坪用草地早熟禾抗旱性评价及硅对减轻其水分胁迫效应的研究
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摘要
在田间对来自荷兰百绿、美国及丹麦的28个草地早熟禾品种的坪用质量性状进行了研究和评价，分析了其中26个品种的酯酶(EST)和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶酶谱的双波长扫描特征。同时，利用盆栽试验研究了11个品种的苗期抗旱性并对抗旱品种Baron适宜水分条件以及硅在不同水分处理下的响应进行了分析。主要结果如下：
28个品种的坪用质量性状评价结果表明：各品种质量性状之间存在极显著差异或可明显区分出不同类型。其中，密度最高为Limousine和Elysee(1.45枝条数／cm~2)；盖度最高为Monoply(87.1％)；质地测定中叶片最窄为Elysee和Limousine(分别为2.57mm和2.74mm)；生长习性测定结果，百绿品种有半直立型(Julia)、半匍匐型(Sydspor)及中间型3种类型，美国和荷兰品种仅有中等类型；颜色测定百绿品种呈浅绿、中绿、深绿3种类型，丹麦的为中绿和深绿、美国的未浅绿和中绿各两种类型；冬末枯黄表征测定表现轻微枯黄的仅有百绿品种Entopper，其余表现为中或重；青绿期最长的品种Fylking(336天)和较长品种Balin、Bar5649、Conni、Entopper、Monoply(333天)均为百绿品种。依据对密度、盖度、质地、颜色、冬末枯黄表征及青绿期6个主要性状测定值的加权平均进行品种质量性状的聚类分析，将28个品种分了密集纤细型、中等型和稀疏粗糙型3种类型。
分析26个草地早熟禾品种的酯酶(EST)和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶谱带特征和对凝胶双波长实物扫描，结果表明：酯酶(EST)同工酶谱带特征为：谱带数在12～36之间：其中3号Bar5469谱带最多(36)，12号Fortuna酶带最少；POD同工酶酶谱特征为：谱带数较EST少，在5～23之间，14号Geronino谱带数最多(23)，3号Bar5649和18号Merit最少(5)。以品种间欧氏距离为遗传参数进行聚类分析，两种同工酶酶谱均可得出，26个品种可分为2个一级类群，3个二级类群和4个三级类群。结合两种谱带特征可为草地早熟禾品种利用和区分提供间接依据。
盆栽11个草地早熟禾品种的抗旱性研究，结果表明，每一个品种出苗率、保苗率和垂直生长速率先是随着田间持水量的下降(FWC 70到FWC 50)而升高，然后又随着水分下降(FWC 50到FWC 30)而降低；分蘖速率和根冠比则是随着土壤水分含量的下降而降低。在FWC 30(代表着干旱胁迫)条件下，不同品种间出苗率、保苗率、垂直生长速率和根冠比都存在显著差异，出苗率Barlin和Baron最好；保苗率Baron表现优异；Barlin和Compact的垂直生长速率快于其他品种；而以根冠比来判断，Barlin由于其根冠比最小，所以抗旱性更强；Barlin和Baron有较高的游离脯氨酸积累和质膜稳定性(电导率较低)。应用出苗率、保苗率、垂直生长速率、根冠比、叶片中游离脯氨酸含量和电导率作为评价指标，聚类结果表明，Baron和Barlin与其他品种相比苗期抗旱性较强，因此建议在干旱、半干旱地区作为草地早熟禾草坪建植的首选品种。
盆栽水分效应试验结果表明，草坪的蒸散量、单株分蘖数、叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积均随着土壤水分含量的下降而降低；出苗率则以FWC 50和FWC 40两处理最高；高水分处理促进植株的垂直生长，而低水分处理则抑制其垂直生长；盖度呈两级分化的趋势发展，以FWC 60、FWC 50和FWC 40三个处理显著高于其他两个处理。进一步研究表明，蒸散量显著或极显著受到植株高度、叶片长度、叶面积和单株分蘖数的影响。聚类结果表明，FWC 50和FWC 40为草地早熟禾在本研究条件下的最适宜水分处理。
在4个水分处理和5个硅肥浓度处理下，研究外源硅对草地早熟禾品种巴润形态、生理以及抗旱性的影响，结果表明：土壤含水量越大，蒸散量就越大；硅能促进草地早熟禾的垂直生长、分蘖和根系的生长，增加绿色叶片数目；同时施硅对叶片相对含水量、电导率和叶片中游离的脯氨酸含量也有一定的影响。但在干旱条件下，硅延缓草地早熟禾的出苗时间。
The field turf quality characteristics of 28 Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) varieties introduced from overseas were evaluated, and band pattern and double wave scanning characteristics of EST and POD Isozyme were analyzed for 26 varieties among them. Assessments on drought resistance of 11 Kentucky bluegrass varieties at seedling stage were conducted under pots experiment conditions. Moderate soil moisture and effect of silicon on morphological and physiological response were also studied with the variety of Baron. The main results were:
Single factor measurement results of the turf quality of 28 Kentucky bluegrass should very significant quality characteristic differences among varieties, and they could easily be classified into different types. Varieties with the highest density were Limousine and Elysee (1.45/cm~2). Monoply had the highest coverage (87.1%). Elysee and Limousine had the narrowest leaves (2.57mm and 2.74mm). Growth characteristics performed in three types, semi-perpendicular (including Julia), semi-creeping (including Sydsport), and middle type. There were five color groups. Only one variety had slight winter yellowing and withering (Entopper). Others showed medium or severe symptoms. Fylking showed the longest green period (336 d), followed by Barlin, Bar 5649, Conni, Entopper, and Monpoly (333 d). 28 verities could be divided into three types, namely, dense and fine type, medium type, and sparse and coarse type based on the cluster analysis results combined density, coverage, growth characters, texture, color, and green period.
