方向回溯阵列天线研究
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摘要
近年来,随着无线通信技术的发展,迫切需要使用低成本、高增益,同时具有自动波束跟踪能力的新型天线。方向回溯阵列天线能够满足这些设计要求,它不需要来波方向的预知信息和复杂的数字信号处理算法来实现方向回溯。相对于传统天线技术和通常的自适应天线技术,方向回溯阵列天线具有快速跟踪的特性和更高的性价比,这些特点使其在现代军用和民用移动通信系统中有广阔的应用前景。
本论文在综述方向回溯阵列国内外现状的基础上,从理论上对方向回溯阵列的基本概念进行了研究；系统总结了各种方向回溯实现方式的优缺点和方向回溯系统体系结构；并对用于评价方向回溯阵列系统性能优劣的跟踪特性进行了波束指向误差的理论分析,研究了在多径环境下方向回溯阵列的性能,为方向回溯阵列设计提供理论依据。
基于混频器的相位共轭电路是实现方向回溯功能的主要途径,因此论文首先总结了几种不同结构的混频器在相位共轭电路中的应用形式,并设计了两种相位共轭混频器。对于单边带混频器,论文分析了不同支路的幅度误差和相位误差对边带抑制度的影响,推导了最佳输出的条件；同时根据方向回溯阵的设计要求完成了的输入输出同端口的阻性FET混频器,这两种混频器可应用于方向回溯阵列中。
具有频偏特性的方向回溯阵可以实现异频通信而且方便测试,为了解决使用宽带入射信号时具有频偏特性的相位共轭电路无法进行相位过滤的问题,提出了一种基于单边带混频器和Van Atta阵列结合的方向回溯阵列结构,设计并制作了工作在S波段的实验模型,测试结果表明这种阵列具有良好的频偏和宽带工作特性。
针对方向回溯阵在通信系统中的应用,设计了一种工作在C波段的宽带超外差方向回溯阵。采用自定频结构和收发频偏设计,使系统无需预先确定来波频率就可以自动进行方向回溯通信。为了解决相位共轭电路带内较大的杂散,设计了一种采用中频混频的超外差阵,两次变频使得阵列输出具有较纯净的频谱,符合通信系统应用需求。
目前对方向回溯阵列的研究多集中在单频,对双频阵列研究较少,而双频阵列具有更广泛的应用。论文提出并制作了一种双向双频超外差方向回溯阵列,它可以将接收到的低频问询信号由高频转发出去,而接收到的高频问询信号也可由低频进行转发,在一个相位共轭单元中只采用一个混频器实现双向收发,不仅降低了系统成本,也使系统具有较高的收发隔离度。在此基础上,采用中频混频的相位共轭方式实现了双向双频超外差阵列,使系统可以很容易加入调制解调,完成信息的接收和传送,很好的应用到全双工通信系统中。
针对射频识别系统的应用,设计并制作了工作在C波段的超外差方向回溯阵列,相位共轭单元采用阻性FET混频器,通过使用90。耦合器增加系统收发隔离度,实现了对射频泄露信号的抑制。
最后结合实际系统的应用需求,设计了低副瓣方向回溯阵列。采用DEGL算法和不等间距布阵形式设计了工作在C波段的16元不等间距宽带低副瓣天线阵,副瓣电平达到了-20dB。同时设计了可以进行±20。扫描的16元宽带双极化低副瓣天线阵,并设计了相位共轭电路。低副瓣方向回溯阵可以在有电子干扰的环境中更有效的工作,应用于现代通信系统中。
With the development of wireless communication these years, there is a serious need for novel antennas with the features of low cost, high link gain and the capability of adaptive beam tracking. Retrodirective array antenna has the characteristic of retransmitting a wave toward the source without any prior knowledge of the source location and the complex digital signal processing. Compared with traditional antenna technique and adaptive antenna technique, it has the advantages of quickly tracking and low cost. Therefore, it can be widely used in the communication field for both military and commercial applications.
The concept and feature of retrodirective array are theoretically studied based on the current research status both at home and abroad. The advantages and disadvantages of various kinds of realization methods and the structure characteristics of retrodirective arrays are summarized. The tracking characteristic used for judging the performance of a retrodirective array is evaluated by the analysis of beam pointing error in theory. Then the system performance under multi-path circumstance is analyzed.
