不同入路技术重建前交叉韧带术后骨隧道扩大的相关研究
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摘要
目的本研究通过术后磁共振(MRI)定量分析,以及临床随访结果,对比分析前内侧孔入路技术(AM技术)和经胫骨隧道技术(TT技术)行ACL单束重建术后骨隧道的扩大情况。
方法本研究收集2007年10月至2010年2月间共60例行关节镜下ACL单束重建病例,按AM技术和TT技术,分为AM组和TT组,其中AM组28例,TT组32例。术后对其进行临床评估(Lysholm评分和Lachman试验)、MRI检查测术后及术后约2年矢状位股骨隧道和胫骨隧道宽度,测量股骨隧道远端(A1靠近关节面)、中间(A2)、近端(A3远离关节面)和胫骨隧道近端(B1靠近关节面)、中间(B2)、远端(B3远离关节面)的直径,计算出术后骨隧道变化率(%)。比较两者临床效果以及骨隧道的扩大情况。
结果用AM技术重建ACL临床评估显示,术后六个月Lysholm评分为87.8±2.9,而TT组仅为83.5±2.8(P=0.048),并且Lachman试验AM组显著小于TT组(P=0.023)。结果显示TT组出现更明显的骨隧道扩大,A1位点(30.8%v21.5%p=0.006),A2位点(25.6%v18.5%p=0.009),B1位点(22.8%v19.5%p=0.043),B2位点(22.6%v18.2%p=0.035),B3位点(22.3%v18.0%p=0.041)。且股骨隧道多为锥形扩大,胫骨隧道多为线性扩大。
结论相对于TT技术,AM技术可以减小骨隧道扩大的发生,术后早期临床效果较好。
Objective The aims of this study were to compare the tunnel enlargement between transtibial and anteromedial portal techniques after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the clinical results.
Methods Between October2007and February2010,60consecutive patients, followed by an arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction with either an AM technique or TT technique, were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups:AM group (28patients) and the TT group (32patients). All the patients including both groups in this study underwent postoperative MRI and clinical evaluation (Lysholm score and Lachman test). The diameter was measured perpendicular to the axis of the tunnel at proximal, middle, and distal. Tunnel enlargement was determined by comparing the diameter of the tunnel on the radiograph obtained after about24months and the radiograph obtained instantly after the operation.
Results Postoperatively Lysholm score were87.8±2.9in the AM group and83.5±2.8in the TT group after six months(P=0.048), and the Lachman test was significantly different from each other after two years (P=0.023) with a better outcome in AM group. On lateral radiographs, the TT group has a higher rate of tunnel enlargement, Al (30.8%v21.5%p=0.006), A2(25.6%v18.5%p=0.009), B1(22.8%v19.5%p=0.043), B2(22.6%v18.2%p=0.035),B3(22.3%v18.0%p=0.041), and there is no difference at the point of A3between TT group and AM group.
Conclusion Drilling the femoral tunnel through the anteromedial arthroscopy portal rather than using a transtibial drilling technique diminishes the enlargement of bone tunnel and provides better clinical outcomes in the early phase after operation.
方法本研究收集2007年10月至2010年2月间共60例行关节镜下ACL单束重建病例,按AM技术和TT技术,分为AM组和TT组,其中AM组28例,TT组32例。术后对其进行临床评估(Lysholm评分和Lachman试验)、MRI检查测术后及术后约2年矢状位股骨隧道和胫骨隧道宽度,测量股骨隧道远端(A1靠近关节面)、中间(A2)、近端(A3远离关节面)和胫骨隧道近端(B1靠近关节面)、中间(B2)、远端(B3远离关节面)的直径,计算出术后骨隧道变化率(%)。比较两者临床效果以及骨隧道的扩大情况。
结果用AM技术重建ACL临床评估显示,术后六个月Lysholm评分为87.8±2.9,而TT组仅为83.5±2.8(P=0.048),并且Lachman试验AM组显著小于TT组(P=0.023)。结果显示TT组出现更明显的骨隧道扩大,A1位点(30.8%v21.5%p=0.006),A2位点(25.6%v18.5%p=0.009),B1位点(22.8%v19.5%p=0.043),B2位点(22.6%v18.2%p=0.035),B3位点(22.3%v18.0%p=0.041)。且股骨隧道多为锥形扩大,胫骨隧道多为线性扩大。
结论相对于TT技术,AM技术可以减小骨隧道扩大的发生,术后早期临床效果较好。
Objective The aims of this study were to compare the tunnel enlargement between transtibial and anteromedial portal techniques after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the clinical results.
Methods Between October2007and February2010,60consecutive patients, followed by an arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction with either an AM technique or TT technique, were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups:AM group (28patients) and the TT group (32patients). All the patients including both groups in this study underwent postoperative MRI and clinical evaluation (Lysholm score and Lachman test). The diameter was measured perpendicular to the axis of the tunnel at proximal, middle, and distal. Tunnel enlargement was determined by comparing the diameter of the tunnel on the radiograph obtained after about24months and the radiograph obtained instantly after the operation.
Results Postoperatively Lysholm score were87.8±2.9in the AM group and83.5±2.8in the TT group after six months(P=0.048), and the Lachman test was significantly different from each other after two years (P=0.023) with a better outcome in AM group. On lateral radiographs, the TT group has a higher rate of tunnel enlargement, Al (30.8%v21.5%p=0.006), A2(25.6%v18.5%p=0.009), B1(22.8%v19.5%p=0.043), B2(22.6%v18.2%p=0.035),B3(22.3%v18.0%p=0.041), and there is no difference at the point of A3between TT group and AM group.
Conclusion Drilling the femoral tunnel through the anteromedial arthroscopy portal rather than using a transtibial drilling technique diminishes the enlargement of bone tunnel and provides better clinical outcomes in the early phase after operation.
引文
1. L'Insalata JC, Klatt B, Fu FH, Hamer CD:Tunnel expansion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1997, 5(4):234-238.
