育雏期鸵鸟睾丸的发育及硼对其下丘脑—垂体—睾丸轴的影响研究
|
摘要
非洲鸵鸟属鸟纲、鸵形目、鸵鸟科,是世界上现存最大的鸟。与其他鸟类相比非洲鸵鸟有着独特的繁殖特性,即性成熟比较晚,雌鸟2岁到2.5岁达性成熟;而雄鸟2.5岁到3岁才达性成熟。鸵鸟的这种繁殖特性决定了其养殖周期比较长,这对鸵鸟养殖来说是一个很不利的因素。鸵鸟作为一种经济养殖动物,国内外学者对其进行了大量研究,有关鸵鸟组织器官的形态学特点也有报道,但关于雏鸵鸟性腺轴的发育特点以及微量元素硼对其下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的影响未见详细报道。本研究以育雏期鸵鸟作为试验动物,分3个试验组和1个对照组,给其饮水中添加不同剂量硼,利用石蜡切片和HE染色技术、透射电镜技术、放射免疫测定、组织化学法、免疫组化定位表达及原位缺口末端标记等多种方法,从亚细胞、组织细胞及激素水平等角度系统研究雏鸵鸟睾丸的发育特点及硼对下丘脑、垂体和睾丸组织结构、血清激素水平、细胞凋亡的影响。主要研究内容和结果包括以下几个方面:
1雏鸵鸟睾丸发育的形态学研究
本研究以1 d、30 d、45 d和90 d健康非洲雏鸵鸟作为试验动物,通过光镜和电镜样本制作,采用HE染色及TUNEL技术,研究雏鸵鸟睾丸发育的形态学特点。结果显示,雏鸵鸟睾丸的外形与其它物种存在明显差异,睾丸组织结构同其它禽类的一样没有睾丸纵隔和睾丸小隔;精原细胞的胞质内所含细胞器不丰富,精母细胞胞质内富含线粒体、游离核糖体和粗面内质网。1 d雏鸵鸟睾丸内以原始生殖细胞为主,30 d时原始生殖细胞全部分化为精原细胞,45 d时生精小管内已开始出现初级精母细胞,45～90 d内精原细胞分裂增殖速度变化不明显。1-90 d的雏鸵鸟睾丸内均存在细胞凋亡现象,但凋亡程度有所不同,45 d睾丸内发生凋亡的细胞数目最多。表明,雏鸵鸟在生后早期睾丸发育较快,且刚出生时睾丸的组织结构与其他禽类有明显差异。
2雏鸵鸟睾丸发育过程中黄体生成素和褪黑素受体的表达研究
采用免疫组织化学SABC法对1 d、30 d、45 d和90 d雏鸵鸟睾丸内黄体生成素(LH)和褪黑素受体(MR)的分布进行定位,结果显示:LH阳性细胞胞质或胞膜出现棕黄色,胞核无阳性反应;MR阳性反应颗粒呈棕褐色或棕黄色,可位于胞质、胞膜或胞核,呈散在均一或不均匀分布。LH和MR在雏鸵鸟睾丸内的分布特点均随年龄变化,这两种物质在1 d鸵鸟睾丸内均有分布,但在30 d睾丸内两者均未检测到;LH在90 d鸵鸟睾丸内有分布,但阳性表达较弱,而在此发育阶段仍未检测到MR阳性产物。表明,LH和MR在鸵鸟刚出生时原始生殖细胞分化为精原细胞的过程中和间质细胞分化过程中起着一定的调节作用。
3雏鸵鸟发育过程中血清激素水平的年龄性变化
采用放射免疫测定法(RIA)检测1d、30d、45d和90d雏鸵鸟血清激素水平,结果如下:雏鸵鸟血清中生殖激素促卵泡素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E_2)的水平随其年龄的增长而发生变化,血清中FSH含量先逐渐增加,到45 d时开始下降,90 d时其血清FSH水平甚至低于1 d血清中的水平;LH和T的含量随年龄增大而逐渐增加,基本呈直线增加;E_2的含量在1-45 d之间缓慢降低,45 d后开始迅速降低;且T与E_2的比值在1-45 d之间缓慢减小,45 d后开始迅速增加。结果表明,血清生殖激素水平随年龄发生变化,且45 d前后变化比较大,提示雏鸵鸟在45 d前后的发育可能比较特殊。
4雏鸵鸟下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的组织学研究
采用石蜡切片及HE染色技术对雏鸵鸟下丘脑弓状核(ARC)、视上核(SON)、室旁核(PVN)、视交叉上核(SCN)进行了细胞构筑研究;采用Orange G-AcidFuchsin-Light Green(OFG)染色方法对垂体的组织结构进行了研究,结果显示,垂体前叶的嗜酸性细胞被染成黄色,此类细胞的胞质丰富,核偏于细胞一侧,细胞轮廓清晰;嗜碱性细胞被染成紫红色,细胞界限清晰,一般由若干个细胞呈团状分布;嫌色细胞和间质组织被染成绿色,嫌色细胞界限不清。结果表明,雏鸵鸟下丘脑核团的特征与北京鸭的大体相似,差别在于核团内细胞的大小;OFG染色比HE染色更容易分辨这3类细胞,便于观察垂体前叶细胞的结构特征。
5硼对下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴组织学的影响研究
以90 d的雏鸵鸟作为试验动物,随机分为4组:3个试验组和1个对照组,采用HE染色方法及TUNEL技术,研究不同硼水平下下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴(HPT)各器官的组织学变化及细胞凋亡特点。结果显示,硼对雏鸵鸟下丘脑、垂体和睾丸的组织结构均有一定的影响,且低硼组(100mg/L)对其HPT轴的发育良好,而中硼组(200mg/L)和高硼组(400mg/L)HPT轴各器官均产生不同程度的病理组织学变化。TUNEL技术检测结果显示,生理状态下HPT轴各器官内均存在细胞凋亡现象,而不同硼水平下雄性雏鸵鸟性腺轴各器官内发生细胞凋亡的程度不同,神经细胞的凋亡数量随硼含量的增加而增加;神经胶质细胞、垂体细胞及睾丸细胞均表现为低硼减少,中硼和高硼显著增加(P＜0.05)。上述结果表明,适量的硼对HPT的发育有起一定的促进作用,而过量硼对机体产生一定的毒性作用,因此,建议给鸵鸟补硼以不超过100mg/L为宜。
6不同硼水平下HPT轴内LH和MR的表达研究
采用免疫组织化学SABC法研究不同硼水平下LH和MR在90 d雏鸵鸟HPT轴内的分布进行研究。结果如下,雏鸵鸟下丘脑视上核、室旁核和弓状核内以及垂体和睾丸内均有LH阳性产物,其表达量均受硼的影响,表现为低硼表达增强,中硼和高硼减弱。雏鸵鸟下丘脑视上核、室旁核和视交叉上核内有MR分布,而垂体和睾丸内未见MR阳性产物,且硼对MR在下丘脑内的表达有抑制作用。该试验结果表明,不同硼水平下LH和MR在HPT轴的分布和表达存在差异,推测硼可能通过影响LH和MR在HPT轴各器官内的分布的表达来调节雏鸵鸟HPT轴的活动。
7硼对雏鸵鸟血清激素水平的影响研究
采用RIA法对不同硼水平下雏鸵鸟血清激素水平进行测定,结果显示,不同硼水平对雏鸵鸟血清FSH、LH、T、E_2及T/E_2均有一定的影响,其变化规律存在差异。与对照组比较,低硼组血清LH水平有所提高,但差异不显著,而血清T的水平显著提高(P＜0.05);中硼组和高硼组LH和T的与对照组和低硼组相比均显著降低(P＜0.05),且这两个组之间差异不显著。血清T和LH的变化随硼添加量的改变呈一定的相关性,均表现为低硼升高,中硼和高硼降低。血清FSH和E_2含量均随硼添加量的增加而增加,而T与E_2的比值随硼剂量的增加而减小。以上结果表明,硼对血清生殖激素的水平有一定影响,而激素水平是衡量性腺功能的重要指标,提示硼对雏鸵鸟HPT轴的影响也可能通过改变其激素的分泌活动来实现的。
African ostrich,belonging to Aves class,Struthioniformes order,Struthioidae family, is the biggest bird existing in the world,whose adaptability is very strong.Compared to the other birds,African ostrich has special breeding characteristics.The sexual mature of the ostrich is much later,and the age of female ostrich reached to sexual mature is 2 to 2.5 years old,while the male is 2.5 to 3 years.The breeding characteristics of the ostrich results in the ostrich has very long breeding cycle and is infaust for cultivation of the ostrich.The ostrich has assumed significant economic importance as a farmed bird,and internal and foreign researchers have done many research on it.The morphological characteristics of some tissue and organ of the ostrich have been reported at present,but the morphological feature of sex gland axile development and the effect of microelement Boron on the hypothalamus-pituitay-testis(HPT) of male ostrich chick are still unknow.In the present study,African ostrich chicks were divided in 3 experimental groups and 1 control group at random,and the ostrich chicks of experimental groups were given Boron by drinking water.Using the methods of paraffin section,HE staining,transmission electron microscopy,immunohistochemistry(SABC),radioactive immunoassay, histochemical method and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL),the structural characteristics of ostrich chick testis,the changes of histological structure and apoptosis of HPT axis after giving Boron.The main contents and research results are as follows:
1 The study on development morphology of the testis of ostrich chicks
The healthy ostrich chick testicles of 1,30,45 and 90-day-old were studied by the methods of paraffin section,HE staining,transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL. The results indicated that there were obvious variance with the testis shape of ostrich chicks and other species,but the histological structure of the testis of them was similar with that of the other birds.There were corpus highmorianum and septula testis in the testis of ostrich chicks,and the cell organ of the cytoplasm of spermiogonium was very little,but the cytoplasm of primary spermatocyte contained redundant mitochondria,free ribosome and rough endoplasmic reticulum.The spermatogenic cells were mainly primordial germ cells in testis of 1 d old ostrich chicks,and spermiogonium in testis of 30-day-old ostrich chicks.Primary spermatocytes were observed in seminiferous tubule of 45-day-old ostrich chicks,and the change of testis structure was not obvious from day 45 to day 90.Apoptosis of testicular cells took place at any developmental period from 1-day-old to 90-day-old ostrich,but more apoptosis testicular cells were observed at day 45.These results demonstrate the testis of ostrich chicks develops fast after postnatal commitment,and there is obvious variance with the morphological characteristic of testis ostrich chicks and other birds.
2 The study of expression of luteinizing hormone and melatonin receptor in the testis during developmental period from 1-day-old to 90-day-old ostrich
The distribution of luteinizing hormone(LH) and melatonin receptor(MR) in the testis of 1,30,45 and 90-day-old ostrich were studied by SABC.The cytoplasm and cell membrane of LH immunoreactivity positive cells in testis of ostrich chicks showed yellow or dark brown,but there was no positive reaction.The positive substance of MR in testis was yellow or dark brown and located in cytoplasm,cell membrane and nuclei,and showed uniform or contagious distribution.The distribution of LH and MR in the testis changed with the ages of ostrich chicks.The positive signals of LH and MR were observed in 1-day-old ostrich testis,but were not detected in 30-day-old ostrich testis. There were LH immunoreactivity positive cells in the testis at day 90,but MR immunoreactivity positive substance was not observed at the developmental period.These results demonstrate that LH and MR play some role in the procedure of primordial germ cells differentiating into spermiogonium and Leydig cells differentiation.
3 The change of the hormone level in serum with ages of ostrich chicks
The hormone level in serum of 1,30,45 and 90-day-old ostrich was detected by RIA. The results showed that the levels of follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),testosterone(T) and estradiol(E_2) in serum changed with ages of ostrich chicks.The level of FSH in serum increased from day 1 to day 45,and began to decreased after day 45.The level of FSH was lower in serum at day 90 than in that at day 1.The level of LH and T in serum always increased with ages of ostrich chicks.The level of E_2 in serum increased from day 1 to day 45,and began to decreased after day 45.The ratio of T and E_2 decreased from day 1 to day 45 slowly,and increased after day 45 fast.These results demonstrate the levels of reproduction hormone in serum change with ages,and change obviously at day 45.So we can presume that the testis development of ostrich chicks is very special at day 45.
4 The study on histology of hypothalamus,pituitary and testis of ostrich chicks
The cytoarchitecture of arcuate nucleus(ARC),supraoptic nucleus(SON), paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) was studied by HE staining,and the histological structure of pituitary was studied by HE staining and Orange G-Acid Fuchsin-Light Green(OFG).The results showed the acidophilic cells of antepituitary were stained yellow and those cells had the characteristic with redundant cytoplasm and limpid cells boundary,and the nuclei located aside of them.The basophilic cells of antepituitary were stained mauve and had the characteristic with limpid cells boundary,and several basophilic cells were distributed grouping.The chromophobe cells and mesenchymal tissue of pituitary were stained green and the cell boundary of chromophobe cells was unsharp.These results demonstrate the cytoarchitectue of ARC, SON,PVN and SCN of ostrich chicks are similar with that of Pekin duck in general,but the difference is the size of neurons in that.The structural characteristics of the three kind of cells in pituitary are observed and distinguished easilier by OFG staining than HE staining.
