郑州市城区雨水的绿地利用措施研究
摘要
随着我国经济的高速发展,城市的数量逐年增加,规模逐步扩大,现代化水平不断提高。但是随之而来的水资源问题也在严重制约着城市的发展。一方面,城市水资源缺乏,水资源时空分布的不均匀和水体污染的加剧导致了水资源供需矛盾突出；另一方面,由于城市人口和经济活动的高度集中、建筑面积的不断增加、不透水面积的扩大,引起城市洪涝灾害问题日益突出。雨水是自然界水循环系统中的重要环节,对调节和补充地区水资源和改善及保护生态环境起着极为关键的作用,因此雨水利用是实现水资源可持续发展的一条重要途径。本文在查阅大量国内外文献的基础上,探讨了城市雨水利用的技术途径,进行雨水水质测定试验,分析雨水资源潜力,并在此基础上提出了雨水利用措施。
本文以郑州市河南农业大学主校区及周边居住区、校区为具体研究区域,研究了郑州市雨水资源利用的可行性和必要性,分析雨水资源量及杂用水的需求量。通过对不同类型的建筑物屋顶以及道路,通过选点取样,水质监测、数据分析等,得出：屋面径流主要污染物是屋面的沉积物及屋面材料析出物,在初期径流时浓度一般较高。新旧材料不同,径流雨水中污染物浓度不同。建筑物坡式于平式屋顶不同,SS浓度数值亦不同。污染物浓度随降雨历时具有一定的变化规律,即初期径流污染物浓度很高。随降雨历时的延长,COD和SS浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。道路污染与路面材料、来往车辆、人员流动、路面卫生状况有关。市区道路相比校园内道路,水质较差。校园路面水基本都达到各用水指标范围内。
对雨水水质分析基础上,分别对建筑屋顶、道路、绿地提出雨水利用的处理工艺,道路屋顶的雨水处理工艺主要采用收集—贮留—过滤—消毒—利用；绿地的雨水处理工艺为渗透—溢流—排放。
通过以上分析提出郑州市雨水利用可行性措施,及将校园雨水利用措施和雨水渗透系统两者相结合,设计农大校园雨水的综合利用流程。
With the fast development of our country economy and urbanization, the amount of city increasing and the more and more big, and the modernization level enhanced. And a series of pmblems come along which restrict the urban development. One hand, the lack of water resources, the asymmetry of water resources distributing and the prick up of water pollution lead to extrusive conflict between supply and demand; on the other hand, because of the urban population and economic active convergence, the condition of below pillow changcd, area of architecture increascd, the area that cannot penetrate water enlarged, and then increase the stress of drainage. Rainwater is the most kind of fundamental straight economical of water resource and important part of water circulation system of nature, at the same time, it is the key effect to adjust、supplement water resource and improve、protect entironment, so rainwater is a important approach to continue development of water resource. Based on the investigation of the present research of the utilization of urban rainwater, it research the ways and the technique of the utilization of urban rainwater, the potential of rainwater resource、the analysis of the water quality、the measures of the utilization of urban rainwater.
The paper research the present water resource of our country and compare to the ways of the exploitation of water resource, rainwater is a important approach to continue development of water resource, it is of great benefit to society、environment and ecology, especially to economy. To research the influence of urbanization on the utilization of urban rainwater and the relationship of urbanization and the utilization of urban rainwater、and the ways and technique of the utilization of urban rainwater, it provide the background to the feasibilitu of the utilization of urban rainwater.
To take the university as example, the paper research the necessity and feasibilitu of the utilization of Zhengzhou rainwater,analyze the quantity of rainwater and the demand of sundry water. The demand of sundry water is 30337m3, the quantity of available annual runodd of the roof and roadway is 34077 m3,so it is sufficient for the demand. The experiment is began with the runoff quality on the diverse roofage and different grade roadway, the results are as follows:
(1)The concentration of contamination is different with the diverse roofage, and SS value is also different with the style roof;
(2)In the beginning, the concentration of COD value and SS value is higher, but the runoff quality will be reduced to steady gradually along with the rainfall duration increase;
(3)The city roadway runoff is worse than the roadway of university, because the city roadway runoff involve vehicle、people and the sanitation and material of roadway;
(4)Based on the analysis of rainwater quality, the paper provide the process of rainwater treatment for roof、roadway、and lawn.
