反转镜在水声通信中的应用[J].声学学报,2007,32(4),362-368.
[21]邓菲,吴斌,何存富,基于时反导波检测的管道缺陷圆周定位研究[J].声学学报，2008,33(1),28-34.
[22]郭国强,杨益新,孙超,前后混响零点约束下基于时反算子分解的信混比增强方法研究[J].声学学报,2008,33(2),116-123.
[23]阎丽明,时间反转处理用于掩埋目标检测[J].声学学报,2008,33(6),542-547.
[24]李建龙,祝恒年,赵航芳,基于时反算子分解的时反高分辨力定位技术研究[J].声学学报,已收录待发表.
[25]李春晓,宫先仪,邹丽娜,干扰环境下窄带信号时反算子分解聚焦性能分析[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2008,29(8),867-871.
[26]阮一荻.不确实环境下目标检测与定位的宽容性最小方差时反波束形成[J].声学学报,2008,33(6),534-541.
[27]C.X Li, J.L Li, X.Y Gong, et al. Focusing with the decomposition of the time reversal operator method in noisy environments[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A,2009,10(7),997-1008.
[28]J.L Li, X Pan, L.M Yan, et al. Buried target detection based on time reversal by probing beam[C], Proc. Oceans MTS/IEEE,2008.
[29]C.X Li, et al. Effect of environmental mismatch on range estimation using waveguide invariant:theoretical analysis, simulations and experimental results [J]. IET Radar Sonar Navig.,2007,1(4),274-280.
[30]H.C. Song, P. Roux, W.A. Kuperman, Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output coherent time reversal communications in a shallow-water acoustic channel[J], IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,2006,31(1),170-178.
[31]D.B. Kilfoyle, J.C. Preisig, A.B. Baggeroer, Spatial modulation experiments in the underwater acoustic channel[J], IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,2005, 30(2),406-415.
[32]P.F. Sammartino, et al, Target model effects on MIMO radar performance[C], Proc. IEEE International Conference,2006,1129-1132.
[33]J. Li and P. Stoica, MIMO radar with colocated antennas[J], IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2007,24(5),106-114.
[34]A.M. Haimovich, R.S. Blum, et al., MIMO radar with widely separated antennas[J], IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2008,25(1),116-129.
[35]D.R Fuhrmann, G. San Antonio, Transmit beamforming for MIMO radar system using partial signal correlation[C], Proc. IEEE Signals Systems and Computers,2004, 295-299.
[36]Yan Pailhas, Yvan Petillot, Chris Capus, Keith Brown, Broadband MIMO sonar system:A theoretical and experimental approach[J]. Proc. Int. Conf. Underwater Acoustic Measurements:Technologies & Results, Napflion, Greece, June 2009,1-6.
[37]李强,李志舜,一种新的非相干分布源模型及方位估计方法[J],声学技术,2007,26(5),910-914.
[38]M. Jin, G.S Liao, J. Li, Joint DOD and DOA estimation for bistatic MIMO radar[J], IEEE Signal Processing,2009,89(2),244-251.
[39]L.L. Scharf, Statistical Signal Processing:Detection, Estimation and Time Series Analysis[M]. Addison Wesley,1991.
[40]F.B. Jensen, W.A. Kuperman, M.B. Porter, H.Schmit, Computational Ocean Acousticsp[M], AIP Press, Woodbury, NY,1994.
[41]周洁,潘翔,李建龙,时间反转处理用于目标探测研究[J],浙江大学学报工学版,2007,41(12),2044-2047.
[42]阮一荻,环境失配条件下MVDR发收互动时反波束形成目标检测[D],浙江大学,2008.
[43]Kim S, Edelmann G.F, Kuperman W.A, et al. Spatial resolution of time reversal arrays in shallow water[J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,2001,110(2),820-829.
[44]李春晓,强散射介质中分布性目标时反广义似然比检验和定位[D],浙江大学,2009.
[45]C.Y Chen, Signal processing algorithms for MIMO radar[D]. USA, California Institute of Technology,2009.
[46]P. Stoica, E. G. Larsson, and A. B. Gershman, The stochastic CRB for array processing:Textbook derivation[J], IEEE Signal Processing.,2001,8(5),148-150.
[47]H. L. V. Trees, Optimum Array Processing[M],1st ed. John Wiley, NY,2003.
[48]Y. Yang, R. S. Blum, MIMO radar waveform design based on mutual information and minimum mean-square error estimation [J], IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2007,43(1),330-343.
[49]Y. Yang, R. S. Blum, Minimax robust MIMO radar waveform design[J], IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing,2007,1(1),147-155.
[50]A. Leshem, O. Naparstek, A. Nehorai, Information theoretic adaptive radar waveform design for multiple extended targets[J], IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing,2007,1(1),42-55.
[51]B. Friedlander, Waveform design for MIMO radars[J], IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2007,43(3),1227-1238.
[52]成芳,正交波形MIMO雷达中信号处理与仿真实验研究[D],电子科技大学,2008.
[53]H. Deng, Discrete frequency-coding waveform design for netted radar system[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2004,11(2),179-182.
[54]J.L Li, X Pan, H.F Zhao, Buried target detection based on time reversal focusing with a probe source[J], Applied Acoustics,2009,70(3),473-478.