The phase-conjugation technique using mixers is the main approach of realizing a retrodirective arrays. By discussing the various structures of mixers used for phase-conjugation circuits, two kinds of phase-conjugation mixers are designed. In the single sideband mixer design, the sideband suppression influenced by the amplitude and phase error is analyzed and the condition for best outputs is deduced. Simultaneously, a mixer with a shared port for input and output signal using FET is accomplished. These two mixers are fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the mixers have good performance for phase-conjugating circuits.
Broadband retrodirective array with frequency offset characteristic can be used for different-frenquency communication. In order to realize phased filtering for a broadband signal in the phase-conjugating circuits with frequency offset characteristic, a Van Atta array combined a single sideband mixer is proposed and the array operating at S band is practically designed and manufactured. The measurement results show good coincidence with theoretically results. This array achieves excellent frequency offset and broadband characteristics.
Two broadband heterodyne retrodirective arrays operating at C band are designed for the communication application. In the array designs, frequency offset technique and frequency autonomous structure are used for more flexible performance, which can assure the array automatically retransmit a wave toward the source direction without any prior information of the source frequency. The design results of heterodyne technique using IF for restraining spurious signals in the phase-conjugation circuit show that this array obtain pure spectrum which can satisfies the communication system requirements.
Compared with a single frequency retrodirective array, dual-frequency arrays have more widely applications in communication systems. Current researches of retrodirective array focus on single frequency. A bidirectional dual-frequency heterodyne retrodirective array is designed which can make a response signal at a high frequency to a low frequency interrogating signal, and be responsible for the reciprocal process. The phase-conjugation unit with only one mixer to realize bidirectional transceiver not only reduces system cost but also results in high transceiver isolation of the system. The bidirectional dual-frequency retrodirective array using IF mixing allows the system to easily add demodulation, receive and transmit information and can be well applied to the full-duplex communication systems.
A heterodyne retrodirective array operating at C band for RFID application is designed and fabricated, in which a FET mixer is used in phase-conjugation cell. A90°coupler is introduced to increasing the isolation between receiving and retransmitting signals.
Finally, for the system application requirements, several arrays with low sidelobe level are optimized by using DEGL algorithm. A16-element broadband unequally spaced array with a sidelobe level less than-20dB is designed. At the same time, a16-element dual-polarized retrodirective array with low sidelobe level characteristic is designed which can achieve±20°beam scanning, and the corresponding phase-conjugation circuit is also designed. The design results show that the low sidelobe retrodirective array can be more effectively applied to modern communication systems in the electronic interference environment.
本论文在综述方向回溯阵列国内外现状的基础上,从理论上对方向回溯阵列的基本概念进行了研究；系统总结了各种方向回溯实现方式的优缺点和方向回溯系统体系结构；并对用于评价方向回溯阵列系统性能优劣的跟踪特性进行了波束指向误差的理论分析,研究了在多径环境下方向回溯阵列的性能,为方向回溯阵列设计提供理论依据。
基于混频器的相位共轭电路是实现方向回溯功能的主要途径,因此论文首先总结了几种不同结构的混频器在相位共轭电路中的应用形式,并设计了两种相位共轭混频器。对于单边带混频器,论文分析了不同支路的幅度误差和相位误差对边带抑制度的影响,推导了最佳输出的条件；同时根据方向回溯阵的设计要求完成了的输入输出同端口的阻性FET混频器,这两种混频器可应用于方向回溯阵列中。
具有频偏特性的方向回溯阵可以实现异频通信而且方便测试,为了解决使用宽带入射信号时具有频偏特性的相位共轭电路无法进行相位过滤的问题,提出了一种基于单边带混频器和Van Atta阵列结合的方向回溯阵列结构,设计并制作了工作在S波段的实验模型,测试结果表明这种阵列具有良好的频偏和宽带工作特性。
针对方向回溯阵在通信系统中的应用,设计了一种工作在C波段的宽带超外差方向回溯阵。采用自定频结构和收发频偏设计,使系统无需预先确定来波频率就可以自动进行方向回溯通信。为了解决相位共轭电路带内较大的杂散,设计了一种采用中频混频的超外差阵,两次变频使得阵列输出具有较纯净的频谱,符合通信系统应用需求。
目前对方向回溯阵列的研究多集中在单频,对双频阵列研究较少,而双频阵列具有更广泛的应用。论文提出并制作了一种双向双频超外差方向回溯阵列,它可以将接收到的低频问询信号由高频转发出去,而接收到的高频问询信号也可由低频进行转发,在一个相位共轭单元中只采用一个混频器实现双向收发,不仅降低了系统成本,也使系统具有较高的收发隔离度。在此基础上,采用中频混频的相位共轭方式实现了双向双频超外差阵列,使系统可以很容易加入调制解调,完成信息的接收和传送,很好的应用到全双工通信系统中。
针对射频识别系统的应用,设计并制作了工作在C波段的超外差方向回溯阵列,相位共轭单元采用阻性FET混频器,通过使用90。耦合器增加系统收发隔离度,实现了对射频泄露信号的抑制。
最后结合实际系统的应用需求,设计了低副瓣方向回溯阵列。采用DEGL算法和不等间距布阵形式设计了工作在C波段的16元不等间距宽带低副瓣天线阵,副瓣电平达到了-20dB。同时设计了可以进行±20。扫描的16元宽带双极化低副瓣天线阵,并设计了相位共轭电路。低副瓣方向回溯阵可以在有电子干扰的环境中更有效的工作,应用于现代通信系统中。
