地下结构地震响应及其与地表建筑的影响研究
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摘要
以往的震害表明,地铁地下结构一旦遭受地震破坏,将会给地震应急和震后修复工作带来极大的困难。1995年日本阪神地震中地铁地下结构遭受到严重的破坏,人们逐渐认识到地下结构的抗震性能并没有想象的那样良好。当前我国已经进入了地铁工程建设的黄金时代,地铁工程已然成为城市生命线的重要组成部分,其抗震问题也因此成为城市工程抗震和防震减灾研究的重要内容。地铁车站的位置大都选在繁华的商业区、场馆聚集区以及居民住宅小区附近,地铁车站的附近多为已经建成的建筑。大型地下地铁车站结构的存在,结构界面对地震波的散射和反射改变了地震波的传播,从而影响邻近地表建筑的地震响应；地表建筑物振动时产生的波动场和附加应力场对地基产生扰动,地基中地下结构的地震响应也必然会发生变化。因此,本文主要研究了地下车站结构的地震响应动力特性,以及地下车站结构和地表建筑在地震作用下的相互影响特性。主要研究内容如下：
(1)采用差分进化算法对基于Davidenkov骨架曲线的土体非线性粘弹性本构模型进行参数拟合,并将该本构模型通过二次开发接口嵌入到ABAQUS软件中,同时把混凝土损伤塑性本构模型引入的计算中,这为地下结构的动力材料非线性分析做好理论基础；最后基于相位差谱理论合成了单点人工地震波。
(2)基于地铁建设中经常采用的两层三跨岛式地铁车站为研究对象,对该地铁车站进行了非线性地震响应分析,给出了车站结构在不同地震波作用下的相对位移、水平加速度、反应谱、车站结构内力等响应结果,并归纳了地铁车站地震响应的特点。同时,也研究了土-结构接触面特性、土体刚度、车站埋深等因素对地下地铁车站结构地震响应的影响规律。
(3)系统分析地下结构对地表建筑地震响应的影响。首先研究了均匀线弹性场地条件下,地下空间的开发对自由场地表地震动的影响,给出了自由场地表各点加速度的变化规律；其次,对三种均匀线弹性场地中,地下车站对地表建筑地震响应的影响进行分析；接着,对成层地基中地下结构对地表建筑地震响应的影响进行非线性分析；最后,研究了地表建筑自振特性、相对位置、土体刚度和车站埋深等因素的影响,并总结了相应的影响规律。
(4)系统分析地表建筑对地下结构地震响应的影响。首先构建了地下结构-土-地表建筑整体系统动力分析模型,研究了有无地表建筑时地下车站结构地震响应的变化；最后,研究了地表建筑自振特性、地震波频谱特性、相对位置和土体刚度等因素对地下结构地震响应的影响,并归纳了影响规律。
(5)对大空间地铁车站进行非一致性地震动激励下的地震响应分析。首先详细描述了基于规范设计反应谱合成空间相关非平稳多点地震波时程的详细过程；其次,分别对三种场地中的地铁车站进行非一致性地震动激励的地震响应分析,得到了非一致激励时车站顶底相对位移和侧墙剪力的结果；最后,研究了地震动峰值的影响。
(6)鉴于爆炸荷载与地震荷载的区别,对地铁车站在爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应进行分析。首先通过研究给出车站结构简化的内部爆炸超压荷载模型,然后采用改进的土体剑桥动力本构模型和混凝土塑性损伤本构模型,对地铁车站在内部爆炸荷载作用下的动力反应进行分析；同时,也分别分析了地铁车站结构在遭受近距离地表爆炸冲击荷载和实测爆炸地震波作用下的动力响应。
The earthquake damage record in the history has showed that if underground construction were destroyed during the earthquake, the earthquake emergency and the post-earthquake repair will subject to great difficulties. In 1995, the Daikai subway station was severely damaged in Kobe in Japan, after which people gradually realized that the anti-seismic performance of underground construction was not as good as being expected. At present, the subway construction has entered the golden era and become an important part of urban lifeline in China, then its anti-seismic problems have also become an important content of city anti-seismic engineering and earthquake preparedness and disaster reduction research. Most subway stations locate close to bustling business districts, venues area and residential area, so there have be existed some structures near the subway station. Because of the existing of large subway station, wave propagation will be changed by scattering and reflection produced when waves pass though the structure interface, so the seismic response of adjacent ground surface building will be influenced; the foundation will be disturbed by wave field and additional stress field caused by vibration of the surface buildings, therefore, the seismic response of the underground structures will also be changed. Therefore, in the dissertation, seismic response characteristics of underground station is studied, and characteristics of dynamic mutual disturbance between underground structures and surface building is also looked into systematically. The major studies are as follows:
(1)Firstly, the dynamic nonlinear viscoelastic model, whose skeleton curves is simulated by Davidenkov model, is used to model the characteristics of soils under cyclic loading, and the dynamic plastic damaged model of concrete is selected to model the characteristics of subway station. The dynamic nonlinear viscoelastic model of soil is not built in ABAQUS, so it is developed and incorporated in ABAQUS through its user-supplied subroutines, and the parameters of the model are fitted with differential evolution algorithm. Lastly, single-point seismic wave is generated based on theory of phase spectrum.