2. Wolf RS, Lemak LJ:Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. J South Orthop Assoc 2002, 11(1):25-32.
3. Jackson DW, Windier GE, Simon TM:Intraarticular reaction associated with the use of freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized bone-patella tendon-bone allografts in the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1990,18(1):1-10; discussion 10-11.
4. Aglietti P, Zaccherotti G, Simeone AJ, Buzzi R:Anatomic versus non-anatomic tibial fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998, 6 Supp11:S43-48.
5. Buelow JU, Siebold R, Ellermann A:A new bicortical tibial fixation technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadruple hamstring graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000,8(4):218-225.
6. Fahey M, Indelicato PA:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament replacement. Am J Sports Med 1994,22(3):410-414.
7. Fink C, Zapp M, Benedetto KP, Hackl W, Hoser C, Rieger M:Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. Arthroscopy 2001,17(2):138-143.
8. Hogervorst T, van der Hart CP, Pels Rijcken TH, Taconis WK:Abnormal bone scans of the tibial tunnel 2 years after patella ligament anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:correlation with tunnel enlargement and tibial graft length. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000,8(6):322-328.
9. Hoher J, Moller HD, Fu FH:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:fact or fiction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998,6(4):231-240.
10. Jansson KA, Harilainen A, Sandelin J, Karjalainen PT, Aronen HJ, Tallroth K: Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the hamstring autograft and endobutton fixation technique. A clinical, radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging study with 2 years follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1999,7(5):290-295.
11. Linn RM, Fischer DA, Smith JP, Burstein DB, Quick DC:Achilles tendon allograft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 1993,21(6):825-831.
12. Peyrache MD, Djian P, Christel P, Witvoet J:Tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1996,4(1):2-8.
13. Simonian PT, Erickson MS, Larson RV, O'Kane J W:Tunnel expansion after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 1-incision EndoButton femoral fixation. Arthroscopy 2000,16(7):707-714.
14. Webster KE, Feller JA, Elliott J, Hutchison A, Payne R:A comparison of bone tunnel measurements made using computed tomography and digital plain radiography after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2004,20(9):946-950.
15. Wilson TC, Kantaras A, Atay A, Johnson DL:Tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 2004,32(2):543-549.
16. Xu Y, Ao Y, Wang J, Yu J, Cui G:Relation of tunnel enlargement and tunnel placement after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2011,27(7):923-932.
17. Matsumoto T, Kubo S, Sasaki K, Kawakami Y, Oka S, Sasaki H, Takayama K, Tei K, Matsushita T, Mifune Y et al:Acceleration of Tendon-Bone Healing of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Using Autologous Ruptured Tissue. Am J Sports Med 2012.
18. Duquin TR, Wind WM, Fineberg MS, Smolinski RJ, Buyea CM:Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2009, 22(1):7-12.
19. Howell SM, Hull ML:Aggressive rehabilitation using hamstring tendons: graft construct, tibial tunnel placement, fixation properties, and clinical outcome. Am J Knee Surg 1998, 11(2):120-127.
20. Howell SM, Wallace MP, Hull ML, Deutsch ML:Evaluation of the single-incision arthroscopic technique for anterior cruciate ligament replacement. A study of tibial tunnel placement, intraoperative graft tension, and stability. Am J Sports Med 1999,27(3):284-293.
21. Harner CD, Honkamp NJ, Ranawat AS:Anteromedial portal technique for creating the anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel. Arthros copy-the Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2008,24(1):113-115.
22. Bottoni CR, Rooney RC, Harpstrite JK, Kan DM:Ensuring accurate femoral guide pin placement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 1998,27(11):764-766.
23. Silva A, Sampaio R, Pinto E:ACL reconstruction:comparison between transtibial and anteromedial portal techniques. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011.
24. Bowers AL, Bedi A, Lipman JD, Potter HG, Rodeo SA, Pearle AD, Warren RF, Altchek DW:Comparison of anterior cruciate ligament tunnel position and graft obliquity with transtibial and anteromedial portal femoral tunnel reaming techniques using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopy 2011,27(11):1511-1522.
25. Bedi A, Musahl V, Steuber V, Kendoff D, Choi D, Allen AA, Pearle AD, Altchek DW:Transtibial Versus Anteromedial Portal Reaming in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:An Anatomic and Biomechanical Evaluation of Surgical Technique. Arthroscopy-the Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2011,27(3):380-390.
26. Clatworthy MG, Annear P, Bulow JU, Bartlett RJ:Tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a prospective evaluation of hamstring and patella tendon grafts. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 1999, 7(3):138-145.
27. Simonian PT, Monson JT, Larson RV:Biodegradable interference screw augmentation reduces tunnel expansion after ACL reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg 2001,14(2):104-108.
28. Webster KE, Feller JA, Hameister KA:Bone tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a randomised comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts with 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(2):86-91.
29. Ishibashi Y, Rudy TW, Livesay GA, Stone JD, Fu FH, Woo SL:The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation site at the tibia on knee stability: evaluation using a robotic testing system. Arthroscopy 1997,13(2):177-182.
30. Nebelung W, Becker R, Merkel M, Ropke M:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus tendon using Endobutton fixation on the femoral side. Arthroscopy 1998,14(8):810-815.
31. Segawa H, Omori G, Tomita S, Koga Y:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(4):206-210.
32. Fauno P, Kaalund S:Tunnel widening after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is influenced by the type of graft fixation used:a prospective randomized study. Arthroscopy 2005,21(11):1337-1341.
33. Kuskucu SM:Comparison of short-term results of bone tunnel enlargement between EndoButton CL and cross-pin fixation systems after chronic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autologous quadrupled hamstring tendons. JInt Med Res 2008,36(1):23-30.
34. Morgan CD, Stein DA, Leitman EH, Kalman VR:Anatomic tibial graft fixation using a retrograde bio-interference screw for endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2002,18(7):E38.
