基于小波域的数字水印算法研究
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摘要
随着网络技术和数据通信技术的飞速发展，多媒体数据对人们的生活产生了越来越重要的影响，因而，对数字产品的版权保护也就成为当今国际上研究的一个热门课题。数字水印技术作为版权保护的重要手段，得到了广泛的研究和应用。它通过在原始数据中嵌入一些重要信息为受到版权保护的媒体数据的完整性和所有权归属提供完全和可靠的证据，以此达到防止数字产品的盗版和篡改目的。
本文对彩色静止图像水印技术进行了研究，提出了两种基于小波域的有意义水印算法。和传统的伪随机序列水印相比，可读的有意义水印有许多优点。但它同时也带来了两个问题：一是水印嵌入时要保留伪随机噪声的一些优点；二是水印检测时要求正确率极高。这两个问题在本文中得到了很好的解决。
本文采用了盲检测水印技术，检测时不需要原始图像的参与。而目前许多水印算法采用需要原始图像参与的非盲检测技术，这在实际版权保护的应用中受到了限制。
提出了一种基于重复嵌入技术的鲁棒水印算法，采用置乱技术对水印进行伪随机化和水印加密处理，水印检测时采用了一种新的三取二判决技术。实验结果表明该水印系统能够有效地抵抗低通滤波、噪声污染等常规处理。
提出了一种基于小波系数树理论的水印技术。抗几何攻击是目前水印技术研究面临的世界性难题，本文通过在小波系数树的系数块中重复嵌入水印来提高检测载体信息所遭受的几何攻击。实验结果表明该算法比较满意。
The digital media has become more and more important along with the booming development of network and data communication technology. At the same time, copyright protection of digital media is becoming a problem. As an important measure, digital watermarking technology provides a novel way to solve this problem. It accomplishes the aim of copyright protection by imbedding important information into multimedia information was protected. In this dissertation, we will study digital watermarking algorithms based on wavelet domain.
We studied the still color image watermarking. And two meaningful watermarking algorithms based on wavelet domain was proposed. Meaningful watermark has many merits compares with pseudo random sequences. But it has two difficulties to solve. One is that it must has some merits of pseudo random when watermark imbedded, the other is that it has very high correctness when watermark detected. We solved these two problems in this dissertation.
We applied blind detection technology, which means that original image is unnecessary when detecting watermark. Many watermarking algorithms apply non-blind detection now. Which needs original image and limits applications on copyright protection.
A robust watermarking algorithm based on repeat imbedding technology was proposed. We applied scramble technology to encryption watermark and applied a new judgment technology to detect watermark. Experiment results show its robustness.
A watermarking technology based on wavelet coefficient tree theory was proposed. Watermark was repeatedly imbedded into the block of wavelet coefficient tree to improve robustness of geometry attack. Experiment results are satisfactory.
本文对彩色静止图像水印技术进行了研究，提出了两种基于小波域的有意义水印算法。和传统的伪随机序列水印相比，可读的有意义水印有许多优点。但它同时也带来了两个问题：一是水印嵌入时要保留伪随机噪声的一些优点；二是水印检测时要求正确率极高。这两个问题在本文中得到了很好的解决。
本文采用了盲检测水印技术，检测时不需要原始图像的参与。而目前许多水印算法采用需要原始图像参与的非盲检测技术，这在实际版权保护的应用中受到了限制。
提出了一种基于重复嵌入技术的鲁棒水印算法，采用置乱技术对水印进行伪随机化和水印加密处理，水印检测时采用了一种新的三取二判决技术。实验结果表明该水印系统能够有效地抵抗低通滤波、噪声污染等常规处理。
提出了一种基于小波系数树理论的水印技术。抗几何攻击是目前水印技术研究面临的世界性难题，本文通过在小波系数树的系数块中重复嵌入水印来提高检测载体信息所遭受的几何攻击。实验结果表明该算法比较满意。
The digital media has become more and more important along with the booming development of network and data communication technology. At the same time, copyright protection of digital media is becoming a problem. As an important measure, digital watermarking technology provides a novel way to solve this problem. It accomplishes the aim of copyright protection by imbedding important information into multimedia information was protected. In this dissertation, we will study digital watermarking algorithms based on wavelet domain.
We studied the still color image watermarking. And two meaningful watermarking algorithms based on wavelet domain was proposed. Meaningful watermark has many merits compares with pseudo random sequences. But it has two difficulties to solve. One is that it must has some merits of pseudo random when watermark imbedded, the other is that it has very high correctness when watermark detected. We solved these two problems in this dissertation.
