四川明月山公路隧道火灾烟雾扩散特性局部三维数值仿真研究
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摘要
由于隧道的特殊结构,在隧道内,尤其是长大公路隧道内一旦发生火灾，若不能及时发现、及时扑灭,火灾会很快蔓延并祸及来不及疏散的其他车辆,从而造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。目前国内外许多学者针对隧道火灾纵向通风下的烟雾、温度分布及控制方案有较深的研究,但对于隧道火灾后排烟道的作用,如排烟道距离火源不同位置对烟雾的分布、分层的影响；不同交通阻滞状态下的烟雾分布的研究较少。本文依托“四川垫邻高速明月山隧道通风与火灾救援研究”这一课题,主要针对这两点并结合隧道火灾工况下排烟道排烟其断面形状的优化展开研究,进行了大量数值模拟分析,最终得出以下几点结论：
(1)排烟道风速大小对隧道内火灾烟雾逆流控制没有影响。当排烟道距离火源较远时排烟道风速大小对火源下游烟雾分布影响很小(烟雾在距离火源400m处即完全扩散)。当排烟道距离火源较近时其排烟道的升压力可使烟雾在火源与排烟道之间分布非常明显,使距离地面2m一下的烟雾浓度较低利于人员、车辆逃生,但为确保排烟道下游烟雾不被扰动应确保入口流量Q1与排烟道流量Q2比大于1：1。
(2)得出隧道在交通阻滞状态下不同火源规模中临界风速,并且通过对不同阻滞长度(1Km、250m)的模拟研究,发现隧道阻滞情况下的火灾临界风速与交通阻滞长度关系不是很大。
(3)通过对4种不同形状、不同的大小的排烟道断面的排烟效果进行优化数值模拟,找出合适的排烟道断面形状。
通过本文研究,结合明月山运营设备布置情况,为编制火灾救援预案提供依据。
Due to the special structure of the tunnel, especially long highway tunnel in case of fire, if not timely discovery and extinguished it, the fire will spread quickly.In this way, the other vehicles could not be evacuated as soon as possible, which causes heavy casualties and property losses. Many experts at home and abroad just have done a lot of research on the smoke temperature distribution and control scheme for tunnel fire, which use the longitudinal ventilation. But the role of the flue tunnel fire, such as smoke exhaust from different positions, and their influence of the smoke distribution and stratification. Based on " Sichuan Dianlin highway Mingyueshan tunnel ventilation and fire Rescue Research " project. We have done a lot of numerical simulation analysis. Finally, we summarized several conclusions as follows:
(1) Wind speed of the exhaust does not affect the tunnel upstream control。When the fire far away from the smoke exhaust, the wind speed of the smoke exhaust has little effect on the downstream distribution of smoke (If the smoke float from the fire source about 400m, it will be completely diffusion).When the smoke exhaust near the fire source, the upward pressure which is generated by exhaust can make the smoke distribute clearly between the smoke exhaust and the fire source. So within 2m above the ground, the smoke concentration is lower; in this way the people and the vehicles would evacuate more easier. But in order to ensure that the smoke will not be disturbed in the smoke exhaust downstream, we must make import section flow Q1 and Q2 flow of smoke exhaust's ratio is greater than 1:1.
(2) Obtained in case of traffic jam, the size of the critical wind speed with the different fire in the tunnel, and through the different traffic jam length (250m and lkm) simulation studies. Under the circumstance that the critical wind speed with fire have noting to do with length of the traffic jam.
(3) Using numerical simulation to 4 different shapes and sizes of smoke exhaust section,to find the best one on exhaust Smoke effects.
Through this article study, combining Mingyueshan tunnel operation equipment arrangement to provides the basis for tunnel fire rescue plan.
