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缄默知识面面观
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摘要
自1958年英国著名物理化学家和思想家波兰尼提出“缄默知识”这一概念以来,人们一直没有停止过对缄默知识的研究,但由于各方面的原因,这种研究未能全面和深入。在本文中,作者对缄默知识进行了全面、系统的阐述,以使人们对其有个完整地了解。
     在界定概念的基础上,作者将缄默知识与学业知识、显性知识、程序性知识作了比较,通过比较,使概念更加清晰、明了。接着,沿着认识论的足迹,作者追溯了人类对缄默知识探究的历史,从德谟克利特的“暖昧知识与真理知识”,一直到波兰尼正式概念的提出,其间的“过去”可谓长久。然而,真正引起人们对缄默知识的重视,开始对其进行研究,却是在20世纪中叶以后,是在非理性主义思潮、实证主义传统、智力理论的发展、智力测验的推动以及认知心理学的促进下开始的,其后的“历史”可谓短暂。
     至于缄默知识的性质,作者认为,它是一种个人知识或私人知识;是一种技术知识;是一种难以明确表达的知识;是一种与智商无关而与经验有关的知识。从结构上看,缄默知识具有立体三维结构。当然,如果从另一角度来看,它又可看成具有平面三元结构。从类型上看,可以根据不同的标准对缄默知识进行分类,如可从个体发展史来分,从行业与领域来分,从主体来分,从功能来分,还可从内容来分。不同的分类标准会有不同的分类结果。
     作者对缄默知识的发生与发展作了重点阐述,首先,提出了缄默知识发生发展的几个理论;从社会发展的角度提出成熟理论;从个体发展的角度提出连续带理论;从元发展角度提出转换理论;从综合发展角度提出螺旋理论。其次,提出了几个缄默知识的获得理论:顿悟理论、学徒制理论、内隐学习理论、非正式学习理论和建构学习理论。再次,分析了缄默知识获得的阶段及影响因素。最后,作者认为,产生式系统、原型和规则是缄默知识的表征物。缄默知识便是以一系列的产生式系统、原型和规则贮存在大脑中的。
     作者还对缄默知识的测量方法进行了研究,分析了测量中所用的一些方法,如关键事件法、评价中心法、专家新手差异法等。从而打破了缄默知识难以言表的界限,使人们可以从定性、定量两个方面进行研究。
     在最后,作者阐述了缄默知识研究的意义。从理论上讲,缄默知识是一种将科学与人文融为一体的知识,是一种具有后现代性质的知识;从实践上讲,缄默知识可以运用于科学研究、商业管理及教育教学。
     不仅从理论上对缄默知识的各方面进行了探讨,作者还做了两个实证研究,以映证理论研究的结论。
Since the concept of Tacit Knowledge(TK) was first advanced in 1958 by M. Polyni, the famous British physicist, chemist and thinker, people have never ceased researches into it. However, owing to various reasons, these researches were just not comprehensive and thorough. In this paper, the author tries to illustrate TK in an extensive and systematic way to enable people have an all-round understanding of it.
    To begin with, based on the concept of TK, the author compares it with Academic Knowledge, Explicit Knowledge and Procedural Knowledge, and accordingly makes it much clearer. Then, along the tracks of epistemology, the author traces back to the history of human being' s research on TK, from Democritean' s Equivocal (Ambiguous) knowledge and Truth Knowledge to M. Polyni' s formal advancing of the concept of TK. The history of TK, seen from this angle, is long. However, it is not until the mid-1900s did people begin to attach importance and make research on TK under the promotion of development of irrational ism, positivism, intellectual theory, intelligence test and cognitive psychology. Examined from this angle, its history can be said , short.
    As to the nature of TK, the author deems that it is a kind of individual knowledge or personal knowledge , technological knowledge, inarticulated and in relation to experiences instead of IQ. Observed from structure, TK is a solid tri-dimensional structure; if from another angle, TK can also be considered as a plane tri-dimensional structure. In term of types, TK can be classified according to different standards. For instance, it can be classified according to individual developments, professions and domains, subjects, function as well as contents. Different standards can bring about different classifying results of classfication.
    The author pays great attention to illustration of the emergence and development of TK. First of all, he lists several theories concerning with the emergence and development of TK, and furthermore advances the mature theory from strips, the continuous terrain from individual development, the conversion theory from meta-development, and the spiral theory from synthetic development. Secondly, the author
    advances several theories on acquisition of TK----insight theory, apprentice theory,
    implicit learning theory, informal learning theory and constructive theory. Thirdly, the author analyses the stages when TK can be acquired, and points out the factors which influence the acquisition. Lastly, the author considers that production system, prototypes and rules are the representations of TK, and TK is kept in minds by means of a series of production systems, prototypes and rules.
    In addition, the author makes researches on measures of TK, such as, critical incidents measure, assessment centered measure, expertise-and-riovice measure, and so on. In this way, these researches break down the barrier of inarticulateness of TK,
    
    
    
    and enable people to further research from both qualitative and quantitative aspeets.
    At the end of this paper, the author points out the significance of the research on TK. As regards to theory, TK is a kind of knowledge mixed with science and humanities, and is characterized by post-modern. As regards to practice, TK can be used in scientific research, business management and teaching and education.
    The author not only approaches TK from all the various aspects, but also makes two tests in order to corroborate the conclusions made in theory research.
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