We applied blind detection technology, which means that original image is unnecessary when detecting watermark. Many watermarking algorithms apply non-blind detection now. Which needs original image and limits applications on copyright protection.
A robust watermarking algorithm based on repeat imbedding technology was proposed. We applied scramble technology to encryption watermark and applied a new judgment technology to detect watermark. Experiment results show its robustness.
A watermarking technology based on wavelet coefficient tree theory was proposed. Watermark was repeatedly imbedded into the block of wavelet coefficient tree to improve robustness of geometry attack. Experiment results are satisfactory.
引文
[1] Niu X M, Lu Z M, Sun S H. Digital watermarking of still images with gray-level digital watermarks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computer Electronics, 2000, 46(1):137～145.
[2] Hsu C T, Wu J L. Hidden digital watermarks in images[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1999, 8(1); 58～68.
[3] Cox I J, Kilian J, Leighton F T, etal. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1997, 6(12): 1673～1680.
[4] 胡玉平，钟铭，韩得志．基于小波变换的图像自适应水印[J]．华中师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，36(4)：451～454．
[5] Ingemar J. Cox, Matthew L. Miller, Jeffrey A. Bloom 著．王颖，黄志蓓等译. Digital Watermarking[M].北京：电子工业出版社，2003．7．
[6] Schyndel, R.G. van A.Z. Tirkel, C.F. Osborn. A digital watermark. International Conference on Image Processing, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.,[J].1994 IEEE,(2):86-90.
[7] BENDER W., GRUHL D., Morimoto N., Techniques for data hiding[J].IBM system journal, 1996, 35(3): 313-336.
[8] NIKOLAIDIS N., PITAS I. Copyright protection of image using robust digital signatures[A].IEEE Proceding on International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing[C]. Atlanta, IEEE Press, 1996:2168-2171.
[9] D. Boneh, J. Shaw. Collusion Secure fingerprinting for digital data. Advances in Cryptology-CRYPTO'95, LNCS 963, Springer-Verlag, 1995:452-465
[10] Cox I J,Kilian J, Leighton T, et al. A secure, robust watermark for multimedia. In: R.J. Andeson, ed. Information hiding: First international workshop, in lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1996,1174:183-206.
[11] 钟桦，焦李成．基于自适应频带选择的数字水印技术[J]．电子与信息学报．2003，(3)：289-294．
[12] 宿富林，马国强，吴江．一种对图像剪切具有鲁棒性的数字水印算法[J]．电子与信息学报．2003,25(3)：295-299．
[13] C.I. Podilchuk, Zeng Wenjun, Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models, IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4): 525-539.
[14] 孙锐，孙洪，姚天任．一种自适应的彩色图像水印算法[J]．数据采集与处理．2002,(9)：283-287．
[15] Cox I J, L eighton F T etal. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1997,6(12): 1673-1680.
[16] 胡玉平，宋乃平．基于小波系数树的扩频水印[J]．计算机工程与应用．2003，15：53-55．
[17] 毛秉毅．基于小波分解的自适应数字图像水印算法[J]．计算机工程．2003,29(7)：158-159．
[18] 吴树峰，黄刘生，卢继军，陈国良．信息隐藏技术及其攻击方法[J]．计算机科学．2003,30(2)：92-95．
[19] 杨树国，李春霞，孙尧，郝艳玲．基于位平面分解的图像数字水印方法[J]．计算机工程与应用．2003．18：111-113．
[20] 胡正平，王世明，王成儒，王金甲．基于位平面的渐进式数字水印技术[J]．计算机工程．2003，29(14)：154-155．
[21] Bas P, Chassery J M, Macq B. Image Watermarking: An Evolution to Contentbased Approaches. Pattern Recognition[J], 2002,35(3):545-561.
[22] 尹康康，潘志庚，石教英．一种强壮的网格水印算法[J]．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2001，13(2)：102-107．
[23] 王卫卫，杨波，宋国乡．基于图像特征的小波域水印技术[J]．光子学报，2001，30(7)：856-860．
[24] 刘瑞祯，王蕴红，谭铁牛．基于图像内容的数字水印模型[J]．中国图像图形学报，2001，6(6)：558-562．
[25] 武栓虎，谈正．基于混沌序列的视频图像数字水印隐藏与多分辨检测[J]． 西安交通大学学报．2000，34(6)：35-39．
[26] 温泉，孙锬峰，王树勋．零水印的概念与应用[J]．电子学报．2003，31(2)：214-216．
[27] M. Kutter, F. Jordan, F. Bossen, Digital Signature of Color Image using amplitude modulation[A], Proc. Of SPIE: EI'97[C], Feb.1997.
