新型纳米TiO_2复合薄膜的制备及其染料敏化太阳能电池应用
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摘要
纳米TiO2是一种被广泛用作染料敏化太阳能电池阳极的半导体材料，主要起吸附染料分子和传输光电子的作用，其形貌尺寸及排布对电池性能影响巨大。理想的光阳极结构应同时具有大的比表面积和优良的电子传输能力。目前常用的TiO2结构包括纳米管（线）阵列及纳米颗粒堆垛薄膜，两者各有优势。TiO2一维阵列理论上具有更快捷的电子传输通道，但易于团聚，从而降低了比表面积，使染料吸附量减少；而TiO2纳米颗粒堆垛薄膜比表面积大，染料吸附量多，但大量的界面造成电子传输性能降低。因此，两类结构中电子传输能力与比表面积相互制约。为了充分发挥其各自的优势，发展新的TiO2纳米结构合成方法和调控途径是目前染料敏化太阳能电池领域的研究热点。为此，本文针对上述两类TiO2纳米结构进行了改进。一方面在TiO2纳米管阵列内制备出了TiO2纳米线阵列，获得了一种比表面积大且高度分离的TiO2纳米“管中线”复合阵列；另一方面向TiO2纳米颗粒堆垛薄膜内复合连续的碳纳米管（CNTs）导电网络，获得了TiO2/CNTs复合光阳极，既保证了其大比表面积又增加了电子传输性能。
为解决TiO2纳米管阵列团聚，本文通过对阳极氧化制备的TiO2纳米管阵列进行碱-酸(KOH-HCl)两步法处理，制备出了TiO2管内嵌有纳米线的纳米“管中线”阵列。该复合纳米管/线结构是一种高度分离的纳米一维阵列，其中纳米线由于纳米管的保护，可很好避免纳米线之间及纳米线-纳米管之间的团聚。实验研究了阳极氧化制备TiO2纳米管和“管中线”阵列的条件；考察了碱、酸液浓度及处理时间对TiO2纳米“管中线”阵列形成的影响；采用冷冻干燥及电化学阻抗技术研究了TiO2纳米“管中线”阵列的形成机制；研究了TiO2纳米管和“管中线”阵列作为染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极的性能。结果表明，（1）TiO2纳米“管中线”的形成包含两个阶段，首先碱处理使纳米管内壁破碎于管内形成大量表面羟基化的TiO2纳米团簇，随后的酸处理使TiO2纳米团簇脱水缩合形成纳米线。电化学阻抗测试发现，TiO2薄膜阻抗特征随着TiO2纳米团簇的形成与组装表现出循环特性，因此可根据电化学阻抗的变化探测TiO2纳米团簇的存在；(2)碱处理后TiO2纳米团簇的出现是纳米线形成的必要条件，碱处理时间和阳极氧化电解液浓度是影响纳米团簇形成数量与形成速率的主要因素；酸处理过程中TiO2纳米团簇的组装是纳米线形成的关键，纳米团簇经酸处理后，其表面的羟基主要由H+占据，快速脱水缩合形成纳米线，碱处理形成的纳米团簇在0.5M HCl作用下可在10min内完成组装生成纳米线；(3) HCl对TiO2纳米团簇（包括其前驱体及产物——纳米管内壁与纳米线）具有溶解作用，溶解速率与HCl浓度成正比，0.5M HCl需要8h才能完全溶解TiO2纳米团簇，而2M HCl只需1h，因此，TiO2纳米线直径可由HCl处理时间进行调控；（4）TiO2纳米“管中线”阵列比TiO2纳米管阵列具有更好的光电特性，厚度8μm的“管中线”阵列的光电转换效率可达3.48%，而厚度8.5μm的纳米管阵列效率仅为0.92%。
为增强TiO2纳米颗粒堆垛光阳极的电子传输性能，本实验制备了一种新型TiO2/CNTs（石墨烯）复合光阳极。首先通过龟裂法在FTO导电玻璃上制备带有通底微裂纹的TiO2薄膜，利用裂纹内表面为模板填充CNTs或石墨烯构建导电网络，再用TiO2修复裂纹获得TiO2/CNTs(石墨烯)复合结构，实现了CNTs（石墨烯）网络与集流体（FTO玻璃）直接接触，提高了电子输运效率。主要研究了TiO2薄膜用浆料中乙基纤维素含量、成膜过程中的烘干、煅烧以及后期浸泡与干燥过程对薄膜龟裂尺寸的影响，研究了TiO2/CNTs（石墨烯）复合光阳极的电池性能。结果表明，（1）浆料中乙基纤维素含量对裂块尺寸有重要影响，龟裂所需最低乙基纤维素含量为3g(TiO26g，松油醇20g)，随着其含量上升，裂块尺寸先减小后增大，平均宽度可达26.2μm，电子从TiO2传输至CNTs(石墨烯)网络的平均距离理论上小于13.1μm，接近文献报道的TiO2薄膜中电子平均传输自由程；(2)薄膜浸泡也是产生龟裂的重要因素，TiO2薄膜在水中浸泡6h以上才能发生龟裂；（3）薄膜烘干、煅烧及后期干燥对龟裂形成和形态均有不同程度影响，300~400煅烧的薄膜均能龟裂，随着煅烧温度升高，龟裂所需时间缩短；在一定煅烧时间内，薄膜龟裂均匀；时间过长，导致均匀性降低，尺寸增大;（4）CNTs与石墨烯的加入可明显提升阳极光电转换效率，石墨烯的提升作用最明显，电池效率可提升一倍。
Nano-TiO2has been widely used in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) as theacceptor of photoelectrons from excited dyes, and the morphology, size andconfiguration of TiO2influence the DSSC performance significantly. An ideal TiO2photoanode of DSSC is required to have huge surface area and superior electrontransport. One dimensional TiO2nanotube/nanowire array favors the electrontransport; however, the surface area is reduced largely because of the easy bundling.On the other hand, TiO2film composed of nanoparticles has larger surface area thanthat of nanotube array, but it suffers poor electron transport due to the numerousinterfaces among nanoparticles. In this context, it is a big challenge to developnanostructured TiO2photoanodes with both big surface area and good electrontransport. In this thesis, we report a novel TiO2nanostructure called “wire-in-tube”,which has a huge surface area since the inner nanowires are well separated from theouter nanotubes. We also prepared a novel TiO2/CNTs (or graphene) complexphotoanode by planting continuous CNTs (or graphene) network into the TiO2filmcomposed of nanoparticles so as to enhance the electron transport property whilekeeping the large surface area. The performance of DSSC fabricated usingabove-mentioned photoanodes is significantly improved.
