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震害预测快速服务平台的模型与方法及一些相关理论的研究
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摘要
本论文围绕着创建一个震害预测快速服务平台所涉及的核心数据处理模型、从数据组织到空间分析与处理的各种有效方法、以及一些相关的理论开展研究,最终目的是实现一个快速的、可更新的、实用的震害预测网络服务平台。
     震害预测快速服务平台的构建核心是数据处理模型。本论文通过对震害预测及震害快速估计、震害评估全过程的详细分析,提出了一套完整的普适性震害预测数据处理模型,它为建立一个高效的、可更新的、实用的震害预测系统提供可行的基本思路。
     在震害预测服务平台实现中,各种相关数据的数据结构起着至关重要的作用,它是系统是否具有广泛的适用性的决定因素,也是系统可扩充性与可更新性的保障,甚至系统的数据处理效率在很大程度上依赖于数据结构。本论文通过提出点数据对象、线数据对象、区域数据对象和栅格数据对象这四个基本对象及与其相关联的属性对象的抽象表示,可以完整地实现对普适性震害预测数据处理模型中的各种相关数据的组织、存储与高效访问。
     震害预测数据处理过程及计算结果的可视化都涉及到很多相关的空间分析与处理。通过本论文的研究,对所涉及到的各种相关空间分析与处理方法都给出了可行而且是高效实用的解决方法,包括地图投影、各种情况下的空间距离的计算,区域面积计算、圆和椭圆边界数据的生成、点与区域的位置关系的判别、多边形相交区域数据生成、多边形区域数据的网格化处理等。
     在震害预测快速服务平台中,如何减少由于地震台网定位误差以及其它一些因素所造成实际的宏观震中与定位震中偏离的影响,是提高震害快速估计结果合理性的重要条件。本论文通过对全国133个及南北地震带66个地震的宏观震中及微观震中与活断层构造分布背景关系的详细分析,提出了可以根据定位震中周围的活动构造背景来估计可能的宏观震中的方法。
     地震目录是震害预测服务平台中最重要的基础数据,而对地震目录完全性的评价是开展各种相关研究的前提。本论文采用两种方法来给出研究区域一定时期内的地震目录的最小完全性震级的分布,一种方法是通过地震台网来计算控制震级下限的分布,通过本论文的空间处理方法处理的结果在“首都圈防震减灾示范区”工程的地震台网的设计时发挥了重要的实际作用;另一种方法是通过对地震目录的分析直接获取满足G-R关系的震级下限的分布,本论文提出了通过限制不同震级地震参与完全性分析的有效距离的方法,增强了这种方法的合理性。通过对二十世纪八十年代末中国地震目录完全性的分析表明,这两种方法的结果是吻合的。
     如何删除地震目录中的余震,同样是震害预测中各种相关研究与应用的重要问题。通过对主震震级法(包括K-K法、C-S法、G-C法)、Reasenberg
    
    法对地震目录进行余震删除的结果表明,各种方法都可以从一定程度上删除
    引起地震累积频度非平稳增长的地震事件。但大量震例分析的结果表明,主
    震震级法通常很难取得与实际余震分布吻合较好的结果;Reasenberg法在台
    网观测地震目录较完整的情况下效果显著,在目录完整性较差的情况下效果
    不佳:本论文提出的扩散链方法可以适合于各种情况的地震目录,其圈定余
    震的空间分布己在一定程度上显示出实际余震分布的特征。
     最后,在上述研究工作的基础上,采用宏观易损性分析的震害预测方法,
    本论文通过一种高效的网络服务实现机制,在Internet环境下建立了一个实
    际的震害预测快速服务平台(WebEEES)。这是一个实用化的动态服务系统,
    它可以通过Mmet直接为众多有权限的单位或个人提供在线服务。WebEEES
    具有高效的震害预测数据处理能力,在排除网络通道较慢的情况下,对每个
    假想地震的处理请求都可以在5秒钟内从Internet测览器上得到回应的震害
    预测分布图。通过对发生在 1996-2000年间的 9个震例的对比分析,WebEEES
    对77.8%的震例的地震直接经济损失的预测结果是可以接受的。
This paper is conducted to study some kernel data process models,various effective methods ranging from data organization to spatial analysis and process,and some associated theoretic problems for building a rapid service platform of earthquake loss estimation. This study focuses on establishing a rapid,updatable and practical Internet service system of seismic hazard assessment.
    The data process model is the very important aspect of building such service platform. By analyzing seismic hazard estimate,rapid loss assessment and the whole process of the establishment of earthquake loss estimation at detail,an integrated and universal data processing model of earthquake loss estimation is presented in this paper. This model proposed can provide the feasible and basic clues for establishing a high efficient,updatable and practical system of earthquake loss estimation.
    The data structure of various relevant data plays an important role in realizing loss estimate service platform. This structure is the key factor of whether such service system is universal or not,and the basis for the expansion and update of this system. Moreover,the data process efficiency of this system is also based on the data structure. Four basic objects including point,line,region and grid dada objects are put forward,and their associated attribution objects are abstractly represented in this paper. These efforts can completely realize the organization,storage and access to various relevant data concerning such universal system of earthquake loss estimation.
    The data process of earthquake loss estimation and the visualization of calculating results are concerned with many relevant spatial analysis and process. According to this study,the feasible and effective solutions of various relevant spatial analysis and processing methods involved in earthquake loss estimation are described in this paper. These solutions can be listed as follows:(1) the projection of map;(2) the calculation of spatial distance in various cases;(3) the calculation
    
    
    
    of regional area;(4) the creation of boundary data for circle and ellipse;(5) the discrimination of location relationship between point and region;(6) the data creation of cross region between polygons,and (7) the data gridding processing of polygonal region.
    How to reduce the influences of the location error of seismic station network and some other factors on the deviation of macroseismic and seismic epicentre,in this rapid service system of earthquake loss estimation,is the important condition of increasing the rationality of loss estimation results. Therefore,the relationships of macroseismic epicentres and seismic epicentres of 133 main earthquakes in China and 66 events in North-South seismic belt with the active faults around these events are analyzed at detail in this paper. According to such results,a practical method to identify the most possible location of macroseismic epicentre has been proposed by the active faults around the instrumental epicentres.
    Seismic Catalog is the most important data in the earthquake loss estimation service system,while the evaluation of the seismic catalog completeness is the basis for conducting various relevant studies. In this paper,two methods are applied to provide the minimum completeness magnitude distribution of seismic catalog within the studied area for a given period. One is used to calculate the lower threshold of the controlled magnitude by seismic station network,which has paid significant role in the design for building seismic station network in the project named Capital Region Earthquake Prevention and Hazard Mitigation Demonstration Area. The other is applied to result in the distribution of the lower magnitude threshold that follows the G-R relation by directly analyzing seismic catalog. The advantage of this method is prominent when limiting the effective distance of earthquakes with various magnitudes in the catalog completeness analysis. The analysis for the china seismic catalog completeness in the end of 1980s shows that the results
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