城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型及其应用
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摘要
城市化的发展不仅带来了水资源短缺的问题，而且由于城市地区地形地貌变比陕、建筑物密度大、不透水面积所占比例增大而引起的雨水径流速度加快、洪峰流量增大、洪水滞时和历时缩短等问题，致使洪水风险增加，为了解决这两个与降雨密切相关的问题，城市雨水资源化的问题就被提了出来。
城市雨水资源化是一个复杂的系统，它又被划分为城市雨水资源化信息系统、城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型以及城市雨水资源化经济效益评价系统三个子系统。作为城市雨水资源化系统中的一个很重要的部分，城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型直接决定着城市雨水资源化的量化过程，并且为进行城市雨水资源化经济效益评价提供依据。
为了解决城市的排水和防洪问题，人们已经提出了许多的城市雨水径流模型和城市雨水道设计模型，但是由于城市雨水资源化的目的不是单纯地解决城市的排水和防洪问题，而是以将那些在汛期白白流失的雨水资源尽可能多的蓄积起来，将其转化为城市地区的一种可用水资源来缓解城市水资源危机为主要目的，同时兼顾在很大程度上减轻防洪压力，降低洪灾损失，因此以往的城市雨水径流模型或是城市雨水道计算模型都不能适用于城市雨水资源化。
在深入学习了国内外先进的雨水资源利用技术，客观分析评价了城市雨水径流模型和城市雨水道计算模型的基础上，本文根据城市水利学、城市水文学以及水力学的方法和观点，以建立适合于实现城市雨水资源化具体分析计算的数学模型，并能将其在计算机上实现为目的，研究了城市雨水资源的就地利用和集中调蓄利用两类方式，制定了各种方式的设置原则；提出了各种利用方式利用量的计算模型；研究了城市雨水资源化的具体方式和过程，提出了城市雨水资源化的集流模型、汇流模型和传输模型；研究了影响和决定城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型计算的城市雨水资源化水文信息、城市雨水资源化地理信息和城市雨水资源化规划信息，最后以西安理工大学第二校区为例，对城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型进行了初步验证。
The development of urbanization not only brought about the problem of water resources shortage, but also the speed expedition of rainwater runoff, the flux augmentation of flood peak, the time shortening of flood's duration due to the speedy change of landform and geomorphy in city area, the intense density of building, the increasing proportion of staunch area, which resulted in the addition of flood venture. In order to solve the two problems that had close correlation with rainfall, the resourcing of city rainfall was raised.
The resourcing of city rainfall was a complex system, and it can be divided into three subsystems, that is information system for resourcing of city rainfall, the model of convergence and affluxion and transformation for resourcing of city rainfall, the evaluation system of economic advantage for resourcing of city rainfall. As a very important part of resourcing system for city rainfall, the model of convergence and affluxion and transformation for resourcing of city rainfall determined the quatitifying course of resourcing of city rainfall, and provide the warranty for the evaluation of economic advantage for resourcing of city rainfall.
For the sake of resolving the problem of drainage and flood protection in city, people has put forward many runoff models for resourcing city rainfall and designing models for city-rainfall leat. But because the ami of resourcing city rainfall was not to solve the problem of drainage and flood protection in city simplexly, but to cumulate the rainfall as possible as we can, which flowed in vain hi flood season, and transfer it into a kind of useful water to assuage the water crisis hi city, which was its main aim. At the same time it must compromise to release the pressure of flood protection and decrease the lost caused by flood to a large extent. So the former runoff models for resourcing city rainfall and designing models for city-rainfall leat were not usable for resourcing city rainfall.
On the base of studying the advanced technology for rainfall use hi foreign countries deeply and analyzing the runoff models for resourcing city rainfall and
designing models for city-rainfall leat impersonally, using the method and viewpoint in city water conservancy, city hydrology and hydraulics, aiming at establishing mathematic model suitable for realizing concrete analysis and calculation of resourcing city rainfall and using it on computer, the following contents were studied in this essay. The using on the spot and focusing using, which were two forms of city rainfall using, were studied, and the setting rules for each form were prepared. Models for using quantity of each form were put forward. Concrete forms and courses of resourcing city rainfall were studied, and models for convergence, affluxion and transforming were rendered. The hydrology information, geographic information and designing information of resourcing city rainfall, which influenced and determined the calculation of models of convergence, affluxion and transforming, were studied. At last, the second schoolhouse of Xi'an University of Technology was cited as an example to make an elementary validation of models for convergence, affluxion and transforming.