35. Iorio R, Vadala A, Argento G, Di Sanzo V, Ferretti A:Bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons:a CT study. Int Orthop 2007,31(1):49-55.
36. Brown CH, Jr., Wilson DR, Hecker AT, Ferragamo M:Graft-bone motion and tensile properties of hamstring and patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament femoral graft fixation under cyclic loading. Arthroscopy 2004, 20(9):922-935.
37. Hersekli MA, Akpinar S, Ozalay M, Ozkoc G, Cesur N, Uysal M, Pourbagher A, Tandogan RN:Tunnel enlargement after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring autografts.Ady Ther 2004,21(2):123-131.
38. Shelboume KD, Nitz P:Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1990,18(3):292-299.
39. Harner CD, Irrgang JJ, Paul J, Dearwater S, Fu FH:Loss of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1992,20(5):499-506.
40. Yu JK, Paessler HH:Relationship between tunnel widening and different rehabilitation procedures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring tendons. Chin Med J(Engl) 2005,118(4):320-326.
41. Murty AN, el Zebdeh MY, Ireland J:Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate reconstruction:does post-operative immobilisation make a difference? Knee 2001,8(1):39-43.
42. Hantes ME, Mastrokalos DS, Yu J, Paessler HH:The effect of early motion on tibial tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament replacement using hamstring tendon grafts. Arthroscopy 2004,20(6):572-580.
43. Vadala A, Iorio R, De Carli A, Argento G, Di Sanzo V, Conteduca F, Ferretti A: The effect of accelerated, brace free, rehabilitation on bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons:a CT study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007,15(4):365-371.
44. Roberts TS, Drez D, Jr., McCarthy W, Paine R:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized, bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. Two year results in thirty-six patients. Am J Sports Med 1991,19(1):35-41.
45. Harner CD, Olson E, Irrgang JJ, Silverstein S, Fu FH, Silbey M:Allograft versus autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:3-to 5-year outcome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996(324):134-144.
46. Schulte K, Majewski M, Irrgang J:Radiographic tunnel changes following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction:autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy 1995, 111(3):372-373.
47. Zijl JA, Kleipool AE, Willems WJ:Comparison of tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft or allograft. Am J Sports Med 2000,28(4):547-551.
48. Cameron M, Buchgraber A, Passler H, Vogt M, Thonar E, Fu F, Evans CH:The natural history of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Changes in synovial fluid cytokine and keratan sulfate concentrations. Am J Sports Med 1997,25(6):751-754.
49. Cameron ML, Fu FH, Paessler HH, Schneider M, Evans CH:Synovial fluid cytokine concentrations as possible prognostic indicators in the ACL-deficient knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1994,2(1):38-44.
50. Jackson DW, Grood ES, Goldstein JD, Rosen MA, Kurzweil PR, Cummings JF, Simon TM:A comparison of patellar tendon autograft and allograft used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the goat model. Am J Sports Med 1993,21(2):176-185.
1. L'Insalata JC, Klatt B, Fu FH, Harner CD:Tunnel expansion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1997, 5(4):234-238.
2. Wolf RS, Lemak LJ:Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. J South Orthop Assoc 2002, 11(1):25-32.
3. Jackson DW, Windler GE, Simon TM:Intraarticular reaction associated with the use of freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized bone-patella tendon-bone allografts in the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1990,18(1):1-10; discussion 10-11.
4. Aglietti P, Zaccherotti G, Simeone AJ, Buzzi R:Anatomic versus non-anatomic tibial fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998, 6 Suppl 1:S43-48.
5. Buelow JU, Siebold R, Ellermann A:A new bicortical tibial fixation technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadruple hamstring graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000,8(4):218-225.
6. Fahey M, Indelicato PA:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament replacement. Am J Sports Med 1994,22(3):410-414.
7. Fink C, Zapp M, Benedetto KP, Hackl W, Hoser C, Rieger M:Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. Arthroscopy 2001,17(2):138-143.
8. Hogervorst T, van der Hart CP, Pels Rijcken TH, Taconis WK:Abnormal bone scans of the tibial tunnel 2 years after patella ligament anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:correlation with tunnel enlargement and tibial graft length. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000,8(6):322-328.
9. Hoher J, Moller HD, Fu FH:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:fact or fiction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998,6(4):231-240.
10. Jansson KA, Harilainen A, Sandelin J, Karjalainen PT, Aronen HJ, Tallroth K: Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the hamstring autograft and endobutton fixation technique. A clinical, radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging study with 2 years follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1999,7(5):290-295.
11. Linn RM, Fischer DA, Smith JP, Burstein DB, Quick DC:Achilles tendon allograft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 1993,21(6):825-831.
12. Peyrache MD, Djian P, Christel P, Witvoet J:Tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1996,4(1):2-8.
13. Simonian PT, Erickson MS, Larson RV, O'Kane J W:Tunnel expansion after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 1-incision EndoButton femoral fixation. Arthroscopy 2000,16(7):707-714.
14. Webster KE, Feller JA, Elliott J, Hutchison A, Payne R:A comparison of bone tunnel measurements made using computed tomography and digital plain radiography after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2004,20(9):946-950.
15. Wilson TC, Kantaras A, Atay A, Johnson DL:Tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 2004,32(2):543-549.
16. Xu Y, Ao Y, Wang J, Yu J, Cui G:Relation of tunnel enlargement and tunnel placement after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2011,27(7):923-932.
17. Matsumoto T, Kubo S, Sasaki K, Kawakami Y, Oka S, Sasaki H, Takayama K, Tei K, Matsushita T, Mifune Y et al: Acceleration of Tendon-Bone Healing of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Using Autologous Ruptured Tissue. Am J Sports Med 2012.
18. Duquin TR, Wind WM, Fineberg MS, Smolinski RJ, Buyea CM:Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2009, 22(1):7-12.
19. Howell SM, Hull ML:Aggressive rehabilitation using hamstring tendons: graft construct, tibial tunnel placement, fixation properties, and clinical outcome. Am J Knee Surg 1998,11(2):120-127.