With the development of wireless communication these years, there is a serious need for novel antennas with the features of low cost, high link gain and the capability of adaptive beam tracking. Retrodirective array antenna has the characteristic of retransmitting a wave toward the source without any prior knowledge of the source location and the complex digital signal processing. Compared with traditional antenna technique and adaptive antenna technique, it has the advantages of quickly tracking and low cost. Therefore, it can be widely used in the communication field for both military and commercial applications.
The concept and feature of retrodirective array are theoretically studied based on the current research status both at home and abroad. The advantages and disadvantages of various kinds of realization methods and the structure characteristics of retrodirective arrays are summarized. The tracking characteristic used for judging the performance of a retrodirective array is evaluated by the analysis of beam pointing error in theory. Then the system performance under multi-path circumstance is analyzed.
The phase-conjugation technique using mixers is the main approach of realizing a retrodirective arrays. By discussing the various structures of mixers used for phase-conjugation circuits, two kinds of phase-conjugation mixers are designed. In the single sideband mixer design, the sideband suppression influenced by the amplitude and phase error is analyzed and the condition for best outputs is deduced. Simultaneously, a mixer with a shared port for input and output signal using FET is accomplished. These two mixers are fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the mixers have good performance for phase-conjugating circuits.
Broadband retrodirective array with frequency offset characteristic can be used for different-frenquency communication. In order to realize phased filtering for a broadband signal in the phase-conjugating circuits with frequency offset characteristic, a Van Atta array combined a single sideband mixer is proposed and the array operating at S band is practically designed and manufactured. The measurement results show good coincidence with theoretically results. This array achieves excellent frequency offset and broadband characteristics.
Two broadband heterodyne retrodirective arrays operating at C band are designed for the communication application. In the array designs, frequency offset technique and frequency autonomous structure are used for more flexible performance, which can assure the array automatically retransmit a wave toward the source direction without any prior information of the source frequency. The design results of heterodyne technique using IF for restraining spurious signals in the phase-conjugation circuit show that this array obtain pure spectrum which can satisfies the communication system requirements.
Compared with a single frequency retrodirective array, dual-frequency arrays have more widely applications in communication systems. Current researches of retrodirective array focus on single frequency. A bidirectional dual-frequency heterodyne retrodirective array is designed which can make a response signal at a high frequency to a low frequency interrogating signal, and be responsible for the reciprocal process. The phase-conjugation unit with only one mixer to realize bidirectional transceiver not only reduces system cost but also results in high transceiver isolation of the system. The bidirectional dual-frequency retrodirective array using IF mixing allows the system to easily add demodulation, receive and transmit information and can be well applied to the full-duplex communication systems.
A heterodyne retrodirective array operating at C band for RFID application is designed and fabricated, in which a FET mixer is used in phase-conjugation cell. A90°coupler is introduced to increasing the isolation between receiving and retransmitting signals.
Finally, for the system application requirements, several arrays with low sidelobe level are optimized by using DEGL algorithm. A16-element broadband unequally spaced array with a sidelobe level less than-20dB is designed. At the same time, a16-element dual-polarized retrodirective array with low sidelobe level characteristic is designed which can achieve±20°beam scanning, and the corresponding phase-conjugation circuit is also designed. The design results show that the low sidelobe retrodirective array can be more effectively applied to modern communication systems in the electronic interference environment.
引文
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