5 The study on the effect of Boron on the histology of HPT axis
90-day-old ostrich chicks were divided in 3 experimental groups and 1 control group at random,and the ostrich chicks of experiment groups were give Boron by drinking water.Histological changes and apoptosis characteristics of HPT axis under different Boron levels were studied by HE staining and TUNEL.The results showed that Boron could influence the histological structure of HPT axis.All organs of HPT axis of ostrich chicks in low dose Boron(100mg/L)groups adevelop much well,but middle dose Boron(200mg/L) and high dose Boron(400mg/L) both induced different degree histopathological change of HPT axis.The data by statistical analysis showed apoptosis cells were detected by TUNEL in HPT axis of ostrich chicks in control groups,and apoptosis degree changed with Boron level.Compared to the number of apoptosis cells in control groups,the number of apoptosis nerve cells increased with increasing Boron, but the number of apoptosis neuroglia cells and the cells in pituitary and testis of ostrich chicks decreased in low dose Boron groups and increase in middle dose and high dose Boron significantly(P＜0.05).These results demonstrate giving slight Boron to ostrich may promote organs of HPT axis to develop,but excess Boron will produce toxic effect on organism.So it is good to supply ostrich chicks with not so much as 100mg(B)/L (water) Boron.
6 Expression of LH and MR in HPT axis of ostrich under different Boron levels
Distribution of LH and MR in HPT axis of 90-day-old ostrich under different Boron levels was studied by SABC.The results were as follows:LH immunoreactivity positive substance was observed in SON,PVN and ARC of hypothalamus,pituitary and testis of ostrich chicks.Boron effected the expression of LH,which showed the expression of LH increased in low dose Boron groups and decreased in middle dose and high dose Boron groups compared to that in control groups.MR immunoreactivity positive substance was observed in SON,PVN and ARC of hypothalamus,but not observed in pituitary and testis.Boron inhibitted the expression of MR in hypothalamus.These results indicate the distribution and expression of LH and MR in HPT axis changed with increasing Boron, and Boron could regulate the activity of HPT axis by influencing the expression LH and MR in HPT axis.
7 The effect of Boron on hormone level in serum of ostrich chicks
The RIA was used to detect the hormone level in serum of ostrich chicks under different Boron levels.The data by statistical analysis showed Boron had effect on FSH, LH,T,E_2 and T/E_2 in serum,but the change regulation of them is different with increasing Boron.Compared with the hormone level in serum of ostrich chicks in control groups,the level of LH and T in serum of ostrich chicks in low dose Boron groups increased,but that in low dose and in middle dose Boron groups both decreased significantly.Moreover,the change of T level with Boron was related to the change of LH level.The levels of FSH and E_2 always increased,but the ratio of T and E_2 always decreased with increasing Boron.The results elucidate Boron influences the level of reproduction hormone in serum,and the levels of these hormones are important index to measure the gonad function,so we can presume Boron regulates the activity of HPT axis of ostrich chicks by influencing the levels of hormone of HPT axis in serum.
1雏鸵鸟睾丸发育的形态学研究
本研究以1 d、30 d、45 d和90 d健康非洲雏鸵鸟作为试验动物,通过光镜和电镜样本制作,采用HE染色及TUNEL技术,研究雏鸵鸟睾丸发育的形态学特点。结果显示,雏鸵鸟睾丸的外形与其它物种存在明显差异,睾丸组织结构同其它禽类的一样没有睾丸纵隔和睾丸小隔;精原细胞的胞质内所含细胞器不丰富,精母细胞胞质内富含线粒体、游离核糖体和粗面内质网。1 d雏鸵鸟睾丸内以原始生殖细胞为主,30 d时原始生殖细胞全部分化为精原细胞,45 d时生精小管内已开始出现初级精母细胞,45～90 d内精原细胞分裂增殖速度变化不明显。1-90 d的雏鸵鸟睾丸内均存在细胞凋亡现象,但凋亡程度有所不同,45 d睾丸内发生凋亡的细胞数目最多。表明,雏鸵鸟在生后早期睾丸发育较快,且刚出生时睾丸的组织结构与其他禽类有明显差异。
2雏鸵鸟睾丸发育过程中黄体生成素和褪黑素受体的表达研究
采用免疫组织化学SABC法对1 d、30 d、45 d和90 d雏鸵鸟睾丸内黄体生成素(LH)和褪黑素受体(MR)的分布进行定位,结果显示:LH阳性细胞胞质或胞膜出现棕黄色,胞核无阳性反应;MR阳性反应颗粒呈棕褐色或棕黄色,可位于胞质、胞膜或胞核,呈散在均一或不均匀分布。LH和MR在雏鸵鸟睾丸内的分布特点均随年龄变化,这两种物质在1 d鸵鸟睾丸内均有分布,但在30 d睾丸内两者均未检测到;LH在90 d鸵鸟睾丸内有分布,但阳性表达较弱,而在此发育阶段仍未检测到MR阳性产物。表明,LH和MR在鸵鸟刚出生时原始生殖细胞分化为精原细胞的过程中和间质细胞分化过程中起着一定的调节作用。
3雏鸵鸟发育过程中血清激素水平的年龄性变化
采用放射免疫测定法(RIA)检测1d、30d、45d和90d雏鸵鸟血清激素水平,结果如下:雏鸵鸟血清中生殖激素促卵泡素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E_2)的水平随其年龄的增长而发生变化,血清中FSH含量先逐渐增加,到45 d时开始下降,90 d时其血清FSH水平甚至低于1 d血清中的水平;LH和T的含量随年龄增大而逐渐增加,基本呈直线增加;E_2的含量在1-45 d之间缓慢降低,45 d后开始迅速降低;且T与E_2的比值在1-45 d之间缓慢减小,45 d后开始迅速增加。结果表明,血清生殖激素水平随年龄发生变化,且45 d前后变化比较大,提示雏鸵鸟在45 d前后的发育可能比较特殊。
4雏鸵鸟下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的组织学研究
采用石蜡切片及HE染色技术对雏鸵鸟下丘脑弓状核(ARC)、视上核(SON)、室旁核(PVN)、视交叉上核(SCN)进行了细胞构筑研究;采用Orange G-AcidFuchsin-Light Green(OFG)染色方法对垂体的组织结构进行了研究,结果显示,垂体前叶的嗜酸性细胞被染成黄色,此类细胞的胞质丰富,核偏于细胞一侧,细胞轮廓清晰;嗜碱性细胞被染成紫红色,细胞界限清晰,一般由若干个细胞呈团状分布;嫌色细胞和间质组织被染成绿色,嫌色细胞界限不清。结果表明,雏鸵鸟下丘脑核团的特征与北京鸭的大体相似,差别在于核团内细胞的大小;OFG染色比HE染色更容易分辨这3类细胞,便于观察垂体前叶细胞的结构特征。
5硼对下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴组织学的影响研究
以90 d的雏鸵鸟作为试验动物,随机分为4组:3个试验组和1个对照组,采用HE染色方法及TUNEL技术,研究不同硼水平下下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴(HPT)各器官的组织学变化及细胞凋亡特点。结果显示,硼对雏鸵鸟下丘脑、垂体和睾丸的组织结构均有一定的影响,且低硼组(100mg/L)对其HPT轴的发育良好,而中硼组(200mg/L)和高硼组(400mg/L)HPT轴各器官均产生不同程度的病理组织学变化。TUNEL技术检测结果显示,生理状态下HPT轴各器官内均存在细胞凋亡现象,而不同硼水平下雄性雏鸵鸟性腺轴各器官内发生细胞凋亡的程度不同,神经细胞的凋亡数量随硼含量的增加而增加;神经胶质细胞、垂体细胞及睾丸细胞均表现为低硼减少,中硼和高硼显著增加(P＜0.05)。上述结果表明,适量的硼对HPT的发育有起一定的促进作用,而过量硼对机体产生一定的毒性作用,因此,建议给鸵鸟补硼以不超过100mg/L为宜。
6不同硼水平下HPT轴内LH和MR的表达研究
采用免疫组织化学SABC法研究不同硼水平下LH和MR在90 d雏鸵鸟HPT轴内的分布进行研究。结果如下,雏鸵鸟下丘脑视上核、室旁核和弓状核内以及垂体和睾丸内均有LH阳性产物,其表达量均受硼的影响,表现为低硼表达增强,中硼和高硼减弱。雏鸵鸟下丘脑视上核、室旁核和视交叉上核内有MR分布,而垂体和睾丸内未见MR阳性产物,且硼对MR在下丘脑内的表达有抑制作用。该试验结果表明,不同硼水平下LH和MR在HPT轴的分布和表达存在差异,推测硼可能通过影响LH和MR在HPT轴各器官内的分布的表达来调节雏鸵鸟HPT轴的活动。
7硼对雏鸵鸟血清激素水平的影响研究
采用RIA法对不同硼水平下雏鸵鸟血清激素水平进行测定,结果显示,不同硼水平对雏鸵鸟血清FSH、LH、T、E_2及T/E_2均有一定的影响,其变化规律存在差异。与对照组比较,低硼组血清LH水平有所提高,但差异不显著,而血清T的水平显著提高(P＜0.05);中硼组和高硼组LH和T的与对照组和低硼组相比均显著降低(P＜0.05),且这两个组之间差异不显著。血清T和LH的变化随硼添加量的改变呈一定的相关性,均表现为低硼升高,中硼和高硼降低。血清FSH和E_2含量均随硼添加量的增加而增加,而T与E_2的比值随硼剂量的增加而减小。以上结果表明,硼对血清生殖激素的水平有一定影响,而激素水平是衡量性腺功能的重要指标,提示硼对雏鸵鸟HPT轴的影响也可能通过改变其激素的分泌活动来实现的。
African ostrich,belonging to Aves class,Struthioniformes order,Struthioidae family, is the biggest bird existing in the world,whose adaptability is very strong.Compared to the other birds,African ostrich has special breeding characteristics.The sexual mature of the ostrich is much later,and the age of female ostrich reached to sexual mature is 2 to 2.5 years old,while the male is 2.5 to 3 years.The breeding characteristics of the ostrich results in the ostrich has very long breeding cycle and is infaust for cultivation of the ostrich.The ostrich has assumed significant economic importance as a farmed bird,and internal and foreign researchers have done many research on it.The morphological characteristics of some tissue and organ of the ostrich have been reported at present,but the morphological feature of sex gland axile development and the effect of microelement Boron on the hypothalamus-pituitay-testis(HPT) of male ostrich chick are still unknow.In the present study,African ostrich chicks were divided in 3 experimental groups and 1 control group at random,and the ostrich chicks of experimental groups were given Boron by drinking water.Using the methods of paraffin section,HE staining,transmission electron microscopy,immunohistochemistry(SABC),radioactive immunoassay, histochemical method and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL),the structural characteristics of ostrich chick testis,the changes of histological structure and apoptosis of HPT axis after giving Boron.The main contents and research results are as follows:
1 The study on development morphology of the testis of ostrich chicks
The healthy ostrich chick testicles of 1,30,45 and 90-day-old were studied by the methods of paraffin section,HE staining,transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL. The results indicated that there were obvious variance with the testis shape of ostrich chicks and other species,but the histological structure of the testis of them was similar with that of the other birds.There were corpus highmorianum and septula testis in the testis of ostrich chicks,and the cell organ of the cytoplasm of spermiogonium was very little,but the cytoplasm of primary spermatocyte contained redundant mitochondria,free ribosome and rough endoplasmic reticulum.The spermatogenic cells were mainly primordial germ cells in testis of 1 d old ostrich chicks,and spermiogonium in testis of 30-day-old ostrich chicks.Primary spermatocytes were observed in seminiferous tubule of 45-day-old ostrich chicks,and the change of testis structure was not obvious from day 45 to day 90.Apoptosis of testicular cells took place at any developmental period from 1-day-old to 90-day-old ostrich,but more apoptosis testicular cells were observed at day 45.These results demonstrate the testis of ostrich chicks develops fast after postnatal commitment,and there is obvious variance with the morphological characteristic of testis ostrich chicks and other birds.