20. Howell SM, Wallace MP, Hull ML, Deutsch ML:Evaluation of the single-incision arthroscopic technique for anterior cruciate ligament replacement. A study of tibial tunnel placement, intraoperative graft tension, and stability. Am J Sports Med 1999,27(3):284-293.
21. Harner CD, Honkamp NJ, Ranawat AS:Anteromedial portal technique for creating the anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel. Arthroscopy-the Journal ofArthroscopic and Related Surgery 2008,24(1):113-115.
22. Bottom CR, Rooney RC, Harpstrite JK, Kan DM:Ensuring accurate femoral guide pin placement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 1998,27(11):764-766.
23. Silva A, Sampaio R, Pinto E:ACL reconstruction:comparison between transtibial and anteromedial portal techniques. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011.
24. Bowers AL, Bedi A, Lipman JD, Potter HG, Rodeo SA, Pearle AD, Warren RF, Altchek DW:Comparison of anterior cruciate ligament tunnel position and graft obliquity with transtibial and anteromedial portal femoral tunnel reaming techniques using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopy 2011,27 (11):1511-1522.
25. Bedi A, Musahl V, Steuber V, Kendoff D, Choi D, Allen AA, Pearle AD, Altchek DW:Transtibial Versus Anteromedial Portal Reaming in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:An Anatomic and Biomechanical Evaluation of Surgical Technique. Arthroscopy-the Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2011,27(3):380-390.
26. Clatworthy MG, Annear P, Bulow JU, Bartlett RT:Tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a prospective evaluation of hamstring and patella tendon grafts. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 1999, 7(3):138-145.
27. Simonian PT, Monson JT, Larson RV:Biodegradable interference screw augmentation reduces tunnel expansion after ACL reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg 2001,14(2):104-108.
28. Webster KE, Feller JA, Hameister KA:Bone tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a randomised comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts with 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(2):86-91.
29. Ishibashi Y, Rudy TW, Livesay GA, Stone JD, Fu FH, Woo SL:The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation site at the tibia on knee stability: evaluation using a robotic testing system. Arthroscopy 1997,13(2):177-182.
30. Nebelung W, Becker R, Merkel M, Ropke M:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus tendon using Endobutton fixation on the femoral side. Arthroscopy 1998,14(8):810-815.
31. Segawa H, Omori G, Tomita S, Koga Y:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(4):206-210.
32. Fauno P, Kaalund S:Tunnel widening after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is influenced by the type of graft fixation used:a prospective randomized study. Arthroscopy 2005,21(11):1337-1341.
33. Kuskucu SM:Comparison of short-term results of bone tunnel enlargement between EndoButton CL and cross-pin fixation systems after chronic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autologous quadrupled hamstring tendons. J Int Med Res 2008,36(1):23-30.
34. Morgan CD, Stein DA, Leitman EH, Kalman VR:Anatomic tibial graft fixation using a retrograde bio-interference screw for endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2002,18(7):E38.
35. Iorio R, Vadala A, Argento G, Di Sanzo V, Ferretti A:Bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons:a CT study. Int Orthop 2007,31(1):49-55.
36. Brown CH, Jr., Wilson DR, Hecker AT, Ferragamo M:Graft-bone motion and tensile properties of hamstring and patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament femoral graft fixation under cyclic loading. Arthroscopy 2004, 20(9):922-935.
37. Hersekli MA, Akpinar S, Ozalay M, Ozkoc G, Cesur N, Uysal M, Pourbagher A, Tandogan RN:Tunnel enlargement after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring autografts. Adv Ther 2004,21(2):123-131.
38. Shelbourne KD, Nitz P:Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1990,18(3):292-299.
39. Harner CD, Irrgang JJ, Paul J, Dearwater S, Fu FH:Loss of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1992,20(5):499-506.
40. Yu JK, Paessler HH:Relationship between tunnel widening and different rehabilitation procedures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring tendons. Chin Med J (Engl) 2005,118(4):320-326.
41. Murty AN, el Zebdeh MY, Ireland J:Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate reconstruction:does post-operative immobilisation make a difference? Knee 2001,8(1):39-43.
42. Hantes ME, Mastrokalos DS, Yu J, Paessler HH:The effect of early motion on tibial tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament replacement using hamstring tendon grafts. Arthroscopy 2004,20(6):572-580.
43. Vadala A, Iorio R, De Carli A, Argento G, Di Sanzo V, Conteduca F, Ferretti A: The effect of accelerated, brace free, rehabilitation on bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons:a CT study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007,15(4):365-371.
44. Roberts TS, Drez D, Jr., McCarthy W, Paine R:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized, bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. Two year results in thirty-six patients. Am J Sports Med 1991,19(1):35-41.
45. Harner CD, Olson E, Irrgang JJ, Silverstein S, Fu FH, Silbey M:Allograft versus autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:3-to 5-year outcome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996(324):134-144.
46. Schulte K, Majewski M, Irrgang J:Radiographic tunnel changes following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction:autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy 1995, 111(3):372-373.
47. Zijl JA, Kleipool AE, Willems WJ:Comparison of tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft or allograft. Am J Sports Med 2000,28(4):547-551.
48. Cameron M, Buchgraber A, Passler H, Vogt M, Thonar E, Fu F, Evans CH:The natural history of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Changes in synovial fluid cytokine and keratan sulfate concentrations. Am J Sports Med 1997,25(6):751-754.
49. Cameron ML, Fu FH, Paessler HH, Schneider M, Evans CH:Synovial fluid cytokine concentrations as possible prognostic indicators in the ACL-deficient knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1994,2(1):38-44.
50. Jackson DW, Grood ES, Goldstein JD, Rosen MA, Kurzweil PR, Cummings JF, Simon TM:A comparison of patellar tendon autograft and allograft used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the goat model. Am J Sports Med l993,21(2):176-185.
51. Kannus P, Jarvinen M:Conservatively treated tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987,69(7):1007-1012.