The TiO2nano “wire-in-tube” array was prepared by soaking the pre-anodizedTiO2nanotube array into KOH and HCl alternately. The obtained TiO2nanowires arehighly separated from each other owing to the protection of surrounding TiO2nanotube walls. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of variousparameters including anodization conditions (voltage, current, etc), concentration ofKOH and HCl, and the time of KOH(HCl) treatment on the configuration of TiO2nano “wire-in-tube” array. Moreover, freeze drying and electrochemical impedancespectroscopy (EIS) were employed to study the formation mechanism of TiO2nanowires. The performance of DSSC using TiO2nano “wire-in-tube” array as thephotoanode was also evaluated. The main results are as follows:(1) The TiO2nano“wire-in-tube” array is formed in two steps, i.e., alkali treatment firstly destroys theinner layer of the tube wall to form TiO2nanoclusters inside the tubes, then theseclusters assemble to form nanowires through dehydration of the hydroxyl group onthe surface of clusters catalyzed by protons;(2) The pre-formation of TiO2nanoclusters during the alkali treatment is important to the final formation ofnanowires. The time of alkali treatment influences the amount of clusters and the concentration of electrolyte for anodization determines the formation rate of TiO2nanoclusters.(3) Acid treatment plays a crucial role in the assembly of TiO2nanoclusters to form nanowire. During the acid treatment, the–OH radicals on thesurface of nanoclusters react with protons and dehydrate quickly (ca.10min in0.5MHCl) to form nanowires. TiO2nanoclusters including their precursor (inner layer oftube wall) and their derivative (nanowires) could be dissolved by HCl, and thedissolving rate is proportional to the concentration of HCl, allowing us to control thediameter of TiO2nanowires to a large extent by adjusting the concentration of HCl;(4)TiO2nano “wire-in-tube” array exhibits a much better DSSC performance (3.48%conversion efficiency) than TiO2nanotube array (0.92%conversion efficiency) underthe same conditions.
The TiO2/CNTs(graphene) complex photoanodes were prepared by a three-stepmethod. Firstly, cracked TiO2film was fabricated on FTO conductive glass bychapping, then CNTs or graphene was filled in the cracks to form a continuousnetwork, and finally the cracks were filled by TiO2to form a complete film. TheCNTs (graphene) network contacts the FTO substrate (electron collector) directly,making the electron transport easier. Various parameters including the content ofethylcellulose, drying process for film formation and chapping, calcination andsoaking were studied to clarify their influence on the crack size. The performance ofTiO2/CNTs(graphene) complex photoanode was also evaluated. The results show that:(1) A sufficient content of ethylcellulose in the TiO2slurry is important to thechapping. By adjusting the content of ethylcellulose, the mean width of TiO2islandsin the cracked film can be achieved as26m, indicating that the longest way forelectrons to transport from the TiO2island to the CNTs(graphene) network is13m,which is very close to the mean free path distance of electrons in TiO2film;(2)Soaking in H2O is crucial to the chapping, and the least soaking time is6h forobtaining a cracked TiO2film;(3) The calcination and drying process influences themorphology of chapping more or less. Chapping can occur in the TiO2filmscalcinated at300~400, and the calcination time for chapping becomes shorter asthe temperature increases;(4) Addition of CNTs, especially graphene, cansignificantly improve the DSSC performance by two times increase in thephoto-to-electrical conversion efficiency.