2 The study of expression of luteinizing hormone and melatonin receptor in the testis during developmental period from 1-day-old to 90-day-old ostrich
The distribution of luteinizing hormone(LH) and melatonin receptor(MR) in the testis of 1,30,45 and 90-day-old ostrich were studied by SABC.The cytoplasm and cell membrane of LH immunoreactivity positive cells in testis of ostrich chicks showed yellow or dark brown,but there was no positive reaction.The positive substance of MR in testis was yellow or dark brown and located in cytoplasm,cell membrane and nuclei,and showed uniform or contagious distribution.The distribution of LH and MR in the testis changed with the ages of ostrich chicks.The positive signals of LH and MR were observed in 1-day-old ostrich testis,but were not detected in 30-day-old ostrich testis. There were LH immunoreactivity positive cells in the testis at day 90,but MR immunoreactivity positive substance was not observed at the developmental period.These results demonstrate that LH and MR play some role in the procedure of primordial germ cells differentiating into spermiogonium and Leydig cells differentiation.
3 The change of the hormone level in serum with ages of ostrich chicks
The hormone level in serum of 1,30,45 and 90-day-old ostrich was detected by RIA. The results showed that the levels of follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),testosterone(T) and estradiol(E_2) in serum changed with ages of ostrich chicks.The level of FSH in serum increased from day 1 to day 45,and began to decreased after day 45.The level of FSH was lower in serum at day 90 than in that at day 1.The level of LH and T in serum always increased with ages of ostrich chicks.The level of E_2 in serum increased from day 1 to day 45,and began to decreased after day 45.The ratio of T and E_2 decreased from day 1 to day 45 slowly,and increased after day 45 fast.These results demonstrate the levels of reproduction hormone in serum change with ages,and change obviously at day 45.So we can presume that the testis development of ostrich chicks is very special at day 45.
4 The study on histology of hypothalamus,pituitary and testis of ostrich chicks
The cytoarchitecture of arcuate nucleus(ARC),supraoptic nucleus(SON), paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) was studied by HE staining,and the histological structure of pituitary was studied by HE staining and Orange G-Acid Fuchsin-Light Green(OFG).The results showed the acidophilic cells of antepituitary were stained yellow and those cells had the characteristic with redundant cytoplasm and limpid cells boundary,and the nuclei located aside of them.The basophilic cells of antepituitary were stained mauve and had the characteristic with limpid cells boundary,and several basophilic cells were distributed grouping.The chromophobe cells and mesenchymal tissue of pituitary were stained green and the cell boundary of chromophobe cells was unsharp.These results demonstrate the cytoarchitectue of ARC, SON,PVN and SCN of ostrich chicks are similar with that of Pekin duck in general,but the difference is the size of neurons in that.The structural characteristics of the three kind of cells in pituitary are observed and distinguished easilier by OFG staining than HE staining.
5 The study on the effect of Boron on the histology of HPT axis
90-day-old ostrich chicks were divided in 3 experimental groups and 1 control group at random,and the ostrich chicks of experiment groups were give Boron by drinking water.Histological changes and apoptosis characteristics of HPT axis under different Boron levels were studied by HE staining and TUNEL.The results showed that Boron could influence the histological structure of HPT axis.All organs of HPT axis of ostrich chicks in low dose Boron(100mg/L)groups adevelop much well,but middle dose Boron(200mg/L) and high dose Boron(400mg/L) both induced different degree histopathological change of HPT axis.The data by statistical analysis showed apoptosis cells were detected by TUNEL in HPT axis of ostrich chicks in control groups,and apoptosis degree changed with Boron level.Compared to the number of apoptosis cells in control groups,the number of apoptosis nerve cells increased with increasing Boron, but the number of apoptosis neuroglia cells and the cells in pituitary and testis of ostrich chicks decreased in low dose Boron groups and increase in middle dose and high dose Boron significantly(P＜0.05).These results demonstrate giving slight Boron to ostrich may promote organs of HPT axis to develop,but excess Boron will produce toxic effect on organism.So it is good to supply ostrich chicks with not so much as 100mg(B)/L (water) Boron.
6 Expression of LH and MR in HPT axis of ostrich under different Boron levels
Distribution of LH and MR in HPT axis of 90-day-old ostrich under different Boron levels was studied by SABC.The results were as follows:LH immunoreactivity positive substance was observed in SON,PVN and ARC of hypothalamus,pituitary and testis of ostrich chicks.Boron effected the expression of LH,which showed the expression of LH increased in low dose Boron groups and decreased in middle dose and high dose Boron groups compared to that in control groups.MR immunoreactivity positive substance was observed in SON,PVN and ARC of hypothalamus,but not observed in pituitary and testis.Boron inhibitted the expression of MR in hypothalamus.These results indicate the distribution and expression of LH and MR in HPT axis changed with increasing Boron, and Boron could regulate the activity of HPT axis by influencing the expression LH and MR in HPT axis.
7 The effect of Boron on hormone level in serum of ostrich chicks
The RIA was used to detect the hormone level in serum of ostrich chicks under different Boron levels.The data by statistical analysis showed Boron had effect on FSH, LH,T,E_2 and T/E_2 in serum,but the change regulation of them is different with increasing Boron.Compared with the hormone level in serum of ostrich chicks in control groups,the level of LH and T in serum of ostrich chicks in low dose Boron groups increased,but that in low dose and in middle dose Boron groups both decreased significantly.Moreover,the change of T level with Boron was related to the change of LH level.The levels of FSH and E_2 always increased,but the ratio of T and E_2 always decreased with increasing Boron.The results elucidate Boron influences the level of reproduction hormone in serum,and the levels of these hormones are important index to measure the gonad function,so we can presume Boron regulates the activity of HPT axis of ostrich chicks by influencing the levels of hormone of HPT axis in serum.
引文
1.白晓辉,高春生,李奎,徐亚平,梁宏德,张可强,肖传斌.鸵鸟肝脏的形态学观察,动物医学进展,2005,26(12):58-61
2.曹斌云,李健,王建辰,朱建楚,康靖全.IGF-1对山羊睾丸间质细胞分泌睾酮的调节机理.中国兽医学报,1998,18(3):275-278
3.陈雪雁,李劲松,陈克铨,陈实平,刘平,王莎丽,阎月明,程凯 金淑梅,邹宇红.FSH和LH在不同发育阶段大鼠睾丸中的表达.解剖科学进展,1997,3(3):257
4.成令忠,钟翠平,蔡文琴.现代组织学.上海:科学技术出版社,2003,737-762
5.崔保维.鸵鸟养殖技术.北京:中国农业出版社,1996,24-25
6.催世英,王敬之,汪翠华,刘桂云,邵佑之,郭锦新.大鼠弓状核的组织学与超微结构观察.锦州医学院学报,1990,11(4):258
7.董武子,吉亚杰,尹燕博,张彦明.鸵鸟不同繁殖状态下血浆17β-E2和P4水平变化的研究.西北农林科技大学学报,2002,6:58-61
8.杜卓民.实用组织学技术.第二版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1998
9.高惠宝,Renshan G E,Hardy M P.大鼠内源性糖皮质激素对间质细胞功能的影响.男性学杂志,1997,11(2):65-69
10.葛年丰,钱国祯.大鼠下丘脑室旁核神经元的超微结构特征.解剖学杂志 1988,11(3):151
11.郭彩霞,唐铁山,刘以训.睾丸生殖细胞的凋亡及其调控.生理科学进展,2000,31(4):299-304
12.龚守良,刘树辉.下丘脑弓状核区损毁对雄性大鼠生殖内分泌的影响.白求恩医科大学学报,1988,14(2):97-99
13.龚守良,吕吉,李修义.大鼠弓状核损毁后睾丸超微结构的变化.白求恩医科大学学报,1993,19(4):323-326
14.韩新兵,曹咏清,庄临之.促性腺激素释放激素受体及其基因表达调控.生理科学进展,1998,29(3):198-201
15.何宝霞,傅业全,徐世文.镉中毒对鸡垂体氧化应激和凋亡的影响.毒理学杂志,2007,21(2):124-126
16.黄奕生.畜禽组织学与胚胎学.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1990,199-200
17.贺桂琼,孙善全。视交叉上核的结构及其在昼夜节律中的作用.解剖科学进展,2000,6(2):97-101
18.金光明,王珏,王永荣,关正祖,陈广德,赵以玉,甘寅先,李绍全.皖西白 公鹅生殖器官解剖.安徽农技师范学院学报,2000,14(1):25-28
19.鞠学红,蒋吉英,王金平,王道奎,鞠晓华,冷志敏.垂体动脉的应用解剖.中国临床解剖学杂志,2002,20(1):33-34
20.林大诚.北京鸭解剖.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1994,174
21.李方成,蒋先惠,张平,刘绍春.垂体瘤增殖细胞核抗原表达的意义.实用肿瘤杂志,1998,13(2):83-84
22.李光辉,贺普霄.畜禽微量元素性疾病.安徽科技出版社,1990,172-175
23.李维,王海云,徐一树.鸭垂体促黄体素(LH)测定方法的研究及鸭排卵周期血浆含量.畜牧兽医学报,1986,17(2):31-32
24.刘广益,方一心,曾志源.下丘脑弓状核的形态结构与生理功能,四川解剖学杂志,1996,4(3):163-168
25.刘皓,陈雪娴,赵文德.切除甲状腺后胎羊垂体前叶细胞的免疫组化观察.中国地方病学杂志,2001,20(5):325-327
26.刘浩,郁秉辉,程其荣.下丘脑弓状核神经纤维起源研究-HRP法.解剖学杂志,1990,13(增刊):134
27.刘红云,张才乔,禽类下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的内分泌调节.中国兽医杂志,2006,42(9):41-43
28.刘华珍,彭克美,陈文钦.非洲鸵鸟延髓网状结构细胞构筑研究.畜牧兽医学报,2005,36(8):851-854
29.刘辉,王丽琴,韩秋典,景亚平,滦新龙,周玉民.家鸽、鹌鹑和鸡睾丸的定量组织学比较.内蒙古畜牧科学,1997,2:13-14
30.刘济五,颜水泉,李良玉.北京鸭脑立体定位图谱.北京:科学出版社.2002,40-41
31.刘少君.哺乳动物垂体后叶比较化学神经解剖学I.P物质免疫反应神经纤维在人、猴、狗、猫及大鼠垂体后叶的分布比较.神经解剖学杂志,1998,14(2):127-134
32.刘少君,鞠躬,段晓勤.甘丙肽免疫阳性神经纤维在人、猴、犬、猫及大鼠垂体后叶分布的比较研究.解剖学报,1991,22(3):123-126
33.刘少君,鞠躬.大鼠垂体后叶生长抑素阳性纤维的起源.解剖学报,1991,22(4):121-124
34.刘晓燕,郭霞珍,马淑然,季节因素对大鼠下丘脑和垂体褪黑素受体的影响.生殖医学杂志,2006,15(1):38-41
35.李升和.硼对固始鸡生长性能、血液学及免疫器官发育的影响.[硕士学位论文].西北农林科技大学,2005
36.李玉谷,张媛,孔小明,程树军,黄韧.比格犬脑垂体远侧部细胞的电镜观察.畜 牧兽医学报,2003,34(5),468-470
37.李忠恩,刘锡仪.慢性应激性高血压大鼠电刺激弓状核引起的降压作用.生理学报,1992,44(2):133-136
38.陆祖谦,刘志民,何金,刘会敏,赵瑛,彭树勋.人胚胎肾上腺皮质褪黑素受体亚型蛋白的分布.第二军医大学学报,2001,22(1):18-20
39.罗克.家禽解剖学与组织学.厦门:福建科学技术出版社,1983
40.毛宇彬译.硼仔实验动物和人体的动力学和代谢.国外医学地理分册,2000,21(2):77-79
41.米玉玲,张才乔.禽类性腺分化和性别控制的分子机理.农业生物技术学报,004,12:602-605
42.牛勇,谭成森,卢延旭,刘媛,孙文平.睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的基因调控,江西医学院学报,2004,44(2):132-133
43.潘堂峰.摩杂一代水牛与广西本地水牛下丘脑神经核团形态学及细胞构筑比较研究.[硕士学位论文].广西大学,2007
44.彭克美主编。畜禽解剖学.高等教育出版社,2005,273
45.彭克美,刘华珍,冯悦平,何文波,唐文花.非洲鸵鸟.野生动物,2004,(5):5
46.彭克美,邱德新,周和清,汪定基,罗旋.鸵鸟骨骼的解剖学观察.野生动物,1997,(2):44-46
47.彭克美,张登荣主编.组织学与胚胎学.北京:中国农业出版社,2002,123-187,181-187
48.彭克美,张维民,冯悦平.非洲鸵鸟脑的解剖研究.华中农业大学学报,1998,17(4):373-377
49.卜书海,郑雪莉,董武子.不同繁殖状态鸵鸟血浆FSH、LH水平比较分析.中国兽医杂志,2006,42(1):23-24
50.秦俊法.硼的生物必需性及人体健康效应.广东微量元素科学,1999,6(9):1
51.宋卉,彭克美,唐文花,刘华珍,王岩,位兰,杜安娜,唐丽.鸵鸟口咽腔结构特点与功能关系.中国兽医学报,2007,27(1):77-81
52.孙中安,刘志民,黄超.人胚胎甲状腺褪黑素受体mRNA检测.第二军医大学学报,2000,21(11):1062-1064
53.唐华美,朱长庚.大鼠下丘脑弓状核神经元的神经支配.解剖学报,1996,27(1):26-31
54.唐镁仪,张崇理。促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素对生殖功能的调节.动物学报,1998,44(4):475-479
55.唐丽,彭克美,宋卉,位兰,王岩,李升和,杜安娜,靳二辉,王家乡.非洲雏鸵鸟泌尿系统的解剖学研究,野生动物,2006,27(5):35-37
56.位兰,彭克美,罗来强,宋卉,王岩,李升和,唐丽,杜安娜,靳二辉,王家乡.雄性非洲雏鸵鸟主要生殖器官的解剖学研究.野生动物,2006,27(6):35-37
57.位兰,彭克美,罗来强等.雄性雏鸵鸟生殖器官的形态学研究.畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(8):851-855
58.王国权,刘冬萍,邵福源,赵瑛,刘志民.褪黑素受体在人胎脑中的分布.江西医学院学报,2003,43(3):36-39
59.王禾芝,傅志良.弓状核与生殖.河北医学院学报,1987,8(2):121
60.王夔.生命科学中的微量元素.第二版.北京:中国计量出版社,1996,377-402.