(2)The two-storey-three-span-island shaped subway station is selected as the research object, and the shaped station is often used in subway construction. Nonlinear seismic response analysis of the subway station is performed subjected to different seismic waves, and response results of station are given, the results include relative displacement, horizontal acceleration, response spectrum and the internal force. The characteristics and laws of subway station seismic response are summarized. Simultaneously, the influence of the factors on seismic response of subway station is looked into, which include characteristics of contact interfaces, soil stiffness and embedded depth.
(3)A systematic study of the influence of underground station structures on seismic response of nearby ground building is performed. Firstly, the effect underground space excavation to ground motion of free field in uniform homogeneous elastic space is studied, and the variation law of acceleration at the ground surface points of free field is given. Secondly, the effect underground subway station to seismic response of adjacent ground buildings in three different fields is researched. Thirdly, Assuming the surrounding ground is layered and non-linear, the effect of underground structures to adjacent buildings is studied. Lastly, the influence of the factors on seismic response of adjacent buildings is studied, which include vibration characteristics of building, relative distance, soil stiffness and embedded depth of station., and influence law is summarized.
(4)A systematic study of the influence of nearby buildings on seismic response of underground station is carried out. Firstly, the non-linear interaction finite element model is set up, which are composed of nearby buildings, soil and underground structures. The seismic response change of underground station is studied for two cases whether ground nearby buildings exist. Lastly, effect of the factors to seismic response of underground station is also looked into, which include vibration characteristics of building, spectral characteristics of seismic waves, relative distance and soil stiffness, and influence law is also summarized
(5)Seismic response of the large space underground station subjected to spatially non-uniform seismic ground motion is analyzed. Firstly, Procedures for artificial simulation of multi-point seismic acceleration histories with consideration of spatially non-uniform seismic ground motion are demonstrated based on code response spectrum in detail. Secondly, seismic response of the three-dimensional model of underground station under spatially uniform and non-uniform ground motion are carried out for three site cases, and the results containing relative displacement and shear force of side wall are given. Lastly, the effect of acceleration peak is studied.
(6)According to the difference between blast loading and earthquake, the dynamic response of underground station under blast loading is analyzed. Firstly, a simplified model of overpressure loading in subway station is proposed, and the improved dynamic cam-clay model of soil and the concrete damaged plasticity constitutive model are used for the dynamic analysis of subway station subjected to the simplified loading. Meanwhile, the dynamic response analysis of subway station under surface explosion and measured explosion seismic wave are carried out, respectively.
(1)采用差分进化算法对基于Davidenkov骨架曲线的土体非线性粘弹性本构模型进行参数拟合,并将该本构模型通过二次开发接口嵌入到ABAQUS软件中,同时把混凝土损伤塑性本构模型引入的计算中,这为地下结构的动力材料非线性分析做好理论基础；最后基于相位差谱理论合成了单点人工地震波。
(2)基于地铁建设中经常采用的两层三跨岛式地铁车站为研究对象,对该地铁车站进行了非线性地震响应分析,给出了车站结构在不同地震波作用下的相对位移、水平加速度、反应谱、车站结构内力等响应结果,并归纳了地铁车站地震响应的特点。同时,也研究了土-结构接触面特性、土体刚度、车站埋深等因素对地下地铁车站结构地震响应的影响规律。
(3)系统分析地下结构对地表建筑地震响应的影响。首先研究了均匀线弹性场地条件下,地下空间的开发对自由场地表地震动的影响,给出了自由场地表各点加速度的变化规律；其次,对三种均匀线弹性场地中,地下车站对地表建筑地震响应的影响进行分析；接着,对成层地基中地下结构对地表建筑地震响应的影响进行非线性分析；最后,研究了地表建筑自振特性、相对位置、土体刚度和车站埋深等因素的影响,并总结了相应的影响规律。
(4)系统分析地表建筑对地下结构地震响应的影响。首先构建了地下结构-土-地表建筑整体系统动力分析模型,研究了有无地表建筑时地下车站结构地震响应的变化；最后,研究了地表建筑自振特性、地震波频谱特性、相对位置和土体刚度等因素对地下结构地震响应的影响,并归纳了影响规律。
(5)对大空间地铁车站进行非一致性地震动激励下的地震响应分析。首先详细描述了基于规范设计反应谱合成空间相关非平稳多点地震波时程的详细过程；其次,分别对三种场地中的地铁车站进行非一致性地震动激励的地震响应分析,得到了非一致激励时车站顶底相对位移和侧墙剪力的结果；最后,研究了地震动峰值的影响。
(6)鉴于爆炸荷载与地震荷载的区别,对地铁车站在爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应进行分析。首先通过研究给出车站结构简化的内部爆炸超压荷载模型,然后采用改进的土体剑桥动力本构模型和混凝土塑性损伤本构模型,对地铁车站在内部爆炸荷载作用下的动力反应进行分析；同时,也分别分析了地铁车站结构在遭受近距离地表爆炸冲击荷载和实测爆炸地震波作用下的动力响应。