Band pattern and Double wave scanning characteristics of EST and POD Isozyme were analyzed for 26 varieties of Kentucky bluegrass, Cluster analysis were conducted with the Euclidean distances acted as the heretic parameters. The results are showed that, In terms of EST Isozyme, the bands number is ranged from 12 to 36,No.3 occurred most (36) and No.12 Fortuna occurred lest (12) .In terms of POD Isozyme bands numbers ranged from 5-23, the No.14 Geronino occurred most (23), No.3 Bar5649 and No.18 Merit occurred lest (5). Using two Isozyme band pattern, 26 varieties can be classified into 2 first rank groups, 3 rank second groups and 4 rank third groups with the linkage distance. The combination of the two kinds pattern of POD and EST can provide a reference to the Kentucky bluegrass usage and variety identification.
Drought resistance in 11 KBG varieties in pot experiments in the greenhouse was assessed. The rate of germination, survival, and vertical growth of each variety increased as field water capacity (FWC) decreased from 70% (FWC 70) to 50% (FWC 50), and men decreased from 50% to 30% (FWC 30). Tillering rate and shoot-to-root ratio decreased as the FWC decreased from FWC 70 to FWC 30. Proline content and electrolyte leakage (EL) in leaves of KBG at FWC 50 was lower than those at FWC 30 and FWC 70. Under FWC 30, representing drought stress, rate of germination, survival rate of seedlings, vertical growth rate, and shoot-to-root ratio were significantly different among the 11 varieties. Based on the rate of germination, 'Barlin' and 'Baron' performed best. According to the survival rate of seedlings, 'Baron' preformed best. For vertical growth rate, 'Barlin' and 'Compact' were superior to others. 'Barlin' was the best variety in terms of lower shoot-to-root ratio. 'Barlin' and 'Baron' had higher proline accumulation and greater cell membrane stability (lower EL) in leaves. Using rate of germination, survival rate, vertical growth rate, shoot-to-root ratio, proline content, and EL as analysis factors, cluster analysis indicated that 'Baron' and 'Barlin' had better resistance to drought than other varieties, and suggested that they are suitable for sowing in arid and semi-arid regions because of their strong drought resistance at the seedling stage.
Effects of moisture on the development of Kentucky bluegrass were conducted based on five moisture conditions. The results showed that evapotranspiration (ET), tillers per plant, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area decreased along with the soil moisture. Treats with the highest germination were FWC 50 and FWC 40. Higher soil moisture can increase the vertical growth of Baron, while lower soil moisture restricts it. Coverage of five moisture conditions classified into 2 groups, and it much higher in FWC 60, FWC 50, and FWC 40 conditions than in FWC 70 and FWC 30 conditions. Further study show that ET was significantly or most significantly restricted by vertical growth, leaf length, leaf area and tillers per plant. The cluster result shows that FWC 50 and FWC 40 were the moderate soil moisture for Kentucky bluegrass.