[28] Mauro Barni, Franco Bartolini, Vito Cappellini, Alessandro Piva. A DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking [J]. Signal Processing 66(1998):357-372.
[29] Cox I J, Linartz J P. Some general methods for tempering with watermarks[J]. IEEE J. Selected Areas Commu, May 1998, 16: 587-593.
[30] Arnold, V.I. et al. Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics, Mathemtical Physics Monograph Series, New York: W.A.Benjamin, INC, 1968.
[31] 丁伟，齐东旭．数字图像变换及信息隐藏与伪装技术[J]．计算机学报，1998，21(9)：838-843．
[32] 李国富，邹建成，齐东旭．广义Gray码及其在数字图像置乱中的应用[J]．全国第二届信息隐藏学术研讨会论文集．北京：2000．6．
[33] Qi Dong-Xu, Zou Jiang-cheng, Han Xiao-You. A new class of scrambling transformation and its application in image information convering. Science in China(Series E), 2000, 43(3): 304-312.
[34] Nill N B. A visual model weighted cosine transform for image compression and quality assessment[J], IEEE Transaction on Communication. 1985, 33(6): 551-557.
[35] Tan S H, Ngan K N. Classified perceptual coding with adaptive puantization. IEEE Transaction on Circuits and system for Video Technology[J], 1996, 37(6):375-383.
[36] 张兆礼，赵春晖，梅晓丹 著．现代图像处理技术及Matlab实现[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社．2001．11．
[37] J.-L. Dugely and F.A.P. Petitcolas. Possible counter-attacks against random geometric distortions, in proceedings of the SPIE conference on security and watermarking of multimedia content Ⅱ[J], 2000, volume 3971:338-345.
[38] 张奇志．图像二维小波变换系数分布的实验研究[J]．北京机械工业学院学报，2001，16(1)：17-21．
[39] 汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术——方法与应用[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2001．5
[40] (英)Stefan Katzenbeisser,Fabien A.P.Petitcolas编．吴秋新等译．信息隐藏技术——隐写术与数字水印．北京：人民邮电出版社．
[41] 刘贵忠，邸双亮编．小波分析及其应用[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1992．5．
[42] 秦前清，杨宗凯编著．实用小波分析[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1994．1．
[43] 胡昌华，张军波，夏军，张伟编著．基于Matlab的系统分析与设计——小波分析[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1999．12．
[44] 靳济芳编著．Visual C++小波变换技术与工程实践[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社．2004．1．
[45] [加]Joyce Van de Vegte著．侯正信，王国安等译．1数字信号处理基础．北京：电子工业出版社．2003．1．
[2] Hsu C T, Wu J L. Hidden digital watermarks in images[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1999, 8(1); 58～68.
[3] Cox I J, Kilian J, Leighton F T, etal. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1997, 6(12): 1673～1680.
[4] 胡玉平，钟铭，韩得志．基于小波变换的图像自适应水印[J]．华中师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，36(4)：451～454．
[5] Ingemar J. Cox, Matthew L. Miller, Jeffrey A. Bloom 著．王颖，黄志蓓等译. Digital Watermarking[M].北京：电子工业出版社，2003．7．
[6] Schyndel, R.G. van A.Z. Tirkel, C.F. Osborn. A digital watermark. International Conference on Image Processing, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.,[J].1994 IEEE,(2):86-90.
[7] BENDER W., GRUHL D., Morimoto N., Techniques for data hiding[J].IBM system journal, 1996, 35(3): 313-336.
[8] NIKOLAIDIS N., PITAS I. Copyright protection of image using robust digital signatures[A].IEEE Proceding on International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing[C]. Atlanta, IEEE Press, 1996:2168-2171.
[9] D. Boneh, J. Shaw. Collusion Secure fingerprinting for digital data. Advances in Cryptology-CRYPTO'95, LNCS 963, Springer-Verlag, 1995:452-465
[10] Cox I J,Kilian J, Leighton T, et al. A secure, robust watermark for multimedia. In: R.J. Andeson, ed. Information hiding: First international workshop, in lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1996,1174:183-206.
[11] 钟桦，焦李成．基于自适应频带选择的数字水印技术[J]．电子与信息学报．2003，(3)：289-294．
[12] 宿富林，马国强，吴江．一种对图像剪切具有鲁棒性的数字水印算法[J]．电子与信息学报．2003,25(3)：295-299．
[13] C.I. Podilchuk, Zeng Wenjun, Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models, IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4): 525-539.