The paper put forward the feasible measures of Zhengzhou city,and design the compositive process of the utilization of urban rainwater by combining the measures and the pervasion system.
本文以郑州市河南农业大学主校区及周边居住区、校区为具体研究区域,研究了郑州市雨水资源利用的可行性和必要性,分析雨水资源量及杂用水的需求量。通过对不同类型的建筑物屋顶以及道路,通过选点取样,水质监测、数据分析等,得出：屋面径流主要污染物是屋面的沉积物及屋面材料析出物,在初期径流时浓度一般较高。新旧材料不同,径流雨水中污染物浓度不同。建筑物坡式于平式屋顶不同,SS浓度数值亦不同。污染物浓度随降雨历时具有一定的变化规律,即初期径流污染物浓度很高。随降雨历时的延长,COD和SS浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。道路污染与路面材料、来往车辆、人员流动、路面卫生状况有关。市区道路相比校园内道路,水质较差。校园路面水基本都达到各用水指标范围内。
对雨水水质分析基础上,分别对建筑屋顶、道路、绿地提出雨水利用的处理工艺,道路屋顶的雨水处理工艺主要采用收集—贮留—过滤—消毒—利用；绿地的雨水处理工艺为渗透—溢流—排放。
通过以上分析提出郑州市雨水利用可行性措施,及将校园雨水利用措施和雨水渗透系统两者相结合,设计农大校园雨水的综合利用流程。
With the fast development of our country economy and urbanization, the amount of city increasing and the more and more big, and the modernization level enhanced. And a series of pmblems come along which restrict the urban development. One hand, the lack of water resources, the asymmetry of water resources distributing and the prick up of water pollution lead to extrusive conflict between supply and demand; on the other hand, because of the urban population and economic active convergence, the condition of below pillow changcd, area of architecture increascd, the area that cannot penetrate water enlarged, and then increase the stress of drainage. Rainwater is the most kind of fundamental straight economical of water resource and important part of water circulation system of nature, at the same time, it is the key effect to adjust、supplement water resource and improve、protect entironment, so rainwater is a important approach to continue development of water resource. Based on the investigation of the present research of the utilization of urban rainwater, it research the ways and the technique of the utilization of urban rainwater, the potential of rainwater resource、the analysis of the water quality、the measures of the utilization of urban rainwater.
The paper research the present water resource of our country and compare to the ways of the exploitation of water resource, rainwater is a important approach to continue development of water resource, it is of great benefit to society、environment and ecology, especially to economy. To research the influence of urbanization on the utilization of urban rainwater and the relationship of urbanization and the utilization of urban rainwater、and the ways and technique of the utilization of urban rainwater, it provide the background to the feasibilitu of the utilization of urban rainwater.
To take the university as example, the paper research the necessity and feasibilitu of the utilization of Zhengzhou rainwater,analyze the quantity of rainwater and the demand of sundry water. The demand of sundry water is 30337m3, the quantity of available annual runodd of the roof and roadway is 34077 m3,so it is sufficient for the demand. The experiment is began with the runoff quality on the diverse roofage and different grade roadway, the results are as follows:
(1)The concentration of contamination is different with the diverse roofage, and SS value is also different with the style roof;
(2)In the beginning, the concentration of COD value and SS value is higher, but the runoff quality will be reduced to steady gradually along with the rainfall duration increase;
(3)The city roadway runoff is worse than the roadway of university, because the city roadway runoff involve vehicle、people and the sanitation and material of roadway;
(4)Based on the analysis of rainwater quality, the paper provide the process of rainwater treatment for roof、roadway、and lawn.
The paper put forward the feasible measures of Zhengzhou city,and design the compositive process of the utilization of urban rainwater by combining the measures and the pervasion system.
引文
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[3]弗肯马克.人与自然和谐的水需求—生态水文学新途径[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2006.9
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[5]吴普特,黄占斌,高建恩等.人工汇集雨水利用技术研究[M],郑州：黄河水利出版社,2002
[6]杨建峰.城市化和雨水利用[J].北京水利,2001.