52. Li G, Suggs J, Gill T:The effect of anterior cruciate ligament injury on knee joint function under a simulated muscle load:a three-dimensional computational simulation. Ann Biomed Eng 2002,30(5):713-720.
53. Song Y, Debski RE, Musahl V, Thomas M, Woo SL:A three-dimensional finite element model of the human anterior cruciate ligament:a computational analysis with experimental validation. J Biomech 2004,37(3):383-390.
54. Louboutin H, Debarge R, Richou J, Selmi TA, Donell ST, Neyret P, Dubrana F: Osteoarthritis in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture:a review of risk factors. Knee 2009,16(4):239-244.
55. Anderson AF, Snyder RB, Lipscomb AB, Jr.:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective randomized study of three surgical methods. Am J Sports Med 2001,29(3):272-279.
56. Aune AK, Holm I, Risberg MA, Jensen HK, Steen H:Four-strand hamstring tendon autograft compared with patellar tendon-bone autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A randomized study with two-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2001,29(6):722-728.
57. Freedman KB, D'Amato MJ, Nedeff DD, Kaz A, Bach BR, Jr.:Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a metaanalysis comparing patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts. Am J Sports Med 2003, 31(1):2-11.
58. Harris NL, Indelicato PA, Bloomberg MS, Meister K, Wheeler DL: Radiographic and histologic analysis of the tibial tunnel after allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in goats. Am J Sports Med 2002, 30(3):368-373.
59. Siebold R, Kiss ZS, Morris HG:Effect of compaction drilling during ACL reconstruction with hamstrings on postoperative tunnel widening. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2008,128(5):461-468.
60. Kobayashi M, Nakagawa Y, Suzuki T, Okudaira S, Nakamura T:A retrospective review of bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendons fixed with a metal round cannulated interference screw in the femur. Arthroscopy 2006,22(10):1093-1099.
61. Fules PJ, Madhav RT, Goddard RK, Newman-Sanders A, Mowbray MA: Evaluation of tibial bone tunnel enlargement using MRI scan cross-sectional area measurement after autologous hamstring tendon ACL replacement. Knee 2003,10(1):87-91.
62. Klein JP, Lintner DM, Downs D, Vavrenka K:The incidence and significance of femoral tunnel widening after quadrupled hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using femoral cross pin fixation. Arthroscopy 2003, 19(5):470-476.
63. Geiges B, von Falck C, Knobloch K, Haasper C, Meller R, Krettek C, Hankemeier S, Brand J, Jagodzinski M:[Biodegradable screw versus a press-fit bone plug fixation for ACL reconstruction:A prospective randomized study.]. Unfallchirurg 2011.
64. Quatman CE, Paterno MV, Wordeman SC, Kaeding CC:Longitudinal anterior knee laxity related to substantial tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament revision. Arthroscopy 2011,27(8):1160-1163.
65. Kawaguchi Y, Kondo E, Kitamura N, Kai S, Inoue M, Yasuda K:Comparisons of femoral tunnel enlargement in 169 patients between single-bundle and anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with hamstring tendon grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011, 19(8):1249-1257.
66. Siebold R, Cafaltzis K:Differentiation between intraoperative and postoperative bone tunnel widening and communication in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a prospective study. Arthroscopy 2010,26(8):1066-1073.
67. Shah AA, Brien A, Lowe WR:Radiographic Results of Femoral Tunnel Drilling Through the Anteromedial Portal in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy-the Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2010,26(12):1586-1592.
68. Meller R, Neddermann A, Willbold E, Hesse E, Haasper C, Singh A, Knobloch K, Krettek C, Hankemeier S:The relation between tunnel widening and bone mineral density after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:an experimental study in sheep. Arthroscopy 2010,26(4):481-487.
69. Segawa H, Koga Y, Omori G, Sakamoto M, Hara T:Contact pressure in anterior cruciate ligament bone tunnels:comparison of endoscopic and two-incision technique. Arthroscopy 2005,21(4):439-444.
70. Majewski M, Schulte KR, Harner CD:[Tibial tunnel enlargement after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction]. Sportverletz Sportschaden 2002,16(1):22-25.
71. Jagodzinski M, Foerstemann T, Mall G, Krettek C, Bosch U, Paessler HH: Analysis of forces of ACL reconstructions at the tunnel entrance:is tunnel enlargement a biomechanical problem? JBiomech 2005,38(1):23-31.
72. Lopez-Vidriero E, Hugh Johnson D:Evolving concepts in tunnel placement. Sports Med Arthrosc 2009,17(4):210-216.
73. Ahn JH, Lee SH, Yoo JC, Ha HC:Measurement of the graft angles for the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with transtibial technique using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in comparative study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007,15(11):1293-1300.
74. Cain EL, Jr., Clancy WG, Jr.:Anatomic endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patella tendon autograft. Orthop Clin North Am 2002, 33(4):717-725.
75. Steiner M:Anatomic Single-bundle ACL Reconstruction. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 2009,17(4):247-251.
76. Arnold MP, Kooloos J, van Kampen A:Single-incision technique misses the anatomical femoral anterior cruciate ligament insertion:a cadaver study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(4):194-199.
77. Scopp JM, Jasper LE, Belkoff SM, Moorman CT,3rd:The effect of oblique femoral tunnel placement on rotational constraint of the knee reconstructed using patellar tendon autografts. Arthroscopy 2004,20(3):294-299.
78. Zantop T, Petersen W, Sekiya JK, Musahl V, Fu FH:Anterior cruciate ligament anatomy and function relating to anatomical reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006,14(10):982-992.
79. Dargel J, Schmidt-Wiethoff R, Fischer S, Mader K, Koebke J, Schneider T: Femoral bone tunnel placement using the transtibial tunnel or the anteromedial portal in ACL reconstruction:a radiographic evaluation. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 2009,17(3):220-227.