61.王珏,金光明,李升和,皖西白鹅睾丸胚后发育的组织学研究.畜牧与兽医,2000,32(6):9-11
62.王密,杜鹃.睾丸局部因素对Leydig细胞功能调节.右江民族医学院学报,1994,16(3):94-97
63.王岩,彭克美,宋卉,位兰,李升和,唐丽,杜安娜,靳二辉,王家乡.非洲鸵鸟的雌雄鉴别研究,野生动物,2007,28(1):7-9
64.王旭东,陆莲华.导水管周围灰质微量注射纳洛酮对弓状核降压效应的影响.贵阳医学院学报,1991,2:81-83
65.吴春云,李枫,唐军民,毕振武.颌下腺切除后大鼠睾丸间质细胞的组织化学观察.北京医科大学学报,2000,32(2):167-170
66.吴世林.鸵鸟生产。上海:上海科学技术出版社,1997,10-11
67.肖传斌,刘忠虎,梁宏德,党静,高春生,王平利.非洲鸵鸟食管组织学观察.河南农业大学学报,2005,39(1):102-105
68.邢文英,史学义,丁一,扬继要,张娓,朱晓燕.大鼠垂体细胞动力学研究.河南医学研究,2002,11(2):406-408
69.徐富翠,吴绍华,郑福蓉,刘广益.小鼠生后不同发育阶段睾丸生殖细胞的超微结构研究.泸州医学院学报,2005,28(4):303-307
70.徐海伟,黎海蒂,吴旋,范晓棠,龚发云.褪黑素受体亚型Mella和Mel 1b在大鼠中枢神经系统的分布差异-原位杂交研究.解剖学报,2003,34(2):129-134
71.徐亚平,肖传斌,李奎,李亚浩.非洲鸵鸟主要消化器官的观测.畜牧与兽医,2005,37(7):44-46
72.杨天祝.临床应用神经解剖。中国协和医科大学出版社,2002,497-524
73.杨秀平.动物生理学.北京:高等教育出版社,2002,261-362
74.渊锡潘,张一玲.动物繁殖学。陕西杨陵:天则出版社,1994
75.袁缨,吕林.添加硼对肉仔鸡组织器官中硼的富集和铁、铜、锰、锌含量的影响.沈阳农业大学学报,2002,33(1):53-56
76.张峰,王国恩.闩本海马脑垂体的组织学观察.大连水产学院学报,1992,6(3-4):28-34
77.张群洲,陈曼玲.黄体生成素和绒毛膜促性腺激素受体的研究进展.国外医学分子生物学分册,1999,21(4):240-244
78.朱长庚,李正莉.细胞因子与免疫-神经-内分泌调节网络.解剖学报,1996,27(4):339-344
79.祝辉,沙家豪,周作民.类固醇生成因子在生殖功能中的作用.生殖医学杂志,1997,6(4):246-249
80.朱梦漾,王孝媛,张德秀,万銑先.损毁弓状核区对大鼠脑内β-内啡肽、5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素含量及其对针刺镇痛的影响.生理学报,1984,36(1):33-36
81.赵慧英,龙敏,孙健红,李义书,刘根胜,马夜肥.雌性鸵鸟生殖器官解剖学和组织学观察.中国兽医杂志,2006,42(7):23-25
82.赵书芬,傅桂芳,吴玉坏,冯甲棣.毁损弓状核对大鼠体温调节的影响.中国医科大学学报,1991,20(4):261-263
83.张军,吴良芳,欧可群.视交叉上核昼夜节律的化学解剖学.神经解剖学杂志,1997,13(4):410-416
84.赵显玲,郝利铭,高元奇.法国鹌鹑脑垂体神经叶的超微结构研究.东北师大学报自然科学版.2000,32(4):59-62
85.赵瑛,邵福源,何淑芬,彭树勋.人胚胎下丘脑褪黑素受体鉴定及其生物学特性.中华内分泌代谢杂志,1999,15(3):149-152
86.赵瑛,邵福源,何淑芬,彭树勋.人胚胎中枢神经系统褪黑素受体的鉴定及生物学特性.第二军医大学学报,2001,22(1):12-14
87.赵瑛,刘志民,周晖.松果体及褪黑素.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2004,19-90
88.赵燕玲,曲友直,王宗仁.茂丹通脉片对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经细胞凋亡及Fas-L 蛋白表达的影响.中国中医急症,2006,15(9):1005-1007
89.朱元招,吴学祥,祝寿康.四季鹅产蛋前后腺垂体远侧部细胞的超微结构比较.中国兽医学报,1998,18(4),390-393
90.赵正卿.热应激对大鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核的影响.[硕士学位论文].第四军医大学,2007
91.Abney T O.The potential roles of estrogens in regulating Leydig cell development and function:a review.Steroids,1994,64(9):610-615
92.Adele R T,Hatizivi G,Louwrens C H.The roles of the proteasome,and cathepsins B,L,H and D,in ostrich meat tenderization.Meat Science,2004,67:113-120
93.Aire T A.The epididymal region of the Japanese quail(Coturnix cotumix japonica). ActaAnat, 1979,103: 305-312
94. Aire T A. The rete testis of birds. J Anat, 1982, 135: 97-110
95. Aire T A. A micro-stereological study of the avian epididymal region of birds. J Anat, 1979,129: 703-706
96. Aire T A, Soley J T. The Surface Features of the Epithelial Lining of the Ducts of the Epididymis of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2000,29(2): 119-126
97. Albers H E, Forris C F.N europeptide Y: role in light-dark cycle entrainment of ham ster circadian rhythm s. N eurosci Lett, 1984, 50 (123): 163-168
98. Allan Degen A. Plasma level of LH and sterdiol hormones in male and female domestic ostrich(struthio camelus). Gen Comp Endocr, 1994,93:21-27
99. Allsopp T E, Wyatts, Paterson H F, Davies A M. The Proto-oncogene bcl-2 can selectively rescue neurotrophic factor-dependent neurons from apoptosis. Cell, 1993, 73(2): 295 -307
100. Altunay H, Kozlu T. The Fine Structure of the Harderian Gland in the Ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 2004, 33(3): 141-145
101. Amstrong W E, Stem J E. Eleetrophysiological and Morphological Characteristics of Neurous in perinuclear Zone of Sopraoptie Neuelus. Neurophysiol, 1997, 78(5): 2427-2437
102. Armstrong T A, Mile R D, Lloyd K E. Inflammatory response, growth, and thyroid hormone concentraions are affected by long-term Boron supplementation in gilts. Anim Sci, 2001, 79(6): 1549-1556.
103. Ascoli M, Fanelli F, and Segaloff D L, Lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor. Endoerine Reviews, 2002, 23, 141-174
104. Banks D, Harris M C: Activition of hypothalamic arcuate but not paraventricular neuron following carotid body chemorceptor stimulation in the rat. Neuroscience, 1988, 24: 967-976
105. Barker S D E, Kendall M D. A study of the rete testis epithelium in several wild birds. J Anat, 1984,138: 139-152.
106. Belen, M. , Cristoebal M, Jovita M. Marked differences between avian and mammalian testicular cells in the heat shock induction and polyadenylation of Hsp70 and ubiquitin transcripts. Federation of European Biochemical Societies, 1998,436: 382-386
107. Bianco-Rodriguez J, Martinez-Garcia C. Mild hypothermia induces apoptosis in rat testis at specific stages of the seminiferous epithelium. J Androl, 1997, 18: 535-539
108. Breder C D, Dinareuo C A, Saper C B: Interleukin-1 immunoreactive innervation of human hypothalamus. Science, 1988, 240: 321-324
109. Brinkworth M H, Weinbauer G F, Schlatt S, Nieschlag E. Identification of male germ cells undergoing apoptosis in adult rats. J Reprod Fertil, 1995, 105: 25-33
110. Bruggeman V , Van A P, Decuypere E. Developmental endocrinology of the reproductive axis in the chicken embryo. Comp Biochem Physiol, Part A, 2002, 131: 839-846
111. Cain M P, Kramer S A, Tindall D J, et al. Alterations in maternal epidermal growth factor(EGF) effect testicular descent and epididymal development. J Urology, 1994, 43(3): 375-379
112. Cain M P., Kramer S A., Tindall D J., Husmand D A., Hensle T W. FSH does not directly influence testicular macrophages. J Androl, 1998,19(4): 420-426
113. Chapin R E, Ku W W, The reproductive toxicity of boric acid. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(suppl. 7): 65-72
114. Chronwall B M: Anatomy and physiology of the neruoendocrine arcuate nucleus. Peptides, 1985, 6(suppl. 2): 1-11
115. Chen J, Graham S H, Nakayama M, Zhu R L, Jin K, Stetler R A, Simon R P. Apoptosis repressor genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-x-long are expressed in the rat brain following global isehemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 1997, 17(1): 2-10
116. Cogger E A, Burke W H, Ogren L A. Serum LH progeste-rone and estradiol levels in relation to broodiness in the turkey(Meleagyis gallapavo). Poultry Science, 1978, 58:1155-1360
117. Cohen P E, Pollad J W. Normal sexual function in male mice lacking a function altypelinterleukin-1(IL-1) receptor. Endocrinology, 1998, 139: 815-817
118. Decoursey P T, Buggy T. Restoration of locomotor rhythmicity in SCN-lesioned hamsters by transplantation of fetal SCN. Neurosci Abstrs, 1986, 12 (3): 210-213
119. Dierickx K, Vandesande F, Earnest D J, Sladek C D. Circadian rhythms of vasopressin release from individual rat suprachiasmatic explants vitro containing the SCN. Brain Res, 1986; 382 (1): 129-133
120. Dufau M L, Endocrine regulation and communicating functions of the leydig cell. Annu. Rev Physiol, 1988, 50,483-508
121. Eckola V, Nikula H, Huhtaniemi I. Age-related variation of follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated cAMP production, protein kinase C and their interaction in the rat testis. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 1993, 93(2): 143-148
122. Elias M Z, Bezuidenhout A J, Groenewald H B. Macroscopic blood supply to the hypophysis and hypothalamus of the ostrich(Struthio camelus). J Vet Res, 1996, 63(3): 245-252
123. Enarl M, Hug H, Nagata S. Involvement of an ICE-like protease in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Nature, 1995, 375(6526): 78-79
124. Everett J W: The mammalian hypothalamo-hypophysial system. In: Jeffcoate S L, Hutchinsom JSM(eds). The endocrine hypothalamus. London: Academic, 1978, 15
125. Dierickx K,Vandesande F: Immunoeytoehemical localication of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons in the human hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res, 1977, 184: 15-27
126. Fernandez-Lopez J, Jimenez S, Sayas-Barbera E, Sendrae, Perez-Alvrez J A. Quality characteristics of ostrich (Struthio camelus) burgers. Meat Science. 2006, 73: 295-303
127. Furr B J, Bonney R C, England R J, Cunningham F J. Luteinizing homone and progesterone in peripheral blood during the ovulator cycle of the hen(Gallus domesticus). J Endocr, 1973, 57(1): 159-169
128. Furuchi T, Masuko K, Nishimune Y, M Obinata and Y Matsui. Inhabition of testicular germ cell apoptosis and differentiation in mice misexpressing Bcl-2 in spermatogonia. J Development, 1996, 122(6): 1703-1709
129. Gareial, Martinou I, Tsujimoto Y, Martinou J C. Prevention of Progranuned cell death of sympathetic neurons by the bcl-2 proto-oncogene. Science, 1992, 258(5080): 302-304