为解决TiO2纳米管阵列团聚，本文通过对阳极氧化制备的TiO2纳米管阵列进行碱-酸(KOH-HCl)两步法处理，制备出了TiO2管内嵌有纳米线的纳米“管中线”阵列。该复合纳米管/线结构是一种高度分离的纳米一维阵列，其中纳米线由于纳米管的保护，可很好避免纳米线之间及纳米线-纳米管之间的团聚。实验研究了阳极氧化制备TiO2纳米管和“管中线”阵列的条件；考察了碱、酸液浓度及处理时间对TiO2纳米“管中线”阵列形成的影响；采用冷冻干燥及电化学阻抗技术研究了TiO2纳米“管中线”阵列的形成机制；研究了TiO2纳米管和“管中线”阵列作为染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极的性能。结果表明，（1）TiO2纳米“管中线”的形成包含两个阶段，首先碱处理使纳米管内壁破碎于管内形成大量表面羟基化的TiO2纳米团簇，随后的酸处理使TiO2纳米团簇脱水缩合形成纳米线。电化学阻抗测试发现，TiO2薄膜阻抗特征随着TiO2纳米团簇的形成与组装表现出循环特性，因此可根据电化学阻抗的变化探测TiO2纳米团簇的存在；(2)碱处理后TiO2纳米团簇的出现是纳米线形成的必要条件，碱处理时间和阳极氧化电解液浓度是影响纳米团簇形成数量与形成速率的主要因素；酸处理过程中TiO2纳米团簇的组装是纳米线形成的关键，纳米团簇经酸处理后，其表面的羟基主要由H+占据，快速脱水缩合形成纳米线，碱处理形成的纳米团簇在0.5M HCl作用下可在10min内完成组装生成纳米线；(3) HCl对TiO2纳米团簇（包括其前驱体及产物——纳米管内壁与纳米线）具有溶解作用，溶解速率与HCl浓度成正比，0.5M HCl需要8h才能完全溶解TiO2纳米团簇，而2M HCl只需1h，因此，TiO2纳米线直径可由HCl处理时间进行调控；（4）TiO2纳米“管中线”阵列比TiO2纳米管阵列具有更好的光电特性，厚度8μm的“管中线”阵列的光电转换效率可达3.48%，而厚度8.5μm的纳米管阵列效率仅为0.92%。
为增强TiO2纳米颗粒堆垛光阳极的电子传输性能，本实验制备了一种新型TiO2/CNTs（石墨烯）复合光阳极。首先通过龟裂法在FTO导电玻璃上制备带有通底微裂纹的TiO2薄膜，利用裂纹内表面为模板填充CNTs或石墨烯构建导电网络，再用TiO2修复裂纹获得TiO2/CNTs(石墨烯)复合结构，实现了CNTs（石墨烯）网络与集流体（FTO玻璃）直接接触，提高了电子输运效率。主要研究了TiO2薄膜用浆料中乙基纤维素含量、成膜过程中的烘干、煅烧以及后期浸泡与干燥过程对薄膜龟裂尺寸的影响，研究了TiO2/CNTs（石墨烯）复合光阳极的电池性能。结果表明，（1）浆料中乙基纤维素含量对裂块尺寸有重要影响，龟裂所需最低乙基纤维素含量为3g(TiO26g，松油醇20g)，随着其含量上升，裂块尺寸先减小后增大，平均宽度可达26.2μm，电子从TiO2传输至CNTs(石墨烯)网络的平均距离理论上小于13.1μm，接近文献报道的TiO2薄膜中电子平均传输自由程；(2)薄膜浸泡也是产生龟裂的重要因素，TiO2薄膜在水中浸泡6h以上才能发生龟裂；（3）薄膜烘干、煅烧及后期干燥对龟裂形成和形态均有不同程度影响，300~400煅烧的薄膜均能龟裂，随着煅烧温度升高，龟裂所需时间缩短；在一定煅烧时间内，薄膜龟裂均匀；时间过长，导致均匀性降低，尺寸增大;（4）CNTs与石墨烯的加入可明显提升阳极光电转换效率，石墨烯的提升作用最明显，电池效率可提升一倍。
Nano-TiO2has been widely used in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) as theacceptor of photoelectrons from excited dyes, and the morphology, size andconfiguration of TiO2influence the DSSC performance significantly. An ideal TiO2photoanode of DSSC is required to have huge surface area and superior electrontransport. One dimensional TiO2nanotube/nanowire array favors the electrontransport; however, the surface area is reduced largely because of the easy bundling.On the other hand, TiO2film composed of nanoparticles has larger surface area thanthat of nanotube array, but it suffers poor electron transport due to the numerousinterfaces among nanoparticles. In this context, it is a big challenge to developnanostructured TiO2photoanodes with both big surface area and good electrontransport. In this thesis, we report a novel TiO2nanostructure called “wire-in-tube”,which has a huge surface area since the inner nanowires are well separated from theouter nanotubes. We also prepared a novel TiO2/CNTs (or graphene) complexphotoanode by planting continuous CNTs (or graphene) network into the TiO2filmcomposed of nanoparticles so as to enhance the electron transport property whilekeeping the large surface area. The performance of DSSC fabricated usingabove-mentioned photoanodes is significantly improved.