80. Hantes ME, Zachos VC, Liantsis A, Venouziou A, Karantanas AH, Malizos KN: Differences in graft orientation using the transtibial and anteromedial portal technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a magnetic resonance imaging study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009, 17(8):880-886.
81. Loh JC, Fukuda Y, Tsuda E, Steadman RJ, Fu FH, Woo SL:Knee stability and graft function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Comparison between 11 o'clock and 10 o'clock femoral tunnel placement. 2002 Richard O'Connor Award paper. Arthroscopy 2003,19(3):297-304.
82. Musahl V, Plakseychuk A, VanScyoc A, Sasaki T, Debski RE, McMahon PJ, Fu FH:Varying femoral tunnels between the anatomical footprint and isometric positions:effect on kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee. Am J Sports Med 2005,33(5):712-718.
2. Wolf RS, Lemak LJ:Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. J South Orthop Assoc 2002, 11(1):25-32.
3. Jackson DW, Windier GE, Simon TM:Intraarticular reaction associated with the use of freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized bone-patella tendon-bone allografts in the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1990,18(1):1-10; discussion 10-11.
4. Aglietti P, Zaccherotti G, Simeone AJ, Buzzi R:Anatomic versus non-anatomic tibial fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998, 6 Supp11:S43-48.
5. Buelow JU, Siebold R, Ellermann A:A new bicortical tibial fixation technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadruple hamstring graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000,8(4):218-225.
6. Fahey M, Indelicato PA:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament replacement. Am J Sports Med 1994,22(3):410-414.
7. Fink C, Zapp M, Benedetto KP, Hackl W, Hoser C, Rieger M:Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. Arthroscopy 2001,17(2):138-143.
8. Hogervorst T, van der Hart CP, Pels Rijcken TH, Taconis WK:Abnormal bone scans of the tibial tunnel 2 years after patella ligament anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:correlation with tunnel enlargement and tibial graft length. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000,8(6):322-328.
9. Hoher J, Moller HD, Fu FH:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:fact or fiction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998,6(4):231-240.
10. Jansson KA, Harilainen A, Sandelin J, Karjalainen PT, Aronen HJ, Tallroth K: Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the hamstring autograft and endobutton fixation technique. A clinical, radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging study with 2 years follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1999,7(5):290-295.
11. Linn RM, Fischer DA, Smith JP, Burstein DB, Quick DC:Achilles tendon allograft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 1993,21(6):825-831.
12. Peyrache MD, Djian P, Christel P, Witvoet J:Tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1996,4(1):2-8.
13. Simonian PT, Erickson MS, Larson RV, O'Kane J W:Tunnel expansion after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 1-incision EndoButton femoral fixation. Arthroscopy 2000,16(7):707-714.
14. Webster KE, Feller JA, Elliott J, Hutchison A, Payne R:A comparison of bone tunnel measurements made using computed tomography and digital plain radiography after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2004,20(9):946-950.
15. Wilson TC, Kantaras A, Atay A, Johnson DL:Tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 2004,32(2):543-549.
16. Xu Y, Ao Y, Wang J, Yu J, Cui G:Relation of tunnel enlargement and tunnel placement after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2011,27(7):923-932.
17. Matsumoto T, Kubo S, Sasaki K, Kawakami Y, Oka S, Sasaki H, Takayama K, Tei K, Matsushita T, Mifune Y et al:Acceleration of Tendon-Bone Healing of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Using Autologous Ruptured Tissue. Am J Sports Med 2012.
18. Duquin TR, Wind WM, Fineberg MS, Smolinski RJ, Buyea CM:Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2009, 22(1):7-12.
19. Howell SM, Hull ML:Aggressive rehabilitation using hamstring tendons: graft construct, tibial tunnel placement, fixation properties, and clinical outcome. Am J Knee Surg 1998, 11(2):120-127.
20. Howell SM, Wallace MP, Hull ML, Deutsch ML:Evaluation of the single-incision arthroscopic technique for anterior cruciate ligament replacement. A study of tibial tunnel placement, intraoperative graft tension, and stability. Am J Sports Med 1999,27(3):284-293.
21. Harner CD, Honkamp NJ, Ranawat AS:Anteromedial portal technique for creating the anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel. Arthros copy-the Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2008,24(1):113-115.
22. Bottoni CR, Rooney RC, Harpstrite JK, Kan DM:Ensuring accurate femoral guide pin placement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 1998,27(11):764-766.
23. Silva A, Sampaio R, Pinto E:ACL reconstruction:comparison between transtibial and anteromedial portal techniques. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011.
24. Bowers AL, Bedi A, Lipman JD, Potter HG, Rodeo SA, Pearle AD, Warren RF, Altchek DW:Comparison of anterior cruciate ligament tunnel position and graft obliquity with transtibial and anteromedial portal femoral tunnel reaming techniques using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopy 2011,27(11):1511-1522.
25. Bedi A, Musahl V, Steuber V, Kendoff D, Choi D, Allen AA, Pearle AD, Altchek DW:Transtibial Versus Anteromedial Portal Reaming in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:An Anatomic and Biomechanical Evaluation of Surgical Technique. Arthroscopy-the Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2011,27(3):380-390.
26. Clatworthy MG, Annear P, Bulow JU, Bartlett RJ:Tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a prospective evaluation of hamstring and patella tendon grafts. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 1999, 7(3):138-145.
27. Simonian PT, Monson JT, Larson RV:Biodegradable interference screw augmentation reduces tunnel expansion after ACL reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg 2001,14(2):104-108.
28. Webster KE, Feller JA, Hameister KA:Bone tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a randomised comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts with 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(2):86-91.
29. Ishibashi Y, Rudy TW, Livesay GA, Stone JD, Fu FH, Woo SL:The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation site at the tibia on knee stability: evaluation using a robotic testing system. Arthroscopy 1997,13(2):177-182.
30. Nebelung W, Becker R, Merkel M, Ropke M:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus tendon using Endobutton fixation on the femoral side. Arthroscopy 1998,14(8):810-815.