130. Griswold M D. Interactions between germ cells and Sertoli cells in the testis. Biol Reprod, 1995, 55(9): 211-216
131. Griswold M D. Protein secretions of Sertoli cells. Int Rev Cytol, 1988, 110: 133-156.
132. Hall S H, Conti M, French F S, Joseph D R. Follicle-stimulating hormone regulation of androgen binding protein messenger RNA in Sertoli cell culture. Mol Endocrinol,1990,4(2): 349-355
133. Hant C D, Herbel J L, Nielsen F H. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary Boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: Boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997, 65(3): 803-813
134. Hayashi H, Imai K, Imai K. Characterization of chicken ACTH is more similar to Xenopus ACTH than to other avian ACTH. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 1991, 82(3): 434-443
135. Hess R A, Thurston R J, Biellier H V Morphology of the epididymal region and ductus deferens of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). J Anat,1976,124: 241-252
136. Hess R A, Thurston R J. Ultrastructure of the epithelial cells in the epididymal region of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). J Anat, 1977, 124: 765-778
137. Hirose T, Smith R J, Jetten A M. ROR gamma: the third member of ROR/RZR orphan receptor subfamily that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.,1994, 205(3): 1976-1983
138. Hoffman L C, Mellett F D. Quality characteristics of low fat ostrich meat patties formulated with either pork lard or modified corn starch, soya isolate and water. Meat Science, 2003,65: 869-875
139. Hunt C D, Nielsen F. Interaction between Boron and cholecalciferol in the chick[A]. Trace Element Metabolism in Men and Animals-Vol. 4[C]. Australian Academy of Science: Gawthorne J, White C. eds. Canberra, 1981: 597-600
140. Hunt C D. Dietary Boron modified the effect of magnesium and molybdenum on mineral metabolism in the cholecalciferol-deficient chick. Biol Tr Elem Res, 1989, 22(2): 201-220
141. Hunt C D, Herbel J L, Nielsen F H. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women . to supplemental dietary Boron and aluminum during ususl and low magnesium intake: Boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997, 65(3): 803-813
142. Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine and Antonomie Responses, J Seience, 1981, 214(4521): 685
143. Ibata Y, Takahashi Y, Okamura H, Kawakami F, Terubayashi H, Kubo T, Yanaihara N. Vasoacitve intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive neurons located in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus receive a direct retinal projection. Neurosci Lett, 1989, 97 (122): 1-5
144. Ibuka N, Kawamura H. Loss of circadian rhythm in sleep wakefulness cycle in the rat by suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions. Brain Res, 1975, 96(1): 76-81
145. Jana N R, Haider S, Bhattacharya S. Thyroid hormone induces a 52 kDa soluble protein in goat testis Leydig cell which stimulates androgen releade. J Biochim. Biophys. Acta protein, 1996, 1292(2): 209-214
146. Jansen J A, Andersen J, Schou J S. Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. J Arch Toxicol. 1984, 55(1): 64-67
147. John N. Maina and Christopher. A qualitative and quantitative study of the lung of an ostrich, Struthio camelus. J Nathaniel Journal of experimental biology, 2001, 201(13): 2313-2330
148. Kiss J, Leranth C S, Halasz B. Serotonergic endings on VIP-neurons in the sup rachiasmatic nucleus and on ACTH-neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. A combination of high resolution autoradiography and electron microscop icimmunocytochem istry. Neuro sci Lett, 1984,44 (2): 119-124.
149. Klein D C, Moore R Y, Reppert S M. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: the mind's clock. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991
150. Lazure C, Paquet L, Litthauer D, Naude R J, Oelofsen W, Chretien M. The ostrich pituitay contains a major peptide homologous to mammalian chromograninA(1-76), Peptides. 1990, 11(1): 79-87
151. Koide Y, Papkoff H, Complete amino acid sequences of follitropin and lutropin in the ostrich, Struthio camelus. Eur J Biochem. 1996, 15; 240(1): 262-267
152. Ku W W, Chapin R E. Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(suppl. 7): 99-105
153. Ku W W, Chapin R E, Testicular toxicity of boric acid (BA): relationship of dose to lesion development and recovery in F344 rat. reprod Toxicol, 1993,7(4): 305-319
154. Lerner A B, Case J D, Takahashi Y, Lee T H, W Mori. Isolation of melatonin the pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes. J Am Chem Soc, 1958, 80: 2587-2587
155. Linnik M D, Zahos P, Geschwind M D, Federoff H J. Expression of bcl-from a defective herpes simplex virus-1 vector limits neuronaldeath in focal cerebral ischemia. 1995,26(9): 1670-1675
156. Liou S Y, Shibata S, Iwasaki K, Ueki S. Optic nerve stimulation-induced increase of release of 3H-glutamate and 3H-aspartate but not 3H-GABA from the sup rachiasmatic in slices of rat hypothalamus. Brain ResBull, 1986, 16 (4): 527-531
157. Liu C, Weaver D R, Jin X, Shearman L P, Pieschl R L, Gribkoff V K, Reppert S M, Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on th suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron 1997,19: 91-102
158. Mauduit C, Hartmann D J, Chauvin M A, Revol A, Morera A M, Benahmed M. Tumor necrosis factor a inhibits gonadotropin action in cultured porcine leydig cell site(s) of action. Endocrinology, 1991, 129: 2933-2941
159. Martinou J C, Dubois-Dauphin M, Staple J K, Rodriguez L, Frankowski H, Missotten M, Albertini P, Talabot D, Catsieas S, Pietra C. overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice Protects neurons ftom naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron, 1994, 13(4): 1017-1030
160. Mikkelsen J D, Larsen P J. Substance Pin the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. Histochemistry, 1993, 100: 3-16
161. Mi Y L, Zhang C Q , Xie M N , Zeng W D. Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and androgen on proliferation of cultured testicular germ cells of embryonic chickens. Gen Comp Endocrino 1, 2004, 138: 237-246
162. Morris D, Souness G, Latif S, Hardy M, Brem A. Testicular 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; development of a model for the mediation of Leydig cell function by corticosteroids. Steroid, 1994, 59: 69-75.
163. Moore R Y, Eichler V B. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res, 1972,42 (1): 201-206
164. Morgan P J, Barrett P, Howell H E, Helliwel R, Melatonin receptors: localization, molecular pharmacology and physiological significance. Neurochemistry International 1994,24: 101-146
165. Morrison R S, Wenzel H J, Kinoshita Y, Robbins C A, Donehower L A, Schwartzkroin P A. Loss of the P53 tumor suppressor gene psotects neurons from kainate-induced cell death. J Neurosei. 1996, 16(4): 1337-1345
166. Moore R Y. The suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus: neuronal ultrastructure. Neurosci Abstr, 1980, 6 (6): 758
167. Murakami N, Takamure M, Takahashi K, Utunomiya K, Kuroda H, and Etoh T. Long-term cultured neurons from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus retain the capacity for circadian oscilation of vasop ressin release. Brain Res, 1991, 545 (1-2): 347-350
168. Naghii M R. The significance of dietary boron, with particular reference to athletes. J Nutrition and Health, 1999,13 (1): 31-37
169. Naghii M R, Samman S. The effect of boron supplementation on the distribution of boron in selected tissues and on testosterone synthesis in rats, Nutritional Biochemistry 1996, 7:507-512
170. Naude R J, Oelofsen W. Isolation and characterization of beta-lipotropin from the pituitary gland of the ostrich Struthio camelus. Int J Pept Protein Res, 1981, 18(2): 135-137
171. Ottinger M A. Short term variation in serum LH and Testosterone in the male japanese quail. Poultry Science, 1983, 62: 908-913
172. Ozeghe P C, Aire T A, Soley J T. The morphology of the efferent ducts of the testis of the ostrich a primitive bird. Anat Embryol(Berl), 2006, 211(5): 559-65
173. Penland J G Dietary Boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(suppl. 7): 87-91
174. Penland J G. The importance of Boron nutrition for brain and psychological function. Biol Trace Elem Res, 1998, 66(1-3): 299-317
175. Plant T M, Krey L C, Moossy J, McCormack J T, Hess D L, Knobil E. The arcuate nucleus and the control of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in the female rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 1978, 102: 52-62
176. Ralph M R, Foster R G, Davis F C, Menaker M. T ransplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determ ines circadian period. Science, 1990, 247(4945): 975-978
177. Rao C V. The beginning of a new era in reproductive biology and medicine: expression of low level of functional luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors in nongonadal tissues. J Physiol Pharmacol, 1996, 47(1): 41-53
178. Recio J, Pevet P, Miguez J M, Masson-Pevet M, Melatonin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and pars tuberalis of testosterone induced photoresponsive rats. Neuroscience Letters 1996,214:53-56
179. Rodriguez I, Ody C, Araki K, Garcia I, Vassalli P. An early and massive wave of germinal cell apoptosis is required for the development of functional spermatogenesis. J EMBO, 1997, 16: 2262-2270
180. Rose M P, Das Gaines R E, and Balen AH, Definition and measurement o ffollicle stimulating hormone. Endoer Rev, 2000, 21, 5-22
181. Sawchendo P E, Swanson L W. Central Monoamine Pathways for the integration of Saper C B etal. Direet Hypothalamo-autonomie Connections. J Brain Res, 1976, 117: 305.