Effects of silicon on the drought resistance of Kentucky bluegrass were conducted based on four moisture treatments and five silicon concentrations. The results showed that evapotranspiration increased with the added soil moisture. Using silicon increased the vertical growth, tillerring rate, root growth, and numbers of green leaves. Silicon also has great effects on RWC, membrane permeability and proline content in Kentucky bluegrass. But silicon can also delay the emergency time of Kentucky bluegrass.
28个品种的坪用质量性状评价结果表明：各品种质量性状之间存在极显著差异或可明显区分出不同类型。其中，密度最高为Limousine和Elysee(1.45枝条数／cm~2)；盖度最高为Monoply(87.1％)；质地测定中叶片最窄为Elysee和Limousine(分别为2.57mm和2.74mm)；生长习性测定结果，百绿品种有半直立型(Julia)、半匍匐型(Sydspor)及中间型3种类型，美国和荷兰品种仅有中等类型；颜色测定百绿品种呈浅绿、中绿、深绿3种类型，丹麦的为中绿和深绿、美国的未浅绿和中绿各两种类型；冬末枯黄表征测定表现轻微枯黄的仅有百绿品种Entopper，其余表现为中或重；青绿期最长的品种Fylking(336天)和较长品种Balin、Bar5649、Conni、Entopper、Monoply(333天)均为百绿品种。依据对密度、盖度、质地、颜色、冬末枯黄表征及青绿期6个主要性状测定值的加权平均进行品种质量性状的聚类分析，将28个品种分了密集纤细型、中等型和稀疏粗糙型3种类型。
分析26个草地早熟禾品种的酯酶(EST)和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶谱带特征和对凝胶双波长实物扫描，结果表明：酯酶(EST)同工酶谱带特征为：谱带数在12～36之间：其中3号Bar5469谱带最多(36)，12号Fortuna酶带最少；POD同工酶酶谱特征为：谱带数较EST少，在5～23之间，14号Geronino谱带数最多(23)，3号Bar5649和18号Merit最少(5)。以品种间欧氏距离为遗传参数进行聚类分析，两种同工酶酶谱均可得出，26个品种可分为2个一级类群，3个二级类群和4个三级类群。结合两种谱带特征可为草地早熟禾品种利用和区分提供间接依据。
盆栽11个草地早熟禾品种的抗旱性研究，结果表明，每一个品种出苗率、保苗率和垂直生长速率先是随着田间持水量的下降(FWC 70到FWC 50)而升高，然后又随着水分下降(FWC 50到FWC 30)而降低；分蘖速率和根冠比则是随着土壤水分含量的下降而降低。在FWC 30(代表着干旱胁迫)条件下，不同品种间出苗率、保苗率、垂直生长速率和根冠比都存在显著差异，出苗率Barlin和Baron最好；保苗率Baron表现优异；Barlin和Compact的垂直生长速率快于其他品种；而以根冠比来判断，Barlin由于其根冠比最小，所以抗旱性更强；Barlin和Baron有较高的游离脯氨酸积累和质膜稳定性(电导率较低)。应用出苗率、保苗率、垂直生长速率、根冠比、叶片中游离脯氨酸含量和电导率作为评价指标，聚类结果表明，Baron和Barlin与其他品种相比苗期抗旱性较强，因此建议在干旱、半干旱地区作为草地早熟禾草坪建植的首选品种。
盆栽水分效应试验结果表明，草坪的蒸散量、单株分蘖数、叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积均随着土壤水分含量的下降而降低；出苗率则以FWC 50和FWC 40两处理最高；高水分处理促进植株的垂直生长，而低水分处理则抑制其垂直生长；盖度呈两级分化的趋势发展，以FWC 60、FWC 50和FWC 40三个处理显著高于其他两个处理。进一步研究表明，蒸散量显著或极显著受到植株高度、叶片长度、叶面积和单株分蘖数的影响。聚类结果表明，FWC 50和FWC 40为草地早熟禾在本研究条件下的最适宜水分处理。
在4个水分处理和5个硅肥浓度处理下，研究外源硅对草地早熟禾品种巴润形态、生理以及抗旱性的影响，结果表明：土壤含水量越大，蒸散量就越大；硅能促进草地早熟禾的垂直生长、分蘖和根系的生长，增加绿色叶片数目；同时施硅对叶片相对含水量、电导率和叶片中游离的脯氨酸含量也有一定的影响。但在干旱条件下，硅延缓草地早熟禾的出苗时间。
The field turf quality characteristics of 28 Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) varieties introduced from overseas were evaluated, and band pattern and double wave scanning characteristics of EST and POD Isozyme were analyzed for 26 varieties among them. Assessments on drought resistance of 11 Kentucky bluegrass varieties at seedling stage were conducted under pots experiment conditions. Moderate soil moisture and effect of silicon on morphological and physiological response were also studied with the variety of Baron. The main results were:
Single factor measurement results of the turf quality of 28 Kentucky bluegrass should very significant quality characteristic differences among varieties, and they could easily be classified into different types. Varieties with the highest density were Limousine and Elysee (1.45/cm~2). Monoply had the highest coverage (87.1%). Elysee and Limousine had the narrowest leaves (2.57mm and 2.74mm). Growth characteristics performed in three types, semi-perpendicular (including Julia), semi-creeping (including Sydsport), and middle type. There were five color groups. Only one variety had slight winter yellowing and withering (Entopper). Others showed medium or severe symptoms. Fylking showed the longest green period (336 d), followed by Barlin, Bar 5649, Conni, Entopper, and Monpoly (333 d). 28 verities could be divided into three types, namely, dense and fine type, medium type, and sparse and coarse type based on the cluster analysis results combined density, coverage, growth characters, texture, color, and green period.