31. Segawa H, Omori G, Tomita S, Koga Y:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(4):206-210.
32. Fauno P, Kaalund S:Tunnel widening after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is influenced by the type of graft fixation used:a prospective randomized study. Arthroscopy 2005,21(11):1337-1341.
33. Kuskucu SM:Comparison of short-term results of bone tunnel enlargement between EndoButton CL and cross-pin fixation systems after chronic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autologous quadrupled hamstring tendons. JInt Med Res 2008,36(1):23-30.
34. Morgan CD, Stein DA, Leitman EH, Kalman VR:Anatomic tibial graft fixation using a retrograde bio-interference screw for endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2002,18(7):E38.
35. Iorio R, Vadala A, Argento G, Di Sanzo V, Ferretti A:Bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons:a CT study. Int Orthop 2007,31(1):49-55.
36. Brown CH, Jr., Wilson DR, Hecker AT, Ferragamo M:Graft-bone motion and tensile properties of hamstring and patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament femoral graft fixation under cyclic loading. Arthroscopy 2004, 20(9):922-935.
37. Hersekli MA, Akpinar S, Ozalay M, Ozkoc G, Cesur N, Uysal M, Pourbagher A, Tandogan RN:Tunnel enlargement after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring autografts.Ady Ther 2004,21(2):123-131.
38. Shelboume KD, Nitz P:Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1990,18(3):292-299.
39. Harner CD, Irrgang JJ, Paul J, Dearwater S, Fu FH:Loss of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1992,20(5):499-506.
40. Yu JK, Paessler HH:Relationship between tunnel widening and different rehabilitation procedures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring tendons. Chin Med J(Engl) 2005,118(4):320-326.
41. Murty AN, el Zebdeh MY, Ireland J:Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate reconstruction:does post-operative immobilisation make a difference? Knee 2001,8(1):39-43.
42. Hantes ME, Mastrokalos DS, Yu J, Paessler HH:The effect of early motion on tibial tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament replacement using hamstring tendon grafts. Arthroscopy 2004,20(6):572-580.
43. Vadala A, Iorio R, De Carli A, Argento G, Di Sanzo V, Conteduca F, Ferretti A: The effect of accelerated, brace free, rehabilitation on bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons:a CT study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007,15(4):365-371.
44. Roberts TS, Drez D, Jr., McCarthy W, Paine R:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized, bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. Two year results in thirty-six patients. Am J Sports Med 1991,19(1):35-41.
45. Harner CD, Olson E, Irrgang JJ, Silverstein S, Fu FH, Silbey M:Allograft versus autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:3-to 5-year outcome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996(324):134-144.
46. Schulte K, Majewski M, Irrgang J:Radiographic tunnel changes following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction:autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy 1995, 111(3):372-373.
47. Zijl JA, Kleipool AE, Willems WJ:Comparison of tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft or allograft. Am J Sports Med 2000,28(4):547-551.
48. Cameron M, Buchgraber A, Passler H, Vogt M, Thonar E, Fu F, Evans CH:The natural history of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Changes in synovial fluid cytokine and keratan sulfate concentrations. Am J Sports Med 1997,25(6):751-754.
49. Cameron ML, Fu FH, Paessler HH, Schneider M, Evans CH:Synovial fluid cytokine concentrations as possible prognostic indicators in the ACL-deficient knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1994,2(1):38-44.
50. Jackson DW, Grood ES, Goldstein JD, Rosen MA, Kurzweil PR, Cummings JF, Simon TM:A comparison of patellar tendon autograft and allograft used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the goat model. Am J Sports Med 1993,21(2):176-185.
1. L'Insalata JC, Klatt B, Fu FH, Harner CD:Tunnel expansion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1997, 5(4):234-238.
2. Wolf RS, Lemak LJ:Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. J South Orthop Assoc 2002, 11(1):25-32.
3. Jackson DW, Windler GE, Simon TM:Intraarticular reaction associated with the use of freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized bone-patella tendon-bone allografts in the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1990,18(1):1-10; discussion 10-11.
4. Aglietti P, Zaccherotti G, Simeone AJ, Buzzi R:Anatomic versus non-anatomic tibial fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998, 6 Suppl 1:S43-48.
5. Buelow JU, Siebold R, Ellermann A:A new bicortical tibial fixation technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadruple hamstring graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000,8(4):218-225.
6. Fahey M, Indelicato PA:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament replacement. Am J Sports Med 1994,22(3):410-414.
7. Fink C, Zapp M, Benedetto KP, Hackl W, Hoser C, Rieger M:Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. Arthroscopy 2001,17(2):138-143.
8. Hogervorst T, van der Hart CP, Pels Rijcken TH, Taconis WK:Abnormal bone scans of the tibial tunnel 2 years after patella ligament anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:correlation with tunnel enlargement and tibial graft length. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000,8(6):322-328.
9. Hoher J, Moller HD, Fu FH:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:fact or fiction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998,6(4):231-240.
10. Jansson KA, Harilainen A, Sandelin J, Karjalainen PT, Aronen HJ, Tallroth K: Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the hamstring autograft and endobutton fixation technique. A clinical, radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging study with 2 years follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1999,7(5):290-295.
11. Linn RM, Fischer DA, Smith JP, Burstein DB, Quick DC:Achilles tendon allograft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 1993,21(6):825-831.
12. Peyrache MD, Djian P, Christel P, Witvoet J:Tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1996,4(1):2-8.
13. Simonian PT, Erickson MS, Larson RV, O'Kane J W:Tunnel expansion after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 1-incision EndoButton femoral fixation. Arthroscopy 2000,16(7):707-714.
14. Webster KE, Feller JA, Elliott J, Hutchison A, Payne R:A comparison of bone tunnel measurements made using computed tomography and digital plain radiography after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2004,20(9):946-950.