[14] 孙锐，孙洪，姚天任．一种自适应的彩色图像水印算法[J]．数据采集与处理．2002,(9)：283-287．
[15] Cox I J, L eighton F T etal. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1997,6(12): 1673-1680.
[16] 胡玉平，宋乃平．基于小波系数树的扩频水印[J]．计算机工程与应用．2003，15：53-55．
[17] 毛秉毅．基于小波分解的自适应数字图像水印算法[J]．计算机工程．2003,29(7)：158-159．
[18] 吴树峰，黄刘生，卢继军，陈国良．信息隐藏技术及其攻击方法[J]．计算机科学．2003,30(2)：92-95．
[19] 杨树国，李春霞，孙尧，郝艳玲．基于位平面分解的图像数字水印方法[J]．计算机工程与应用．2003．18：111-113．
[20] 胡正平，王世明，王成儒，王金甲．基于位平面的渐进式数字水印技术[J]．计算机工程．2003，29(14)：154-155．
[21] Bas P, Chassery J M, Macq B. Image Watermarking: An Evolution to Contentbased Approaches. Pattern Recognition[J], 2002,35(3):545-561.
[22] 尹康康，潘志庚，石教英．一种强壮的网格水印算法[J]．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2001，13(2)：102-107．
[23] 王卫卫，杨波，宋国乡．基于图像特征的小波域水印技术[J]．光子学报，2001，30(7)：856-860．
[24] 刘瑞祯，王蕴红，谭铁牛．基于图像内容的数字水印模型[J]．中国图像图形学报，2001，6(6)：558-562．
[25] 武栓虎，谈正．基于混沌序列的视频图像数字水印隐藏与多分辨检测[J]． 西安交通大学学报．2000，34(6)：35-39．
[26] 温泉，孙锬峰，王树勋．零水印的概念与应用[J]．电子学报．2003，31(2)：214-216．
[27] M. Kutter, F. Jordan, F. Bossen, Digital Signature of Color Image using amplitude modulation[A], Proc. Of SPIE: EI'97[C], Feb.1997.
[28] Mauro Barni, Franco Bartolini, Vito Cappellini, Alessandro Piva. A DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking [J]. Signal Processing 66(1998):357-372.
[29] Cox I J, Linartz J P. Some general methods for tempering with watermarks[J]. IEEE J. Selected Areas Commu, May 1998, 16: 587-593.
[30] Arnold, V.I. et al. Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics, Mathemtical Physics Monograph Series, New York: W.A.Benjamin, INC, 1968.
[31] 丁伟，齐东旭．数字图像变换及信息隐藏与伪装技术[J]．计算机学报，1998，21(9)：838-843．
[32] 李国富，邹建成，齐东旭．广义Gray码及其在数字图像置乱中的应用[J]．全国第二届信息隐藏学术研讨会论文集．北京：2000．6．
[33] Qi Dong-Xu, Zou Jiang-cheng, Han Xiao-You. A new class of scrambling transformation and its application in image information convering. Science in China(Series E), 2000, 43(3): 304-312.
[34] Nill N B. A visual model weighted cosine transform for image compression and quality assessment[J], IEEE Transaction on Communication. 1985, 33(6): 551-557.
[35] Tan S H, Ngan K N. Classified perceptual coding with adaptive puantization. IEEE Transaction on Circuits and system for Video Technology[J], 1996, 37(6):375-383.
[36] 张兆礼，赵春晖，梅晓丹 著．现代图像处理技术及Matlab实现[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社．2001．11．
[37] J.-L. Dugely and F.A.P. Petitcolas. Possible counter-attacks against random geometric distortions, in proceedings of the SPIE conference on security and watermarking of multimedia content Ⅱ[J], 2000, volume 3971:338-345.
[38] 张奇志．图像二维小波变换系数分布的实验研究[J]．北京机械工业学院学报，2001，16(1)：17-21．
[39] 汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术——方法与应用[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2001．5
[40] (英)Stefan Katzenbeisser,Fabien A.P.Petitcolas编．吴秋新等译．信息隐藏技术——隐写术与数字水印．北京：人民邮电出版社．
[41] 刘贵忠，邸双亮编．小波分析及其应用[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1992．5．
[42] 秦前清，杨宗凯编著．实用小波分析[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1994．1．
[43] 胡昌华，张军波，夏军，张伟编著．基于Matlab的系统分析与设计——小波分析[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1999．12．
[44] 靳济芳编著．Visual C++小波变换技术与工程实践[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社．2004．1．
[45] [加]Joyce Van de Vegte著．侯正信，王国安等译．1数字信号处理基础．北京：电子工业出版社．2003．1．
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