(1)排烟道风速大小对隧道内火灾烟雾逆流控制没有影响。当排烟道距离火源较远时排烟道风速大小对火源下游烟雾分布影响很小(烟雾在距离火源400m处即完全扩散)。当排烟道距离火源较近时其排烟道的升压力可使烟雾在火源与排烟道之间分布非常明显,使距离地面2m一下的烟雾浓度较低利于人员、车辆逃生,但为确保排烟道下游烟雾不被扰动应确保入口流量Q1与排烟道流量Q2比大于1：1。
(2)得出隧道在交通阻滞状态下不同火源规模中临界风速,并且通过对不同阻滞长度(1Km、250m)的模拟研究,发现隧道阻滞情况下的火灾临界风速与交通阻滞长度关系不是很大。
(3)通过对4种不同形状、不同的大小的排烟道断面的排烟效果进行优化数值模拟,找出合适的排烟道断面形状。
通过本文研究,结合明月山运营设备布置情况,为编制火灾救援预案提供依据。
Due to the special structure of the tunnel, especially long highway tunnel in case of fire, if not timely discovery and extinguished it, the fire will spread quickly.In this way, the other vehicles could not be evacuated as soon as possible, which causes heavy casualties and property losses. Many experts at home and abroad just have done a lot of research on the smoke temperature distribution and control scheme for tunnel fire, which use the longitudinal ventilation. But the role of the flue tunnel fire, such as smoke exhaust from different positions, and their influence of the smoke distribution and stratification. Based on " Sichuan Dianlin highway Mingyueshan tunnel ventilation and fire Rescue Research " project. We have done a lot of numerical simulation analysis. Finally, we summarized several conclusions as follows:
(1) Wind speed of the exhaust does not affect the tunnel upstream control。When the fire far away from the smoke exhaust, the wind speed of the smoke exhaust has little effect on the downstream distribution of smoke (If the smoke float from the fire source about 400m, it will be completely diffusion).When the smoke exhaust near the fire source, the upward pressure which is generated by exhaust can make the smoke distribute clearly between the smoke exhaust and the fire source. So within 2m above the ground, the smoke concentration is lower; in this way the people and the vehicles would evacuate more easier. But in order to ensure that the smoke will not be disturbed in the smoke exhaust downstream, we must make import section flow Q1 and Q2 flow of smoke exhaust's ratio is greater than 1:1.
(2) Obtained in case of traffic jam, the size of the critical wind speed with the different fire in the tunnel, and through the different traffic jam length (250m and lkm) simulation studies. Under the circumstance that the critical wind speed with fire have noting to do with length of the traffic jam.
(3) Using numerical simulation to 4 different shapes and sizes of smoke exhaust section,to find the best one on exhaust Smoke effects.
Through this article study, combining Mingyueshan tunnel operation equipment arrangement to provides the basis for tunnel fire rescue plan.
引文
[1]王永东.公路隧道运营安全技术研究[D].西安：长安大学,2007
[2]中国交通部：二○○五年公路水路交通行业发展统计[Z], http://www.moc.gov.cn/
[3]周勇狄.长大公路隧道火灾数值模拟及逃生研究[D].西安：长安大学,2006
[4]吕康成.公路隧道运营管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2006
[5]STUIENGESELLSCHAFT STAHLANWENDUNG E.V. Fire in transport tunnels; Report on full-scale test[J]. Verlag und EU 499 Firetun,1995
[6]Bron. Abstracts on breakdowns, accidents and fires in the tunnel[J]. CETU,1993
[7]Oviedo(Spain). Incentdios en tuneles[J]. HACAR F, ABELLA A, GARCIA—ARANCO I, 1993
[8]Final Report on the Fire Test in the Ofenegg Tunnel[R]. committee for safety in road tunnels, 1965.
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[10]王辉,王丹.公路隧道火灾事故统计分析[A].河北交通科技,2009.6
[11]Korsor(Denmark). Statistics on breakdowns, accidents and fire in french road tunnels[C]. First International Conference on Tunnel Incident Management,1996
[12]国外道路标准规范编译组.公路隧道火灾及烟气控制[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2006
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[14]John Wily & Sons publishers. Heat Transfer in flames, chapter27. BURGESS D,1974
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[17]冯炼,王婉娣,杨其新等.公路隧道火灾模式下烟流的稳态分析[J].地下空间,2004,
[18]张发勇,冯炼.终南山特长公路隧道火灾通风数值模拟分析[J].地下空间,2004,
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[20]王婉娣,冯炼.公路隧道火灾三维数值模拟[J].制冷与空调,2004
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[22]王泽宇,冯炼,张发勇.竖井烟囱效应作用下的隧道火灾通风数值模拟[J].地下空间与工程学报,2006
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[24]章玉伟.公路隧道纵向通风系统火灾工况数值模拟研究[D].西安：长安大学,2006
[25]JTG D70-2004,公路隧道设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2004
[26]王毅才.隧道工程[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2008
[27]温玉辉.特长公路隧道纵向通风系统CFD三维数值仿真分析[D].西安：长安大学,2004
[28]蒋树屏.公路隧道竖井送排通风模式及工程应用[J].世界隧道,1998
[29]JTG 026.1-1999,公路隧道通风照明设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2000
[30]高殿荣,吴晓明..工程流体力学[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1999.