15. Wilson TC, Kantaras A, Atay A, Johnson DL:Tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 2004,32(2):543-549.
16. Xu Y, Ao Y, Wang J, Yu J, Cui G:Relation of tunnel enlargement and tunnel placement after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2011,27(7):923-932.
17. Matsumoto T, Kubo S, Sasaki K, Kawakami Y, Oka S, Sasaki H, Takayama K, Tei K, Matsushita T, Mifune Y et al: Acceleration of Tendon-Bone Healing of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Using Autologous Ruptured Tissue. Am J Sports Med 2012.
18. Duquin TR, Wind WM, Fineberg MS, Smolinski RJ, Buyea CM:Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2009, 22(1):7-12.
19. Howell SM, Hull ML:Aggressive rehabilitation using hamstring tendons: graft construct, tibial tunnel placement, fixation properties, and clinical outcome. Am J Knee Surg 1998,11(2):120-127.
20. Howell SM, Wallace MP, Hull ML, Deutsch ML:Evaluation of the single-incision arthroscopic technique for anterior cruciate ligament replacement. A study of tibial tunnel placement, intraoperative graft tension, and stability. Am J Sports Med 1999,27(3):284-293.
21. Harner CD, Honkamp NJ, Ranawat AS:Anteromedial portal technique for creating the anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel. Arthroscopy-the Journal ofArthroscopic and Related Surgery 2008,24(1):113-115.
22. Bottom CR, Rooney RC, Harpstrite JK, Kan DM:Ensuring accurate femoral guide pin placement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 1998,27(11):764-766.
23. Silva A, Sampaio R, Pinto E:ACL reconstruction:comparison between transtibial and anteromedial portal techniques. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011.
24. Bowers AL, Bedi A, Lipman JD, Potter HG, Rodeo SA, Pearle AD, Warren RF, Altchek DW:Comparison of anterior cruciate ligament tunnel position and graft obliquity with transtibial and anteromedial portal femoral tunnel reaming techniques using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopy 2011,27 (11):1511-1522.
25. Bedi A, Musahl V, Steuber V, Kendoff D, Choi D, Allen AA, Pearle AD, Altchek DW:Transtibial Versus Anteromedial Portal Reaming in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:An Anatomic and Biomechanical Evaluation of Surgical Technique. Arthroscopy-the Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2011,27(3):380-390.
26. Clatworthy MG, Annear P, Bulow JU, Bartlett RT:Tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a prospective evaluation of hamstring and patella tendon grafts. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 1999, 7(3):138-145.
27. Simonian PT, Monson JT, Larson RV:Biodegradable interference screw augmentation reduces tunnel expansion after ACL reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg 2001,14(2):104-108.
28. Webster KE, Feller JA, Hameister KA:Bone tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a randomised comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts with 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(2):86-91.
29. Ishibashi Y, Rudy TW, Livesay GA, Stone JD, Fu FH, Woo SL:The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation site at the tibia on knee stability: evaluation using a robotic testing system. Arthroscopy 1997,13(2):177-182.
30. Nebelung W, Becker R, Merkel M, Ropke M:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus tendon using Endobutton fixation on the femoral side. Arthroscopy 1998,14(8):810-815.
31. Segawa H, Omori G, Tomita S, Koga Y:Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001,9(4):206-210.
32. Fauno P, Kaalund S:Tunnel widening after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is influenced by the type of graft fixation used:a prospective randomized study. Arthroscopy 2005,21(11):1337-1341.
33. Kuskucu SM:Comparison of short-term results of bone tunnel enlargement between EndoButton CL and cross-pin fixation systems after chronic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autologous quadrupled hamstring tendons. J Int Med Res 2008,36(1):23-30.
34. Morgan CD, Stein DA, Leitman EH, Kalman VR:Anatomic tibial graft fixation using a retrograde bio-interference screw for endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2002,18(7):E38.
35. Iorio R, Vadala A, Argento G, Di Sanzo V, Ferretti A:Bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons:a CT study. Int Orthop 2007,31(1):49-55.
36. Brown CH, Jr., Wilson DR, Hecker AT, Ferragamo M:Graft-bone motion and tensile properties of hamstring and patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament femoral graft fixation under cyclic loading. Arthroscopy 2004, 20(9):922-935.
37. Hersekli MA, Akpinar S, Ozalay M, Ozkoc G, Cesur N, Uysal M, Pourbagher A, Tandogan RN:Tunnel enlargement after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring autografts. Adv Ther 2004,21(2):123-131.
38. Shelbourne KD, Nitz P:Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1990,18(3):292-299.
39. Harner CD, Irrgang JJ, Paul J, Dearwater S, Fu FH:Loss of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1992,20(5):499-506.
40. Yu JK, Paessler HH:Relationship between tunnel widening and different rehabilitation procedures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring tendons. Chin Med J (Engl) 2005,118(4):320-326.
41. Murty AN, el Zebdeh MY, Ireland J:Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate reconstruction:does post-operative immobilisation make a difference? Knee 2001,8(1):39-43.
42. Hantes ME, Mastrokalos DS, Yu J, Paessler HH:The effect of early motion on tibial tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament replacement using hamstring tendon grafts. Arthroscopy 2004,20(6):572-580.
43. Vadala A, Iorio R, De Carli A, Argento G, Di Sanzo V, Conteduca F, Ferretti A: The effect of accelerated, brace free, rehabilitation on bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons:a CT study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007,15(4):365-371.
44. Roberts TS, Drez D, Jr., McCarthy W, Paine R:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized, bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. Two year results in thirty-six patients. Am J Sports Med 1991,19(1):35-41.
45. Harner CD, Olson E, Irrgang JJ, Silverstein S, Fu FH, Silbey M:Allograft versus autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:3-to 5-year outcome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996(324):134-144.
46. Schulte K, Majewski M, Irrgang J:Radiographic tunnel changes following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction:autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy 1995, 111(3):372-373.
47. Zijl JA, Kleipool AE, Willems WJ:Comparison of tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft or allograft. Am J Sports Med 2000,28(4):547-551.
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