[7]马志毅.城市污水回用概述[J].给水排水,1997,23(12).
[8]王琳等.城市水资源短缺与雨水收集利用[J].给水排水,2001,27(2).
[9]熊家晴.绿色住区水资源合理开发与利用.西安建筑科技大学,硕士论文,2001
[10]王世昌.海水淡化工程[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003,1.
[11]宋进喜,李怀恩,李琦.城市雨水资源化及其生态环境效益[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(2)：32-35.
[12]陈卫,孙文全,孙慧.城市雨水资源利用及其生态保护[J].中国给水排水,2000,15(6)：26-27
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[14]张庆年.我国城市化可持续发展战略及对策[J].武汉理工大学学报,2001,14(3)
[15]钟秀明,武雪萍.城市化之动力[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2006,10.
[16]黄廷林,马学尼.水文学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007,7.
[17]吴新涛.“十五”期间我国乡镇城市化建设中加强生态环境建设和保护对策与建议[J].前进论坛,2001.5
[18]杨瑞平,李玉玩.雨水资源在城市中的利用[J].山西水上保持科技,2002,6-2.
[19]车伍.城市雨水利用技术与管理[M].北京：建筑工业出版社,2006.8
[20]Erik Ristenpart. Planning of stormwater management with a new model for drainage best management pracrices[J]. Water Sci Technol,1999,39(9):253-260
[21]]丁悦元.德国的雨水利用技术[J].北京水利,2002,(6)：38-40
[22]李俊奇,车武.德国城市雨水利用技术考察分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(1)：·47-49
[23]杨文磊.雨水利用在日本[J].水利水电科技进展,21(5),2001：35
[24]水利部农村水利司农水处.雨水集蓄利用技术与实践[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.7-13
[25]毛小瑞.构筑海岛供水的绿色通道—浙江省舟山市葫芦岛推广集雨新技[J].科技文萃, 2000,1：78
[26]徐杨,浦东国际机场航站楼面雨水排水系统设计比较[J].给水排水,2002,26(4).
[27]车武,李俊奇.从第十届国际雨水利用大会看城市雨水利用的现状与趋势[J].给水排水,2002,28(3).
[28]孙绪金,万林海,李志萍等.工程与水文环境地质学[M].北京：科学出版社,2000
[29]中国21世纪议程—中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1994.
[30]李佩成,沈冰等.西安市供水水资源系统优化调配研究报告[C].2002,4.
[31]孙绪金、万林海、李志萍等,工程与水文环境地质学[M].北京：科学出版社,2000
[32]李东海.郑州市地下水资源及解决供需矛盾对策[J].河南地质,1998,1.
[33]王怀韧.郑州市水资源开发利用与对策[J].河南水利,2000,1.
[34]朱贵良.郑州市建成区雨水资源综合利用研究报告仁[R].2005,
[35]杨建峰.城市化和雨水利用[J].北京水利,2001.
[36]王记芳.近50年河南降水变化对水资源的影响[J].河南气象,2005,1.
[37]国家统计局.2009中国统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2009.6
[38]周晨,周江.城市绿地中隐形蓄水系统模式—湖南农业大学校园“红袖”景观设计[J].中国园林.2009,25(11)
[39]邓风,陈卫.南京市居住区雨水利用方案探讨[J].中国给水排水,2003.5
[40]张尧旺.水质监测与评价[M].黄河水利出版社,2002
[41]濮文虹,刘光虹,喻俊芳.水质分析化学[J].华中科技大学出版社,2005
[42]赵慧芳,花伟军.我国城市道路径流水质以及污染物红纸的研究现状[J].山西建筑,2008,8.
[43]朱金星.城市雨水是资源不是祸水一郑州30亿元市政工程引出城市排水新思维[J].中州建设,2003,5.
[44]王情,张广路等.中国北方城市玉树资源利用探讨[J].水资源保护,2009,4.
[45]吴时强.德国城市的雨水利用技术考察分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,2002,2.
[46]孙绪金.郑州市城市防洪及集雨节水工程研究报告[R].2003.
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