The earthquake damage record in the history has showed that if underground construction were destroyed during the earthquake, the earthquake emergency and the post-earthquake repair will subject to great difficulties. In 1995, the Daikai subway station was severely damaged in Kobe in Japan, after which people gradually realized that the anti-seismic performance of underground construction was not as good as being expected. At present, the subway construction has entered the golden era and become an important part of urban lifeline in China, then its anti-seismic problems have also become an important content of city anti-seismic engineering and earthquake preparedness and disaster reduction research. Most subway stations locate close to bustling business districts, venues area and residential area, so there have be existed some structures near the subway station. Because of the existing of large subway station, wave propagation will be changed by scattering and reflection produced when waves pass though the structure interface, so the seismic response of adjacent ground surface building will be influenced; the foundation will be disturbed by wave field and additional stress field caused by vibration of the surface buildings, therefore, the seismic response of the underground structures will also be changed. Therefore, in the dissertation, seismic response characteristics of underground station is studied, and characteristics of dynamic mutual disturbance between underground structures and surface building is also looked into systematically. The major studies are as follows:
(1)Firstly, the dynamic nonlinear viscoelastic model, whose skeleton curves is simulated by Davidenkov model, is used to model the characteristics of soils under cyclic loading, and the dynamic plastic damaged model of concrete is selected to model the characteristics of subway station. The dynamic nonlinear viscoelastic model of soil is not built in ABAQUS, so it is developed and incorporated in ABAQUS through its user-supplied subroutines, and the parameters of the model are fitted with differential evolution algorithm. Lastly, single-point seismic wave is generated based on theory of phase spectrum.
(2)The two-storey-three-span-island shaped subway station is selected as the research object, and the shaped station is often used in subway construction. Nonlinear seismic response analysis of the subway station is performed subjected to different seismic waves, and response results of station are given, the results include relative displacement, horizontal acceleration, response spectrum and the internal force. The characteristics and laws of subway station seismic response are summarized. Simultaneously, the influence of the factors on seismic response of subway station is looked into, which include characteristics of contact interfaces, soil stiffness and embedded depth.
(3)A systematic study of the influence of underground station structures on seismic response of nearby ground building is performed. Firstly, the effect underground space excavation to ground motion of free field in uniform homogeneous elastic space is studied, and the variation law of acceleration at the ground surface points of free field is given. Secondly, the effect underground subway station to seismic response of adjacent ground buildings in three different fields is researched. Thirdly, Assuming the surrounding ground is layered and non-linear, the effect of underground structures to adjacent buildings is studied. Lastly, the influence of the factors on seismic response of adjacent buildings is studied, which include vibration characteristics of building, relative distance, soil stiffness and embedded depth of station., and influence law is summarized.
(4)A systematic study of the influence of nearby buildings on seismic response of underground station is carried out. Firstly, the non-linear interaction finite element model is set up, which are composed of nearby buildings, soil and underground structures. The seismic response change of underground station is studied for two cases whether ground nearby buildings exist. Lastly, effect of the factors to seismic response of underground station is also looked into, which include vibration characteristics of building, spectral characteristics of seismic waves, relative distance and soil stiffness, and influence law is also summarized
(5)Seismic response of the large space underground station subjected to spatially non-uniform seismic ground motion is analyzed. Firstly, Procedures for artificial simulation of multi-point seismic acceleration histories with consideration of spatially non-uniform seismic ground motion are demonstrated based on code response spectrum in detail. Secondly, seismic response of the three-dimensional model of underground station under spatially uniform and non-uniform ground motion are carried out for three site cases, and the results containing relative displacement and shear force of side wall are given. Lastly, the effect of acceleration peak is studied.
(6)According to the difference between blast loading and earthquake, the dynamic response of underground station under blast loading is analyzed. Firstly, a simplified model of overpressure loading in subway station is proposed, and the improved dynamic cam-clay model of soil and the concrete damaged plasticity constitutive model are used for the dynamic analysis of subway station subjected to the simplified loading. Meanwhile, the dynamic response analysis of subway station under surface explosion and measured explosion seismic wave are carried out, respectively.
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