182. Saayman H S, Naude R J, Oelofsen W, Isaaeson L C. Mesotoein and vasotocin, two neurohypephysial hormones in the ostrich, Struthio camelus. Int J Pept Protein Res. , 1986, 28(4): 398-402
183. Stomelli M R, Rieeiardi M P, Giannessi E, Coli A. Links Morphological and histological study of the ostrich(Struthio Camelus L. )liver and biliary system. Ital J Anat Embryol, 2006,111(1): 1-7
184. Sofroniew M V: Immunoreactive β-endorphin and ACTH in the same neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the rat. Am J Anat, 1979, 154: 283-9
185. Swanson L, Cowan W M, Jones E G An autoradiographic study of the efferent connecions of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the albino rat and cat. J Comp N eurol, 1974, 156 (2): 143-63
186. Sinha-Hikim A P, Swerdlof R S. Hormonal and genetic control of germ cell apoptosis in the testis. Rev Reprod, 1999, 4: 38-47
187. Sordoillet C, Chauvin M A, Peretti E de, Morera A M, Benahmed M. Epidermal growth factor directly stimulates steroidogenesis in primary cultures of porcine Leydig cells: actions and sites of action. J Endocrinology, 1991, 128(4): 2160-2167
188. Sun X R. The effect of testicular macrophages and interleukin-1 on the testosterone production by purified adult rat Leydig cells cultured under in vitro maintain condition. J Endocrinology, 1993, 132: 186-191
189. Skinner M K, Fetterolf P M, Anthony C T. Purification of a paracrine factor, P-Mod-S, produced by testicular peritubular cells that modulates sertolicell function. J Biol Chem 1988, 263(6): 2884-2890
190. Tanaka M, Ichitani Y, Okamua H, Tanaka Y, Ibata Y. The direct retinal projection to VIP neuronal elements in the rat SCN. Brain Res Bull, 1993, 31 (6): 637-640
191. Tetsuya M, Takashi M, Yukiko N, Yumiko A, Yoshihisa H, Katsumi W, Michiharu K, Kaoru M. Molecular cloning and functional expression of chicken luteinizing hornone receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1998, 1397(1): 1-8
192. Tingari M D. On the structure of the epididymal region and ductus deferens of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). J Anat 1971, 109: 423-435
193. Tingari M D. The fine structure of the epithelial lining of the excurrent duct system of the testis of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Quart J Exp Physiol ,1972, 57: 271-293
194. Turner T T, Tung K K, Tomomasa H. Acute testicular ischemia results in germ cell specific apoptosis in the rat. Biol Reprod, 1997, 57: 1267-1274
195. Takao T, Tracey D E, Mitchell W M. Interleukin-1 receptors in mouse brain: haracterization and neuronal localization. J Endocrinology, 1990, 127: 3070-3076
196. Vanecek J, Physiol. Rev. 1998, 78: 687 - 721
197. Urbatzka R, Lutz I, Opitz R, Kloas W. Luteinizing hormone,follicle stimulating ho rmone, and gonadotrop in releasing hormone mRNA expression of Xenop us laev is affecting reproductive bio logy. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 2006, 146:119-125
198. Van Schalkwyk S J, Hoffman L C, Cloete S W P, Mellett F D. The effect of feed withdrawal during lairage on meat quality characteristics in ostriches. J Meat Science. 2005,69:647-651
199. Valenti S, Guido R, Fazzuoli L. Decreased steroidogenesis and cAMP production in vitro by Leydig cells isolated from rats made hypothyroid during adulthood. J International Journal of Androlohy, 1997, 20(5): 279-285
200. Vander beek E M, Wiegant V M, Vander donk H A. Lesions of the sup rachiasmatic nucleus indicate the presence of a direct vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing projection to gonadotrophin releasing hormone neurons in the female rat. J Neuroendocrinal, 1993, 5 (2): 137-144
201. Vrang N, L arsen P J, Milkelsen J D. Direct projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to hypophysiotrophic corticotrophin releasing factor immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus demostrated by means of phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin tract tracing. Brain Res, 1995,684 (1): 61-69
202. Vilagrasa X, Mezquita J. Differential expression of Bcl-2 and bcl-x during chicken spermatogenesis. J Mol Reprod Dev, 1997,47(1): 26-29
203. Watanbe T, Taguchi Y, Shiosaka S, Tanaka J, Kubota H, Terano Y, Tohyama M, Wada H. Distribution of the histam inergic neuron system in the central nervous system of rats: a fluorescent immunohistochemical analyisis with histidine decarboxylase as a marker. Brian Res, 1984, 295 (1): 13-25
204. Wentworth B C, Burke W H, Birrenkott G P. Aradioimmunoassary for turkey luteinizing hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 1976,29:119-127
205. World Health Organization. Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Orgnization of the United Nations and the Intrenational Atomic Energy Agenva. WHO: 1996, 175-179
206. Watts A G, Swanson L W, Sanchez W G Efferent p rojections of suprachiasmatic nucleus: I. studies using anterograde transport of phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the rat. J Comp Neurol, 1987,258 (2): 204-229
207. Watts A G, Swanson L W. Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II Studies using retrograde trnsport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous pep tide immumohistochem istry in the rat. J Comp N eurol, 1987, 258 (2): 230-52
208. Wood K A, Youle R J. The role of free radicals and P53 in neuron apoptosis in vivo. J Neurosci, 1995, 15(8): 5851-5857
209. Woods J E, Honan M P, Thommes R C. Hypo thalam ic regulation of the adenohypophyseal2 testicular axis in the male chick embryo. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 1989,74: 167-172
210. Woolveridge I, deBoer-Brouwer M, Taylor M F. Apoptosis in the rat spermatogenic epithelium following withdrawal: changes in apoptosis-related genes. Biol Reprod, 1999,60:461-470
211. Xiang H, Hochmnan D W, Saya H, Fujiwara T, Schwartzkroin P A, Motrison R S. Evidence for P53- mediated modulation of neuronal viability. J Neurosci, 1996, 16(21): 6753-6765
212. Yamashiro D, Hammonds R G J, Li CH. Beta-Endorphin. Synthesis and radioreceptor-binding activity of the ostrich hormone. Int J Pept Protein Res, 1982, 19(3): 251-253
213. Yin Y, Hawkins K L, Dewolf W C. Heat stress causes testicular germ cell apoptosis in adult mice. J Androl, 1997, 18 : 159-165
214. Zaborszky L, Makara G B. Intrahypothalamic connection: An electron microscopic study in the rat. Exp Brain Res 1979, 34: 201-215
2.曹斌云,李健,王建辰,朱建楚,康靖全.IGF-1对山羊睾丸间质细胞分泌睾酮的调节机理.中国兽医学报,1998,18(3):275-278
3.陈雪雁,李劲松,陈克铨,陈实平,刘平,王莎丽,阎月明,程凯 金淑梅,邹宇红.FSH和LH在不同发育阶段大鼠睾丸中的表达.解剖科学进展,1997,3(3):257
4.成令忠,钟翠平,蔡文琴.现代组织学.上海:科学技术出版社,2003,737-762
5.崔保维.鸵鸟养殖技术.北京:中国农业出版社,1996,24-25
6.催世英,王敬之,汪翠华,刘桂云,邵佑之,郭锦新.大鼠弓状核的组织学与超微结构观察.锦州医学院学报,1990,11(4):258
7.董武子,吉亚杰,尹燕博,张彦明.鸵鸟不同繁殖状态下血浆17β-E2和P4水平变化的研究.西北农林科技大学学报,2002,6:58-61
8.杜卓民.实用组织学技术.第二版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1998
9.高惠宝,Renshan G E,Hardy M P.大鼠内源性糖皮质激素对间质细胞功能的影响.男性学杂志,1997,11(2):65-69
10.葛年丰,钱国祯.大鼠下丘脑室旁核神经元的超微结构特征.解剖学杂志 1988,11(3):151
11.郭彩霞,唐铁山,刘以训.睾丸生殖细胞的凋亡及其调控.生理科学进展,2000,31(4):299-304
12.龚守良,刘树辉.下丘脑弓状核区损毁对雄性大鼠生殖内分泌的影响.白求恩医科大学学报,1988,14(2):97-99
13.龚守良,吕吉,李修义.大鼠弓状核损毁后睾丸超微结构的变化.白求恩医科大学学报,1993,19(4):323-326
14.韩新兵,曹咏清,庄临之.促性腺激素释放激素受体及其基因表达调控.生理科学进展,1998,29(3):198-201
15.何宝霞,傅业全,徐世文.镉中毒对鸡垂体氧化应激和凋亡的影响.毒理学杂志,2007,21(2):124-126
16.黄奕生.畜禽组织学与胚胎学.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1990,199-200
17.贺桂琼,孙善全。视交叉上核的结构及其在昼夜节律中的作用.解剖科学进展,2000,6(2):97-101
18.金光明,王珏,王永荣,关正祖,陈广德,赵以玉,甘寅先,李绍全.皖西白 公鹅生殖器官解剖.安徽农技师范学院学报,2000,14(1):25-28
19.鞠学红,蒋吉英,王金平,王道奎,鞠晓华,冷志敏.垂体动脉的应用解剖.中国临床解剖学杂志,2002,20(1):33-34
20.林大诚.北京鸭解剖.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1994,174
21.李方成,蒋先惠,张平,刘绍春.垂体瘤增殖细胞核抗原表达的意义.实用肿瘤杂志,1998,13(2):83-84
22.李光辉,贺普霄.畜禽微量元素性疾病.安徽科技出版社,1990,172-175
23.李维,王海云,徐一树.鸭垂体促黄体素(LH)测定方法的研究及鸭排卵周期血浆含量.畜牧兽医学报,1986,17(2):31-32
24.刘广益,方一心,曾志源.下丘脑弓状核的形态结构与生理功能,四川解剖学杂志,1996,4(3):163-168
25.刘皓,陈雪娴,赵文德.切除甲状腺后胎羊垂体前叶细胞的免疫组化观察.中国地方病学杂志,2001,20(5):325-327
26.刘浩,郁秉辉,程其荣.下丘脑弓状核神经纤维起源研究-HRP法.解剖学杂志,1990,13(增刊):134
27.刘红云,张才乔,禽类下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的内分泌调节.中国兽医杂志,2006,42(9):41-43
28.刘华珍,彭克美,陈文钦.非洲鸵鸟延髓网状结构细胞构筑研究.畜牧兽医学报,2005,36(8):851-854
29.刘辉,王丽琴,韩秋典,景亚平,滦新龙,周玉民.家鸽、鹌鹑和鸡睾丸的定量组织学比较.内蒙古畜牧科学,1997,2:13-14
30.刘济五,颜水泉,李良玉.北京鸭脑立体定位图谱.北京:科学出版社.2002,40-41
31.刘少君.哺乳动物垂体后叶比较化学神经解剖学I.P物质免疫反应神经纤维在人、猴、狗、猫及大鼠垂体后叶的分布比较.神经解剖学杂志,1998,14(2):127-134
32.刘少君,鞠躬,段晓勤.甘丙肽免疫阳性神经纤维在人、猴、犬、猫及大鼠垂体后叶分布的比较研究.解剖学报,1991,22(3):123-126
33.刘少君,鞠躬.大鼠垂体后叶生长抑素阳性纤维的起源.解剖学报,1991,22(4):121-124
34.刘晓燕,郭霞珍,马淑然,季节因素对大鼠下丘脑和垂体褪黑素受体的影响.生殖医学杂志,2006,15(1):38-41
35.李升和.硼对固始鸡生长性能、血液学及免疫器官发育的影响.[硕士学位论文].西北农林科技大学,2005
36.李玉谷,张媛,孔小明,程树军,黄韧.比格犬脑垂体远侧部细胞的电镜观察.畜 牧兽医学报,2003,34(5),468-470
37.李忠恩,刘锡仪.慢性应激性高血压大鼠电刺激弓状核引起的降压作用.生理学报,1992,44(2):133-136
38.陆祖谦,刘志民,何金,刘会敏,赵瑛,彭树勋.人胚胎肾上腺皮质褪黑素受体亚型蛋白的分布.第二军医大学学报,2001,22(1):18-20
39.罗克.家禽解剖学与组织学.厦门:福建科学技术出版社,1983
40.毛宇彬译.硼仔实验动物和人体的动力学和代谢.国外医学地理分册,2000,21(2):77-79
41.米玉玲,张才乔.禽类性腺分化和性别控制的分子机理.农业生物技术学报,004,12:602-605
42.牛勇,谭成森,卢延旭,刘媛,孙文平.睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的基因调控,江西医学院学报,2004,44(2):132-133
43.潘堂峰.摩杂一代水牛与广西本地水牛下丘脑神经核团形态学及细胞构筑比较研究.[硕士学位论文].广西大学,2007
44.彭克美主编。畜禽解剖学.高等教育出版社,2005,273
45.彭克美,刘华珍,冯悦平,何文波,唐文花.非洲鸵鸟.野生动物,2004,(5):5
46.彭克美,邱德新,周和清,汪定基,罗旋.鸵鸟骨骼的解剖学观察.野生动物,1997,(2):44-46
47.彭克美,张登荣主编.组织学与胚胎学.北京:中国农业出版社,2002,123-187,181-187
48.彭克美,张维民,冯悦平.非洲鸵鸟脑的解剖研究.华中农业大学学报,1998,17(4):373-377
49.卜书海,郑雪莉,董武子.不同繁殖状态鸵鸟血浆FSH、LH水平比较分析.中国兽医杂志,2006,42(1):23-24
50.秦俊法.硼的生物必需性及人体健康效应.广东微量元素科学,1999,6(9):1
51.宋卉,彭克美,唐文花,刘华珍,王岩,位兰,杜安娜,唐丽.鸵鸟口咽腔结构特点与功能关系.中国兽医学报,2007,27(1):77-81
52.孙中安,刘志民,黄超.人胚胎甲状腺褪黑素受体mRNA检测.第二军医大学学报,2000,21(11):1062-1064
53.唐华美,朱长庚.大鼠下丘脑弓状核神经元的神经支配.解剖学报,1996,27(1):26-31
54.唐镁仪,张崇理。促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素对生殖功能的调节.动物学报,1998,44(4):475-479
55.唐丽,彭克美,宋卉,位兰,王岩,李升和,杜安娜,靳二辉,王家乡.非洲雏鸵鸟泌尿系统的解剖学研究,野生动物,2006,27(5):35-37
56.位兰,彭克美,罗来强,宋卉,王岩,李升和,唐丽,杜安娜,靳二辉,王家乡.雄性非洲雏鸵鸟主要生殖器官的解剖学研究.野生动物,2006,27(6):35-37
57.位兰,彭克美,罗来强等.雄性雏鸵鸟生殖器官的形态学研究.畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(8):851-855
58.王国权,刘冬萍,邵福源,赵瑛,刘志民.褪黑素受体在人胎脑中的分布.江西医学院学报,2003,43(3):36-39
59.王禾芝,傅志良.弓状核与生殖.河北医学院学报,1987,8(2):121
60.王夔.生命科学中的微量元素.第二版.北京:中国计量出版社,1996,377-402.