The TiO2nano “wire-in-tube” array was prepared by soaking the pre-anodizedTiO2nanotube array into KOH and HCl alternately. The obtained TiO2nanowires arehighly separated from each other owing to the protection of surrounding TiO2nanotube walls. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of variousparameters including anodization conditions (voltage, current, etc), concentration ofKOH and HCl, and the time of KOH(HCl) treatment on the configuration of TiO2nano “wire-in-tube” array. Moreover, freeze drying and electrochemical impedancespectroscopy (EIS) were employed to study the formation mechanism of TiO2nanowires. The performance of DSSC using TiO2nano “wire-in-tube” array as thephotoanode was also evaluated. The main results are as follows:(1) The TiO2nano“wire-in-tube” array is formed in two steps, i.e., alkali treatment firstly destroys theinner layer of the tube wall to form TiO2nanoclusters inside the tubes, then theseclusters assemble to form nanowires through dehydration of the hydroxyl group onthe surface of clusters catalyzed by protons;(2) The pre-formation of TiO2nanoclusters during the alkali treatment is important to the final formation ofnanowires. The time of alkali treatment influences the amount of clusters and the concentration of electrolyte for anodization determines the formation rate of TiO2nanoclusters.(3) Acid treatment plays a crucial role in the assembly of TiO2nanoclusters to form nanowire. During the acid treatment, the–OH radicals on thesurface of nanoclusters react with protons and dehydrate quickly (ca.10min in0.5MHCl) to form nanowires. TiO2nanoclusters including their precursor (inner layer oftube wall) and their derivative (nanowires) could be dissolved by HCl, and thedissolving rate is proportional to the concentration of HCl, allowing us to control thediameter of TiO2nanowires to a large extent by adjusting the concentration of HCl;(4)TiO2nano “wire-in-tube” array exhibits a much better DSSC performance (3.48%conversion efficiency) than TiO2nanotube array (0.92%conversion efficiency) underthe same conditions.
The TiO2/CNTs(graphene) complex photoanodes were prepared by a three-stepmethod. Firstly, cracked TiO2film was fabricated on FTO conductive glass bychapping, then CNTs or graphene was filled in the cracks to form a continuousnetwork, and finally the cracks were filled by TiO2to form a complete film. TheCNTs (graphene) network contacts the FTO substrate (electron collector) directly,making the electron transport easier. Various parameters including the content ofethylcellulose, drying process for film formation and chapping, calcination andsoaking were studied to clarify their influence on the crack size. The performance ofTiO2/CNTs(graphene) complex photoanode was also evaluated. The results show that:(1) A sufficient content of ethylcellulose in the TiO2slurry is important to thechapping. By adjusting the content of ethylcellulose, the mean width of TiO2islandsin the cracked film can be achieved as26m, indicating that the longest way forelectrons to transport from the TiO2island to the CNTs(graphene) network is13m,which is very close to the mean free path distance of electrons in TiO2film;(2)Soaking in H2O is crucial to the chapping, and the least soaking time is6h forobtaining a cracked TiO2film;(3) The calcination and drying process influences themorphology of chapping more or less. Chapping can occur in the TiO2filmscalcinated at300~400, and the calcination time for chapping becomes shorter asthe temperature increases;(4) Addition of CNTs, especially graphene, cansignificantly improve the DSSC performance by two times increase in thephoto-to-electrical conversion efficiency.
引文
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