[31]朱一馄.流体力学基础[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,1990
[32]吴持恭.水力学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002.
[33]关宝树等.公路隧道纵向通风数值模拟[J].西南交通大学学报,2000
[34]黄雪莲.空调房间内的三维非均温气流组织的数值研究[D],南京：南京理工大学硕,2003
[35]王晓雯.公路隧道送排式纵向通风流体力学分析与计算模型[J].重庆交通学院学报,2004
[36]姚征、陈康民.CFD通用软件综述[J],上海理工大学学报,2004
[2]中国交通部：二○○五年公路水路交通行业发展统计[Z], http://www.moc.gov.cn/
[3]周勇狄.长大公路隧道火灾数值模拟及逃生研究[D].西安：长安大学,2006
[4]吕康成.公路隧道运营管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2006
[5]STUIENGESELLSCHAFT STAHLANWENDUNG E.V. Fire in transport tunnels; Report on full-scale test[J]. Verlag und EU 499 Firetun,1995
[6]Bron. Abstracts on breakdowns, accidents and fires in the tunnel[J]. CETU,1993
[7]Oviedo(Spain). Incentdios en tuneles[J]. HACAR F, ABELLA A, GARCIA—ARANCO I, 1993
[8]Final Report on the Fire Test in the Ofenegg Tunnel[R]. committee for safety in road tunnels, 1965.
[9]康晓龙,王伟,赵耀华.公路隧道火灾事故调研与对策分析[A].中国安全科学学报,2007年5月
[10]王辉,王丹.公路隧道火灾事故统计分析[A].河北交通科技,2009.6
[11]Korsor(Denmark). Statistics on breakdowns, accidents and fire in french road tunnels[C]. First International Conference on Tunnel Incident Management,1996
[12]国外道路标准规范编译组.公路隧道火灾及烟气控制[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2006
[13]Baubehorde Hambure(Germant). Statistics on Traffic in the Elbtunnel from the year 1975to the year 1992[J].1993
[14]John Wily & Sons publishers. Heat Transfer in flames, chapter27. BURGESS D,1974
[15]United States. Memorial Tunnel Fire ventilation test program; Test report[R]. MASSACHUSSETS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT AND FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION,1995
[16]王明年,杨其新,曾艳华等..终南山特长公路隧道火灾模式下网络通风研究[J].地下空间,2002
[17]冯炼,王婉娣,杨其新等.公路隧道火灾模式下烟流的稳态分析[J].地下空间,2004,
[18]张发勇,冯炼.终南山特长公路隧道火灾通风数值模拟分析[J].地下空间,2004,
[19]王婉娣,冯炼.特长公路隧道火灾通风三维数值模拟研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2004
[20]王婉娣,冯炼.公路隧道火灾三维数值模拟[J].制冷与空调,2004
[21]谢宁,冯炼,王婉娣.隧道火灾三维数值模拟的瞬态分析[J].中国铁道科学,2005
[22]王泽宇,冯炼,张发勇.竖井烟囱效应作用下的隧道火灾通风数值模拟[J].地下空间与工程学报,2006
[23]王泽宇,冯炼.带竖井特长公路隧道的火灾通风数值模拟[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006
[24]章玉伟.公路隧道纵向通风系统火灾工况数值模拟研究[D].西安：长安大学,2006
[25]JTG D70-2004,公路隧道设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2004
[26]王毅才.隧道工程[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2008
[27]温玉辉.特长公路隧道纵向通风系统CFD三维数值仿真分析[D].西安：长安大学,2004
[28]蒋树屏.公路隧道竖井送排通风模式及工程应用[J].世界隧道,1998
[29]JTG 026.1-1999,公路隧道通风照明设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2000
[30]高殿荣,吴晓明..工程流体力学[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1999.
[31]朱一馄.流体力学基础[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,1990
[32]吴持恭.水力学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002.
[33]关宝树等.公路隧道纵向通风数值模拟[J].西南交通大学学报,2000
[34]黄雪莲.空调房间内的三维非均温气流组织的数值研究[D],南京：南京理工大学硕,2003
[35]王晓雯.公路隧道送排式纵向通风流体力学分析与计算模型[J].重庆交通学院学报,2004
[36]姚征、陈康民.CFD通用软件综述[J],上海理工大学学报,2004