61.王珏,金光明,李升和,皖西白鹅睾丸胚后发育的组织学研究.畜牧与兽医,2000,32(6):9-11
62.王密,杜鹃.睾丸局部因素对Leydig细胞功能调节.右江民族医学院学报,1994,16(3):94-97
63.王岩,彭克美,宋卉,位兰,李升和,唐丽,杜安娜,靳二辉,王家乡.非洲鸵鸟的雌雄鉴别研究,野生动物,2007,28(1):7-9
64.王旭东,陆莲华.导水管周围灰质微量注射纳洛酮对弓状核降压效应的影响.贵阳医学院学报,1991,2:81-83
65.吴春云,李枫,唐军民,毕振武.颌下腺切除后大鼠睾丸间质细胞的组织化学观察.北京医科大学学报,2000,32(2):167-170
66.吴世林.鸵鸟生产。上海:上海科学技术出版社,1997,10-11
67.肖传斌,刘忠虎,梁宏德,党静,高春生,王平利.非洲鸵鸟食管组织学观察.河南农业大学学报,2005,39(1):102-105
68.邢文英,史学义,丁一,扬继要,张娓,朱晓燕.大鼠垂体细胞动力学研究.河南医学研究,2002,11(2):406-408
69.徐富翠,吴绍华,郑福蓉,刘广益.小鼠生后不同发育阶段睾丸生殖细胞的超微结构研究.泸州医学院学报,2005,28(4):303-307
70.徐海伟,黎海蒂,吴旋,范晓棠,龚发云.褪黑素受体亚型Mella和Mel 1b在大鼠中枢神经系统的分布差异-原位杂交研究.解剖学报,2003,34(2):129-134
71.徐亚平,肖传斌,李奎,李亚浩.非洲鸵鸟主要消化器官的观测.畜牧与兽医,2005,37(7):44-46
72.杨天祝.临床应用神经解剖。中国协和医科大学出版社,2002,497-524
73.杨秀平.动物生理学.北京:高等教育出版社,2002,261-362
74.渊锡潘,张一玲.动物繁殖学。陕西杨陵:天则出版社,1994
75.袁缨,吕林.添加硼对肉仔鸡组织器官中硼的富集和铁、铜、锰、锌含量的影响.沈阳农业大学学报,2002,33(1):53-56
76.张峰,王国恩.闩本海马脑垂体的组织学观察.大连水产学院学报,1992,6(3-4):28-34
77.张群洲,陈曼玲.黄体生成素和绒毛膜促性腺激素受体的研究进展.国外医学分子生物学分册,1999,21(4):240-244
78.朱长庚,李正莉.细胞因子与免疫-神经-内分泌调节网络.解剖学报,1996,27(4):339-344
79.祝辉,沙家豪,周作民.类固醇生成因子在生殖功能中的作用.生殖医学杂志,1997,6(4):246-249
80.朱梦漾,王孝媛,张德秀,万銑先.损毁弓状核区对大鼠脑内β-内啡肽、5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素含量及其对针刺镇痛的影响.生理学报,1984,36(1):33-36
81.赵慧英,龙敏,孙健红,李义书,刘根胜,马夜肥.雌性鸵鸟生殖器官解剖学和组织学观察.中国兽医杂志,2006,42(7):23-25
82.赵书芬,傅桂芳,吴玉坏,冯甲棣.毁损弓状核对大鼠体温调节的影响.中国医科大学学报,1991,20(4):261-263
83.张军,吴良芳,欧可群.视交叉上核昼夜节律的化学解剖学.神经解剖学杂志,1997,13(4):410-416
84.赵显玲,郝利铭,高元奇.法国鹌鹑脑垂体神经叶的超微结构研究.东北师大学报自然科学版.2000,32(4):59-62
85.赵瑛,邵福源,何淑芬,彭树勋.人胚胎下丘脑褪黑素受体鉴定及其生物学特性.中华内分泌代谢杂志,1999,15(3):149-152
86.赵瑛,邵福源,何淑芬,彭树勋.人胚胎中枢神经系统褪黑素受体的鉴定及生物学特性.第二军医大学学报,2001,22(1):12-14
87.赵瑛,刘志民,周晖.松果体及褪黑素.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2004,19-90
88.赵燕玲,曲友直,王宗仁.茂丹通脉片对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经细胞凋亡及Fas-L 蛋白表达的影响.中国中医急症,2006,15(9):1005-1007
89.朱元招,吴学祥,祝寿康.四季鹅产蛋前后腺垂体远侧部细胞的超微结构比较.中国兽医学报,1998,18(4),390-393
90.赵正卿.热应激对大鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核的影响.[硕士学位论文].第四军医大学,2007
91.Abney T O.The potential roles of estrogens in regulating Leydig cell development and function:a review.Steroids,1994,64(9):610-615
92.Adele R T,Hatizivi G,Louwrens C H.The roles of the proteasome,and cathepsins B,L,H and D,in ostrich meat tenderization.Meat Science,2004,67:113-120
93.Aire T A.The epididymal region of the Japanese quail(Coturnix cotumix japonica). ActaAnat, 1979,103: 305-312
94. Aire T A. The rete testis of birds. J Anat, 1982, 135: 97-110
95. Aire T A. A micro-stereological study of the avian epididymal region of birds. J Anat, 1979,129: 703-706
96. Aire T A, Soley J T. The Surface Features of the Epithelial Lining of the Ducts of the Epididymis of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2000,29(2): 119-126
97. Albers H E, Forris C F.N europeptide Y: role in light-dark cycle entrainment of ham ster circadian rhythm s. N eurosci Lett, 1984, 50 (123): 163-168
98. Allan Degen A. Plasma level of LH and sterdiol hormones in male and female domestic ostrich(struthio camelus). Gen Comp Endocr, 1994,93:21-27
99. Allsopp T E, Wyatts, Paterson H F, Davies A M. The Proto-oncogene bcl-2 can selectively rescue neurotrophic factor-dependent neurons from apoptosis. Cell, 1993, 73(2): 295 -307
100. Altunay H, Kozlu T. The Fine Structure of the Harderian Gland in the Ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 2004, 33(3): 141-145
101. Amstrong W E, Stem J E. Eleetrophysiological and Morphological Characteristics of Neurous in perinuclear Zone of Sopraoptie Neuelus. Neurophysiol, 1997, 78(5): 2427-2437
102. Armstrong T A, Mile R D, Lloyd K E. Inflammatory response, growth, and thyroid hormone concentraions are affected by long-term Boron supplementation in gilts. Anim Sci, 2001, 79(6): 1549-1556.
103. Ascoli M, Fanelli F, and Segaloff D L, Lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor. Endoerine Reviews, 2002, 23, 141-174
104. Banks D, Harris M C: Activition of hypothalamic arcuate but not paraventricular neuron following carotid body chemorceptor stimulation in the rat. Neuroscience, 1988, 24: 967-976
105. Barker S D E, Kendall M D. A study of the rete testis epithelium in several wild birds. J Anat, 1984,138: 139-152.
106. Belen, M. , Cristoebal M, Jovita M. Marked differences between avian and mammalian testicular cells in the heat shock induction and polyadenylation of Hsp70 and ubiquitin transcripts. Federation of European Biochemical Societies, 1998,436: 382-386
107. Bianco-Rodriguez J, Martinez-Garcia C. Mild hypothermia induces apoptosis in rat testis at specific stages of the seminiferous epithelium. J Androl, 1997, 18: 535-539
108. Breder C D, Dinareuo C A, Saper C B: Interleukin-1 immunoreactive innervation of human hypothalamus. Science, 1988, 240: 321-324
109. Brinkworth M H, Weinbauer G F, Schlatt S, Nieschlag E. Identification of male germ cells undergoing apoptosis in adult rats. J Reprod Fertil, 1995, 105: 25-33
110. Bruggeman V , Van A P, Decuypere E. Developmental endocrinology of the reproductive axis in the chicken embryo. Comp Biochem Physiol, Part A, 2002, 131: 839-846
111. Cain M P, Kramer S A, Tindall D J, et al. Alterations in maternal epidermal growth factor(EGF) effect testicular descent and epididymal development. J Urology, 1994, 43(3): 375-379
112. Cain M P., Kramer S A., Tindall D J., Husmand D A., Hensle T W. FSH does not directly influence testicular macrophages. J Androl, 1998,19(4): 420-426
113. Chapin R E, Ku W W, The reproductive toxicity of boric acid. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(suppl. 7): 65-72
114. Chronwall B M: Anatomy and physiology of the neruoendocrine arcuate nucleus. Peptides, 1985, 6(suppl. 2): 1-11
115. Chen J, Graham S H, Nakayama M, Zhu R L, Jin K, Stetler R A, Simon R P. Apoptosis repressor genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-x-long are expressed in the rat brain following global isehemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 1997, 17(1): 2-10
116. Cogger E A, Burke W H, Ogren L A. Serum LH progeste-rone and estradiol levels in relation to broodiness in the turkey(Meleagyis gallapavo). Poultry Science, 1978, 58:1155-1360
117. Cohen P E, Pollad J W. Normal sexual function in male mice lacking a function altypelinterleukin-1(IL-1) receptor. Endocrinology, 1998, 139: 815-817
118. Decoursey P T, Buggy T. Restoration of locomotor rhythmicity in SCN-lesioned hamsters by transplantation of fetal SCN. Neurosci Abstrs, 1986, 12 (3): 210-213
119. Dierickx K, Vandesande F, Earnest D J, Sladek C D. Circadian rhythms of vasopressin release from individual rat suprachiasmatic explants vitro containing the SCN. Brain Res, 1986; 382 (1): 129-133
120. Dufau M L, Endocrine regulation and communicating functions of the leydig cell. Annu. Rev Physiol, 1988, 50,483-508
121. Eckola V, Nikula H, Huhtaniemi I. Age-related variation of follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated cAMP production, protein kinase C and their interaction in the rat testis. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 1993, 93(2): 143-148
122. Elias M Z, Bezuidenhout A J, Groenewald H B. Macroscopic blood supply to the hypophysis and hypothalamus of the ostrich(Struthio camelus). J Vet Res, 1996, 63(3): 245-252
123. Enarl M, Hug H, Nagata S. Involvement of an ICE-like protease in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Nature, 1995, 375(6526): 78-79
124. Everett J W: The mammalian hypothalamo-hypophysial system. In: Jeffcoate S L, Hutchinsom JSM(eds). The endocrine hypothalamus. London: Academic, 1978, 15
125. Dierickx K,Vandesande F: Immunoeytoehemical localication of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons in the human hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res, 1977, 184: 15-27
126. Fernandez-Lopez J, Jimenez S, Sayas-Barbera E, Sendrae, Perez-Alvrez J A. Quality characteristics of ostrich (Struthio camelus) burgers. Meat Science. 2006, 73: 295-303
127. Furr B J, Bonney R C, England R J, Cunningham F J. Luteinizing homone and progesterone in peripheral blood during the ovulator cycle of the hen(Gallus domesticus). J Endocr, 1973, 57(1): 159-169
128. Furuchi T, Masuko K, Nishimune Y, M Obinata and Y Matsui. Inhabition of testicular germ cell apoptosis and differentiation in mice misexpressing Bcl-2 in spermatogonia. J Development, 1996, 122(6): 1703-1709
129. Gareial, Martinou I, Tsujimoto Y, Martinou J C. Prevention of Progranuned cell death of sympathetic neurons by the bcl-2 proto-oncogene. Science, 1992, 258(5080): 302-304
130. Griswold M D. Interactions between germ cells and Sertoli cells in the testis. Biol Reprod, 1995, 55(9): 211-216
131. Griswold M D. Protein secretions of Sertoli cells. Int Rev Cytol, 1988, 110: 133-156.
132. Hall S H, Conti M, French F S, Joseph D R. Follicle-stimulating hormone regulation of androgen binding protein messenger RNA in Sertoli cell culture. Mol Endocrinol,1990,4(2): 349-355
133. Hant C D, Herbel J L, Nielsen F H. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary Boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: Boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997, 65(3): 803-813
134. Hayashi H, Imai K, Imai K. Characterization of chicken ACTH is more similar to Xenopus ACTH than to other avian ACTH. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 1991, 82(3): 434-443
135. Hess R A, Thurston R J, Biellier H V Morphology of the epididymal region and ductus deferens of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). J Anat,1976,124: 241-252
136. Hess R A, Thurston R J. Ultrastructure of the epithelial cells in the epididymal region of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). J Anat, 1977, 124: 765-778
137. Hirose T, Smith R J, Jetten A M. ROR gamma: the third member of ROR/RZR orphan receptor subfamily that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.,1994, 205(3): 1976-1983
138. Hoffman L C, Mellett F D. Quality characteristics of low fat ostrich meat patties formulated with either pork lard or modified corn starch, soya isolate and water. Meat Science, 2003,65: 869-875
139. Hunt C D, Nielsen F. Interaction between Boron and cholecalciferol in the chick[A]. Trace Element Metabolism in Men and Animals-Vol. 4[C]. Australian Academy of Science: Gawthorne J, White C. eds. Canberra, 1981: 597-600
140. Hunt C D. Dietary Boron modified the effect of magnesium and molybdenum on mineral metabolism in the cholecalciferol-deficient chick. Biol Tr Elem Res, 1989, 22(2): 201-220
141. Hunt C D, Herbel J L, Nielsen F H. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women . to supplemental dietary Boron and aluminum during ususl and low magnesium intake: Boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997, 65(3): 803-813
142. Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine and Antonomie Responses, J Seience, 1981, 214(4521): 685
143. Ibata Y, Takahashi Y, Okamura H, Kawakami F, Terubayashi H, Kubo T, Yanaihara N. Vasoacitve intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive neurons located in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus receive a direct retinal projection. Neurosci Lett, 1989, 97 (122): 1-5
144. Ibuka N, Kawamura H. Loss of circadian rhythm in sleep wakefulness cycle in the rat by suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions. Brain Res, 1975, 96(1): 76-81
145. Jana N R, Haider S, Bhattacharya S. Thyroid hormone induces a 52 kDa soluble protein in goat testis Leydig cell which stimulates androgen releade. J Biochim. Biophys. Acta protein, 1996, 1292(2): 209-214
146. Jansen J A, Andersen J, Schou J S. Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. J Arch Toxicol. 1984, 55(1): 64-67
147. John N. Maina and Christopher. A qualitative and quantitative study of the lung of an ostrich, Struthio camelus. J Nathaniel Journal of experimental biology, 2001, 201(13): 2313-2330
148. Kiss J, Leranth C S, Halasz B. Serotonergic endings on VIP-neurons in the sup rachiasmatic nucleus and on ACTH-neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. A combination of high resolution autoradiography and electron microscop icimmunocytochem istry. Neuro sci Lett, 1984,44 (2): 119-124.