城市雨水资源化是一个复杂的系统，它又被划分为城市雨水资源化信息系统、城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型以及城市雨水资源化经济效益评价系统三个子系统。作为城市雨水资源化系统中的一个很重要的部分，城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型直接决定着城市雨水资源化的量化过程，并且为进行城市雨水资源化经济效益评价提供依据。
为了解决城市的排水和防洪问题，人们已经提出了许多的城市雨水径流模型和城市雨水道设计模型，但是由于城市雨水资源化的目的不是单纯地解决城市的排水和防洪问题，而是以将那些在汛期白白流失的雨水资源尽可能多的蓄积起来，将其转化为城市地区的一种可用水资源来缓解城市水资源危机为主要目的，同时兼顾在很大程度上减轻防洪压力，降低洪灾损失，因此以往的城市雨水径流模型或是城市雨水道计算模型都不能适用于城市雨水资源化。
在深入学习了国内外先进的雨水资源利用技术，客观分析评价了城市雨水径流模型和城市雨水道计算模型的基础上，本文根据城市水利学、城市水文学以及水力学的方法和观点，以建立适合于实现城市雨水资源化具体分析计算的数学模型，并能将其在计算机上实现为目的，研究了城市雨水资源的就地利用和集中调蓄利用两类方式，制定了各种方式的设置原则；提出了各种利用方式利用量的计算模型；研究了城市雨水资源化的具体方式和过程，提出了城市雨水资源化的集流模型、汇流模型和传输模型；研究了影响和决定城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型计算的城市雨水资源化水文信息、城市雨水资源化地理信息和城市雨水资源化规划信息，最后以西安理工大学第二校区为例，对城市雨水资源化集汇流及传输模型进行了初步验证。
The development of urbanization not only brought about the problem of water resources shortage, but also the speed expedition of rainwater runoff, the flux augmentation of flood peak, the time shortening of flood's duration due to the speedy change of landform and geomorphy in city area, the intense density of building, the increasing proportion of staunch area, which resulted in the addition of flood venture. In order to solve the two problems that had close correlation with rainfall, the resourcing of city rainfall was raised.
The resourcing of city rainfall was a complex system, and it can be divided into three subsystems, that is information system for resourcing of city rainfall, the model of convergence and affluxion and transformation for resourcing of city rainfall, the evaluation system of economic advantage for resourcing of city rainfall. As a very important part of resourcing system for city rainfall, the model of convergence and affluxion and transformation for resourcing of city rainfall determined the quatitifying course of resourcing of city rainfall, and provide the warranty for the evaluation of economic advantage for resourcing of city rainfall.
For the sake of resolving the problem of drainage and flood protection in city, people has put forward many runoff models for resourcing city rainfall and designing models for city-rainfall leat. But because the ami of resourcing city rainfall was not to solve the problem of drainage and flood protection in city simplexly, but to cumulate the rainfall as possible as we can, which flowed in vain hi flood season, and transfer it into a kind of useful water to assuage the water crisis hi city, which was its main aim. At the same time it must compromise to release the pressure of flood protection and decrease the lost caused by flood to a large extent. So the former runoff models for resourcing city rainfall and designing models for city-rainfall leat were not usable for resourcing city rainfall.
On the base of studying the advanced technology for rainfall use hi foreign countries deeply and analyzing the runoff models for resourcing city rainfall and
designing models for city-rainfall leat impersonally, using the method and viewpoint in city water conservancy, city hydrology and hydraulics, aiming at establishing mathematic model suitable for realizing concrete analysis and calculation of resourcing city rainfall and using it on computer, the following contents were studied in this essay. The using on the spot and focusing using, which were two forms of city rainfall using, were studied, and the setting rules for each form were prepared. Models for using quantity of each form were put forward. Concrete forms and courses of resourcing city rainfall were studied, and models for convergence, affluxion and transforming were rendered. The hydrology information, geographic information and designing information of resourcing city rainfall, which influenced and determined the calculation of models of convergence, affluxion and transforming, were studied. At last, the second schoolhouse of Xi'an University of Technology was cited as an example to make an elementary validation of models for convergence, affluxion and transforming.
引文
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[3] Ball,M.J.著，詹道江等译，城市水文学，河海大学出版社，1989．
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[8] 余维忠主编，水文学原理(二)，水利电力出版社，1988．
[9] 赵人俊，流域水文模拟，水利电力出版社，1984．
[10] 芮孝芳，产汇流理论，水利水电出版社，1995．
[11] 许大同、安德顺、何长春，流域综合产流模型的探讨，水文预报论文选集，水利电力出版社，1985．赵人俊，时变线性系统汇流模型，第二次中美情报预报研讨会论文集，1993．
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[14] 陈诚坤，流域汇流计算的分散模式，水文水资源论文集，水利水电出版社，1987．
[15] 赵人俊、庄一鸰，降雨径流关系的区域规律，华东水利学院学报，1963(1)．
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