Band pattern and Double wave scanning characteristics of EST and POD Isozyme were analyzed for 26 varieties of Kentucky bluegrass, Cluster analysis were conducted with the Euclidean distances acted as the heretic parameters. The results are showed that, In terms of EST Isozyme, the bands number is ranged from 12 to 36,No.3 occurred most (36) and No.12 Fortuna occurred lest (12) .In terms of POD Isozyme bands numbers ranged from 5-23, the No.14 Geronino occurred most (23), No.3 Bar5649 and No.18 Merit occurred lest (5). Using two Isozyme band pattern, 26 varieties can be classified into 2 first rank groups, 3 rank second groups and 4 rank third groups with the linkage distance. The combination of the two kinds pattern of POD and EST can provide a reference to the Kentucky bluegrass usage and variety identification.
Drought resistance in 11 KBG varieties in pot experiments in the greenhouse was assessed. The rate of germination, survival, and vertical growth of each variety increased as field water capacity (FWC) decreased from 70% (FWC 70) to 50% (FWC 50), and men decreased from 50% to 30% (FWC 30). Tillering rate and shoot-to-root ratio decreased as the FWC decreased from FWC 70 to FWC 30. Proline content and electrolyte leakage (EL) in leaves of KBG at FWC 50 was lower than those at FWC 30 and FWC 70. Under FWC 30, representing drought stress, rate of germination, survival rate of seedlings, vertical growth rate, and shoot-to-root ratio were significantly different among the 11 varieties. Based on the rate of germination, 'Barlin' and 'Baron' performed best. According to the survival rate of seedlings, 'Baron' preformed best. For vertical growth rate, 'Barlin' and 'Compact' were superior to others. 'Barlin' was the best variety in terms of lower shoot-to-root ratio. 'Barlin' and 'Baron' had higher proline accumulation and greater cell membrane stability (lower EL) in leaves. Using rate of germination, survival rate, vertical growth rate, shoot-to-root ratio, proline content, and EL as analysis factors, cluster analysis indicated that 'Baron' and 'Barlin' had better resistance to drought than other varieties, and suggested that they are suitable for sowing in arid and semi-arid regions because of their strong drought resistance at the seedling stage.
Effects of moisture on the development of Kentucky bluegrass were conducted based on five moisture conditions. The results showed that evapotranspiration (ET), tillers per plant, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area decreased along with the soil moisture. Treats with the highest germination were FWC 50 and FWC 40. Higher soil moisture can increase the vertical growth of Baron, while lower soil moisture restricts it. Coverage of five moisture conditions classified into 2 groups, and it much higher in FWC 60, FWC 50, and FWC 40 conditions than in FWC 70 and FWC 30 conditions. Further study show that ET was significantly or most significantly restricted by vertical growth, leaf length, leaf area and tillers per plant. The cluster result shows that FWC 50 and FWC 40 were the moderate soil moisture for Kentucky bluegrass.
Effects of silicon on the drought resistance of Kentucky bluegrass were conducted based on four moisture treatments and five silicon concentrations. The results showed that evapotranspiration increased with the added soil moisture. Using silicon increased the vertical growth, tillerring rate, root growth, and numbers of green leaves. Silicon also has great effects on RWC, membrane permeability and proline content in Kentucky bluegrass. But silicon can also delay the emergency time of Kentucky bluegrass.
引文
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