149. Klein D C, Moore R Y, Reppert S M. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: the mind's clock. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991
150. Lazure C, Paquet L, Litthauer D, Naude R J, Oelofsen W, Chretien M. The ostrich pituitay contains a major peptide homologous to mammalian chromograninA(1-76), Peptides. 1990, 11(1): 79-87
151. Koide Y, Papkoff H, Complete amino acid sequences of follitropin and lutropin in the ostrich, Struthio camelus. Eur J Biochem. 1996, 15; 240(1): 262-267
152. Ku W W, Chapin R E. Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(suppl. 7): 99-105
153. Ku W W, Chapin R E, Testicular toxicity of boric acid (BA): relationship of dose to lesion development and recovery in F344 rat. reprod Toxicol, 1993,7(4): 305-319
154. Lerner A B, Case J D, Takahashi Y, Lee T H, W Mori. Isolation of melatonin the pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes. J Am Chem Soc, 1958, 80: 2587-2587
155. Linnik M D, Zahos P, Geschwind M D, Federoff H J. Expression of bcl-from a defective herpes simplex virus-1 vector limits neuronaldeath in focal cerebral ischemia. 1995,26(9): 1670-1675
156. Liou S Y, Shibata S, Iwasaki K, Ueki S. Optic nerve stimulation-induced increase of release of 3H-glutamate and 3H-aspartate but not 3H-GABA from the sup rachiasmatic in slices of rat hypothalamus. Brain ResBull, 1986, 16 (4): 527-531
157. Liu C, Weaver D R, Jin X, Shearman L P, Pieschl R L, Gribkoff V K, Reppert S M, Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on th suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron 1997,19: 91-102
158. Mauduit C, Hartmann D J, Chauvin M A, Revol A, Morera A M, Benahmed M. Tumor necrosis factor a inhibits gonadotropin action in cultured porcine leydig cell site(s) of action. Endocrinology, 1991, 129: 2933-2941
159. Martinou J C, Dubois-Dauphin M, Staple J K, Rodriguez L, Frankowski H, Missotten M, Albertini P, Talabot D, Catsieas S, Pietra C. overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice Protects neurons ftom naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron, 1994, 13(4): 1017-1030
160. Mikkelsen J D, Larsen P J. Substance Pin the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. Histochemistry, 1993, 100: 3-16
161. Mi Y L, Zhang C Q , Xie M N , Zeng W D. Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and androgen on proliferation of cultured testicular germ cells of embryonic chickens. Gen Comp Endocrino 1, 2004, 138: 237-246
162. Morris D, Souness G, Latif S, Hardy M, Brem A. Testicular 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; development of a model for the mediation of Leydig cell function by corticosteroids. Steroid, 1994, 59: 69-75.
163. Moore R Y, Eichler V B. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res, 1972,42 (1): 201-206
164. Morgan P J, Barrett P, Howell H E, Helliwel R, Melatonin receptors: localization, molecular pharmacology and physiological significance. Neurochemistry International 1994,24: 101-146
165. Morrison R S, Wenzel H J, Kinoshita Y, Robbins C A, Donehower L A, Schwartzkroin P A. Loss of the P53 tumor suppressor gene psotects neurons from kainate-induced cell death. J Neurosei. 1996, 16(4): 1337-1345
166. Moore R Y. The suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus: neuronal ultrastructure. Neurosci Abstr, 1980, 6 (6): 758
167. Murakami N, Takamure M, Takahashi K, Utunomiya K, Kuroda H, and Etoh T. Long-term cultured neurons from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus retain the capacity for circadian oscilation of vasop ressin release. Brain Res, 1991, 545 (1-2): 347-350
168. Naghii M R. The significance of dietary boron, with particular reference to athletes. J Nutrition and Health, 1999,13 (1): 31-37
169. Naghii M R, Samman S. The effect of boron supplementation on the distribution of boron in selected tissues and on testosterone synthesis in rats, Nutritional Biochemistry 1996, 7:507-512
170. Naude R J, Oelofsen W. Isolation and characterization of beta-lipotropin from the pituitary gland of the ostrich Struthio camelus. Int J Pept Protein Res, 1981, 18(2): 135-137
171. Ottinger M A. Short term variation in serum LH and Testosterone in the male japanese quail. Poultry Science, 1983, 62: 908-913
172. Ozeghe P C, Aire T A, Soley J T. The morphology of the efferent ducts of the testis of the ostrich a primitive bird. Anat Embryol(Berl), 2006, 211(5): 559-65
173. Penland J G Dietary Boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(suppl. 7): 87-91
174. Penland J G. The importance of Boron nutrition for brain and psychological function. Biol Trace Elem Res, 1998, 66(1-3): 299-317
175. Plant T M, Krey L C, Moossy J, McCormack J T, Hess D L, Knobil E. The arcuate nucleus and the control of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in the female rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 1978, 102: 52-62
176. Ralph M R, Foster R G, Davis F C, Menaker M. T ransplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determ ines circadian period. Science, 1990, 247(4945): 975-978
177. Rao C V. The beginning of a new era in reproductive biology and medicine: expression of low level of functional luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors in nongonadal tissues. J Physiol Pharmacol, 1996, 47(1): 41-53
178. Recio J, Pevet P, Miguez J M, Masson-Pevet M, Melatonin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and pars tuberalis of testosterone induced photoresponsive rats. Neuroscience Letters 1996,214:53-56
179. Rodriguez I, Ody C, Araki K, Garcia I, Vassalli P. An early and massive wave of germinal cell apoptosis is required for the development of functional spermatogenesis. J EMBO, 1997, 16: 2262-2270
180. Rose M P, Das Gaines R E, and Balen AH, Definition and measurement o ffollicle stimulating hormone. Endoer Rev, 2000, 21, 5-22
181. Sawchendo P E, Swanson L W. Central Monoamine Pathways for the integration of Saper C B etal. Direet Hypothalamo-autonomie Connections. J Brain Res, 1976, 117: 305.
182. Saayman H S, Naude R J, Oelofsen W, Isaaeson L C. Mesotoein and vasotocin, two neurohypephysial hormones in the ostrich, Struthio camelus. Int J Pept Protein Res. , 1986, 28(4): 398-402
183. Stomelli M R, Rieeiardi M P, Giannessi E, Coli A. Links Morphological and histological study of the ostrich(Struthio Camelus L. )liver and biliary system. Ital J Anat Embryol, 2006,111(1): 1-7
184. Sofroniew M V: Immunoreactive β-endorphin and ACTH in the same neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the rat. Am J Anat, 1979, 154: 283-9
185. Swanson L, Cowan W M, Jones E G An autoradiographic study of the efferent connecions of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the albino rat and cat. J Comp N eurol, 1974, 156 (2): 143-63
186. Sinha-Hikim A P, Swerdlof R S. Hormonal and genetic control of germ cell apoptosis in the testis. Rev Reprod, 1999, 4: 38-47
187. Sordoillet C, Chauvin M A, Peretti E de, Morera A M, Benahmed M. Epidermal growth factor directly stimulates steroidogenesis in primary cultures of porcine Leydig cells: actions and sites of action. J Endocrinology, 1991, 128(4): 2160-2167
188. Sun X R. The effect of testicular macrophages and interleukin-1 on the testosterone production by purified adult rat Leydig cells cultured under in vitro maintain condition. J Endocrinology, 1993, 132: 186-191
189. Skinner M K, Fetterolf P M, Anthony C T. Purification of a paracrine factor, P-Mod-S, produced by testicular peritubular cells that modulates sertolicell function. J Biol Chem 1988, 263(6): 2884-2890
190. Tanaka M, Ichitani Y, Okamua H, Tanaka Y, Ibata Y. The direct retinal projection to VIP neuronal elements in the rat SCN. Brain Res Bull, 1993, 31 (6): 637-640
191. Tetsuya M, Takashi M, Yukiko N, Yumiko A, Yoshihisa H, Katsumi W, Michiharu K, Kaoru M. Molecular cloning and functional expression of chicken luteinizing hornone receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1998, 1397(1): 1-8
192. Tingari M D. On the structure of the epididymal region and ductus deferens of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). J Anat 1971, 109: 423-435
193. Tingari M D. The fine structure of the epithelial lining of the excurrent duct system of the testis of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Quart J Exp Physiol ,1972, 57: 271-293
194. Turner T T, Tung K K, Tomomasa H. Acute testicular ischemia results in germ cell specific apoptosis in the rat. Biol Reprod, 1997, 57: 1267-1274
195. Takao T, Tracey D E, Mitchell W M. Interleukin-1 receptors in mouse brain: haracterization and neuronal localization. J Endocrinology, 1990, 127: 3070-3076
196. Vanecek J, Physiol. Rev. 1998, 78: 687 - 721
197. Urbatzka R, Lutz I, Opitz R, Kloas W. Luteinizing hormone,follicle stimulating ho rmone, and gonadotrop in releasing hormone mRNA expression of Xenop us laev is affecting reproductive bio logy. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 2006, 146:119-125
198. Van Schalkwyk S J, Hoffman L C, Cloete S W P, Mellett F D. The effect of feed withdrawal during lairage on meat quality characteristics in ostriches. J Meat Science. 2005,69:647-651
199. Valenti S, Guido R, Fazzuoli L. Decreased steroidogenesis and cAMP production in vitro by Leydig cells isolated from rats made hypothyroid during adulthood. J International Journal of Androlohy, 1997, 20(5): 279-285
200. Vander beek E M, Wiegant V M, Vander donk H A. Lesions of the sup rachiasmatic nucleus indicate the presence of a direct vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing projection to gonadotrophin releasing hormone neurons in the female rat. J Neuroendocrinal, 1993, 5 (2): 137-144
201. Vrang N, L arsen P J, Milkelsen J D. Direct projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to hypophysiotrophic corticotrophin releasing factor immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus demostrated by means of phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin tract tracing. Brain Res, 1995,684 (1): 61-69
202. Vilagrasa X, Mezquita J. Differential expression of Bcl-2 and bcl-x during chicken spermatogenesis. J Mol Reprod Dev, 1997,47(1): 26-29
203. Watanbe T, Taguchi Y, Shiosaka S, Tanaka J, Kubota H, Terano Y, Tohyama M, Wada H. Distribution of the histam inergic neuron system in the central nervous system of rats: a fluorescent immunohistochemical analyisis with histidine decarboxylase as a marker. Brian Res, 1984, 295 (1): 13-25
204. Wentworth B C, Burke W H, Birrenkott G P. Aradioimmunoassary for turkey luteinizing hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 1976,29:119-127
205. World Health Organization. Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Orgnization of the United Nations and the Intrenational Atomic Energy Agenva. WHO: 1996, 175-179
206. Watts A G, Swanson L W, Sanchez W G Efferent p rojections of suprachiasmatic nucleus: I. studies using anterograde transport of phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the rat. J Comp Neurol, 1987,258 (2): 204-229
207. Watts A G, Swanson L W. Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II Studies using retrograde trnsport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous pep tide immumohistochem istry in the rat. J Comp N eurol, 1987, 258 (2): 230-52
208. Wood K A, Youle R J. The role of free radicals and P53 in neuron apoptosis in vivo. J Neurosci, 1995, 15(8): 5851-5857
209. Woods J E, Honan M P, Thommes R C. Hypo thalam ic regulation of the adenohypophyseal2 testicular axis in the male chick embryo. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 1989,74: 167-172
210. Woolveridge I, deBoer-Brouwer M, Taylor M F. Apoptosis in the rat spermatogenic epithelium following withdrawal: changes in apoptosis-related genes. Biol Reprod, 1999,60:461-470
211. Xiang H, Hochmnan D W, Saya H, Fujiwara T, Schwartzkroin P A, Motrison R S. Evidence for P53- mediated modulation of neuronal viability. J Neurosci, 1996, 16(21): 6753-6765
212. Yamashiro D, Hammonds R G J, Li CH. Beta-Endorphin. Synthesis and radioreceptor-binding activity of the ostrich hormone. Int J Pept Protein Res, 1982, 19(3): 251-253
213. Yin Y, Hawkins K L, Dewolf W C. Heat stress causes testicular germ cell apoptosis in adult mice. J Androl, 1997, 18 : 159-165
214. Zaborszky L, Makara G B. Intrahypothalamic connection: An electron microscopic study in the rat. Exp Brain Res 1979, 34: 201-215
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |