低氧活性污泥法除污及污泥减量研究
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摘要
活性污泥工艺是目前应用最为广泛的污水处理技术，占城市污水处理工艺的90%以上和工业废水处理工艺的50%左右。但在运行过程中还有着种种的弊端：其一是污泥膨胀问题，这是活性污泥工艺中最常见、最主要也是最严重的问题；其二是能源消耗问题，活性污泥工艺处理城市污水过程中消耗的电费约占常规运行成本的三分之一以上；其三是剩余污泥问题，在处理污水的过程中，由于微生物的增殖，活性污泥会产生大量的剩余污泥，对这部分污泥的处理费用更是高达常规运行成本的50%以上。
针对活性污泥工艺在运行过程中所表现出的三种弊端，众多学者开展了广泛的研究。基于低溶解氧（DO）污泥丝状菌微膨胀工艺，其核心是人为地控制活性污泥系统在低DO状态下运行，引发一定程度的污泥膨胀，其膨胀程度受控而不会导致严重的污泥流失；同时低溶解氧浓度，降低了曝气电耗。研究发现在低氧浓度条件下，污泥产率的下降，剩余污泥产量也将有所减少。为了更好地掌握和发挥低溶解氧污泥工艺的应用潜能，有必要对其进行深入的研究。
本论文对低溶解氧活性污泥工艺的污染物去除、稳定性和减量效果及其作用机制、数学模拟进行了较系统的研究。主要从宏观分析了低氧活性污泥的污染物去除、参数影响和低氧污泥的减量效果及机制，从微观角度分析低氧活性污泥的种群及胞外酶的分布特征，并建立数学模型探讨了低氧活性污泥工艺的机理，获得了如下主要结论:
1)与参照的传统活性污泥工艺相比，低溶解氧活性污泥工艺存在的最大弊端在于稳定性不强，易发膨胀。研究通过低氧适应性培养使反应器处于一种稳定的微膨胀状态，首次依据数学模型从理论上论证了这种状态存在的稳定性。实验观察证实低溶解氧活性污泥工艺曝气能耗降低50%，且可稳定有效去除进水中的污染物质，并具备短程硝化特性。其COD的去除率为95%，氨氮去除率达到95%以上，亚硝化率达到80%以上，总氮去除率均达到70%以上，PO43--P去除率达到95％以上，总体效果强于参照活性污泥工艺；研究发现低温条件会抑制活性污泥工艺的污染物去除，低溶解氧会进一步加剧低温对活性污泥工艺的不利影响；SRT在10d-20d范围内变化时，不会对低氧反应器污染物的去除效果造成明显影响。
2)与参照的传统活性污泥工艺相比，低溶解氧活性污泥工艺的污泥产率下降了13.3%。为对这一现象的本质进行研究，根据对污泥表观产率影响的差异，将引起污泥减量的因素分为两部分进行分析，其一为间接因素，其二为直接因素，间接因素如污泥活性、污泥粒径及EPS等，可通过直接因素影响污泥的表观产率。直接因素如污泥真实产率、污泥衰减率及水解性能等，可以直接对污泥的表观产率造成影响。通过以上两方面，对污泥的减量机理进行了分析，结果表明，长期在低氧条件下驯化活性污泥，导致其真实产率变低，污泥水解衰减率变低。结合Lawrence-Mccarty模型，可知低氧污泥减量效果为13.3%，其中低污泥真实产率贡献占16%，污泥衰减量贡献占84%。
3)在低溶解氧浓度下长期驯化，将诱导活性污泥微生物发生改变，并表现出一些显著的特点，这些特点是活性污泥微生物特殊性质所构成的功能表现。由454高通量测序法检测发现，低溶解氧和参照系统污泥样品微生物群落中细菌均表现出较高的多样性，共检测到18门、368属的细菌序列，低溶解氧反应器中菌门多为Acidobacteria、 BD1-5、 Bacteroidetes、 Candidate_division_SR1、Candidate_division_TM7、Chlorobi、Firmicutes等专性或兼性厌氧菌或氧亲和系数较低的菌门，而参照反应器中的菌门多为Chloroflexi、Nitrospirae、Proteobacteria等好氧异氧型菌门，但优势菌门均为变形菌门，各占低溶解氧和参照系统污泥样品细菌总序列的50.86%及68.55%，其中低溶解氧污泥微生物群落优势菌属为发硫菌，即引起污泥膨胀的主要细菌；低溶解和参照系统污泥样品微生物群落中均含有多种脱氮功能细菌，但优势脱氮功能菌属有较大差异，优势AOB菌属为uncultured Nitrosomonadaceae属及Nitrosomonas属，在低溶解氧污泥样品中分别占0.14%及0%，在参照污泥样品中分别占0%及0.16%；优势NOB菌属为Nitrospiraceae_Nitrospira属，在低溶解氧污泥样品中占0.47%，在参照污泥样品中占0.93%；优势反硝化细菌属为Flexibacter、 Nitrosomonas、 unculturedComamonadeceae及Thauera，在低溶解氧污泥样品中占1.063%、0.06%、0.41%及1.85%、在参照污泥样品中占2.02%，0.16%、0.35%及2.55%；优势聚磷菌属菌属为Acinetobacter及具有反硝化功能Arcobacter，在低溶解氧污泥样品中占0.19%及1.75%在参照污泥样品中占0.1%及0.89%。
4)分析发现，低氧污泥水解菌属更多，与实验中低氧污泥水解率较低的结论相左，其可能受No Rank序列或EPS的影响，为进一步确定污泥中的胞外酶含量，采用LCMS法测序活性污泥胞外蛋白质，在污泥胞外蛋白组中，发现低氧污泥及参照污泥胞外蛋白组中与水解类相关的蛋白个数分别为8及14个，属于生物合成的种类，分别为12及38个，属于能量产生和转换相关蛋白的种类分别为15及22个，这说明有很大一部分EPS是来源于破碎的污泥细胞，同时可见低氧污泥胞外蛋白数目大大低于参照污泥，因此低氧污泥的自身水解性略差。5)在目前ASM3模型构架的基础上，采用时间平衡、体积平衡及物料平衡方法，通过对低氧工艺下低氧污泥独特的生物动力学参数的分析研究，首次提出并建立了低氧/参照SBR-ASM3-SMP模型。并且以污泥SRT为变量，初步模拟和探讨了SRT变动、污泥真实产率及污泥衰减率等对污泥增长、出水水质、污泥活性、污泥惰性颗粒积累等的影响，发现污泥衰减率、曝气时长、污泥龄、真实产率均会对污泥的出水及污泥性质带来较大影响，同等条件下，其会导致15%的出水水质差异，12%的污泥表观产率差异，6%的污泥活性差异，低氧污泥的优势在于较低的bH及较长的TRO，使其可以在保持甚至提高污染物降解率的同时，降低污泥产率。
The activated sludge process is currently the most widely used and the mostpromising wastewater treatment technology, which treats more than90%of municipalsewage and about50%industrial wastewater of the world. However, during wastewatertreatment,there are a few disadvantages: the first problem is the sludge bulking, which isthe most common problem of the activated sludge process; the second problem is aboutenergy consumption, the electric bill accounts for about1/3of the total operating costsduring the municipal wastewater treatment plant; the third problem is the remainingsludge due to the proliferation of microorganisms, a large amount of sludge is generatedduring the treatment process,and the disposal of the excess sludge costs higher than50%of total operating costs For the three disadvantages occurred during the activatedsludge process, many scientists have carried out extensive research，that is filamentoussludge bulking in low dissolved oxygen(DO)condition. The core of the process is tocontrol artificially the activated sludge wastewater treatment system run in low DOcondition, and the level of the sludge bulking do not result in the serious sludge loss；Meanwhile the low DO level means low power consumption for aeration; many expertshave found that sludge production was reduced under low DO condition;and so theremaining sludge is reduced too. In order to better understand the potential of the lowDO sludge process, it is necessary tomake the further research.
This paper studied the theremoval efficiency for contaminants, sludge reductioneffect, ts stability,the mechanisms and the mathematical modeling of the low DOactivated sludge process. The research has focused on the removal efficiency forcontaminants and the influential factors,the effect of sludge reduction and themechanismin in low DO situation. Besides, we analyzed the presence ofmicroorganisms and profiles of extracellular enzyme from a microscopic point of viewin low DO situation，and built a mathematical model to understand the mechanism ofactivated sludge process in low DO condition from a macro perspective. The mainresults are as follows:
Compared with the conventional activated sludge process, the greatestdisadvantage present in the low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process is that itsstability is not strong and is prone to bulking. According to the research, sludge reactorwas in a steady bulking state by low DO adaptation training, it was the first time for analyzing the existence of a stable state from a mathematical point of view，and itshowed that the low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process reduced the energyconsumption, and could effectively remove contaminants in influent, and had short-cutnitrification characteristics. the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, PO43--P and CODwere all more than95%, and removal rate of total nitrogen exceeded70%, andnitrosation rate was over80%, Altogether， the removal efficiencies for thesecontaminants in low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process were greater than thosein the control, namely, the activated sludge process. Moreover, the obtained results haveshowed that the activated sludge process for the removal of pollutants would beinhibited in low temperatures, and low dissolved oxygen would further aggravate theadverse effects, and SRT varied within a certain range would not reduce the removal ofpollutants.
Compared with the conventional activated sludge process, sludge yield wasreduced13.3%in low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process, in order to study thenature of this phenomenon, we divided sludge reduction into three parts, according tothe difference of activated sludge and hydrolysis kinetic parameters, EPS, etc., the firstdifference is the nature of the sludge, the second difference is the sludge dynamics, thethird aspect is the difference of hydrolysis. Though these differences, we analyzed themechanism of the reduction of sludge. It was concluded that the real sludge yields weredecreased under long-term low DO conditions and sludge endogenous oxygen uptakerate and the decay rate also become low, and under the combined action, the activatedsludge yield was reduced, sludge yield was reduced by13.3%compared to control,and the contribution of low real sludge yield was16%, and the sludge decay contributed84%.
Long-term low dissolved oxygen levels would lead tothechangesofmicroorganisminsludge and exhibits some remarkable characteristics, andthese characteristics are the core of the activated sludge-the special nature of themicroorganisms constituting the appearance, In low DO process, the removal of organicmatter, nitrogen and phosphorus and sludge reduction are the particularity ofmicroorganisms, Therefore, in order to clearly understand the difference between lowDO process and the control, we analyzed the influence on microbial reactor and sludgecharacteristics of extracellular enzymes in low DO conditions using454pyrosequencingfrom the microscopic point of view,It was found that the microbial communities ofbacteria from low dissolved oxygen sludge samples and the reference system both showed a higher diversity，totally18,368bacterial sequences genus, the dominantbacteria weredetectedProteobacteria, with50.86%of the total low dissolved oxygensludge sequence and68.55%of the total reference bacterial system sludge samplesequence. The major of the Actinobacteria of the sludge sample in low dissolved oxygenwas Acidobacteria, BD1-5, Bacteroidetes, Candidate_division_SR1,Candidate_division_TM7、Chlorobi、Firmicutes et.al. The major of the Actinobacteriaofthe reference sludge sample was Chloroflexi、Nitrospirae、Proteobacteria et.al.
Base on the current framework of the model ASM3，Using material balancetheory, and through analysis of kinetic parameters of unique biological process underlow DO sludge process, first proposed and established the low DO referenceSBR-ASM3-SMP model, besides， with sludge SRT was variable Preliminarilysimulated and discussed the impact of sludge real yield rate, sludge decay to waterquality, active sludge, sludge accumulation of inert particles, etc. during the changesSRT. It was also Found that pH, HRT, SRT, yHwould all cause greater impact on thenature of the sludge and water of sludge, the advantages of low DO sludge lies in lowerpH and longer HRT, which can maintain and even improve pollutant degradation ratewhile reducing sludge yield.
针对活性污泥工艺在运行过程中所表现出的三种弊端，众多学者开展了广泛的研究。基于低溶解氧（DO）污泥丝状菌微膨胀工艺，其核心是人为地控制活性污泥系统在低DO状态下运行，引发一定程度的污泥膨胀，其膨胀程度受控而不会导致严重的污泥流失；同时低溶解氧浓度，降低了曝气电耗。研究发现在低氧浓度条件下，污泥产率的下降，剩余污泥产量也将有所减少。为了更好地掌握和发挥低溶解氧污泥工艺的应用潜能，有必要对其进行深入的研究。
本论文对低溶解氧活性污泥工艺的污染物去除、稳定性和减量效果及其作用机制、数学模拟进行了较系统的研究。主要从宏观分析了低氧活性污泥的污染物去除、参数影响和低氧污泥的减量效果及机制，从微观角度分析低氧活性污泥的种群及胞外酶的分布特征，并建立数学模型探讨了低氧活性污泥工艺的机理，获得了如下主要结论:
1)与参照的传统活性污泥工艺相比，低溶解氧活性污泥工艺存在的最大弊端在于稳定性不强，易发膨胀。研究通过低氧适应性培养使反应器处于一种稳定的微膨胀状态，首次依据数学模型从理论上论证了这种状态存在的稳定性。实验观察证实低溶解氧活性污泥工艺曝气能耗降低50%，且可稳定有效去除进水中的污染物质，并具备短程硝化特性。其COD的去除率为95%，氨氮去除率达到95%以上，亚硝化率达到80%以上，总氮去除率均达到70%以上，PO43--P去除率达到95％以上，总体效果强于参照活性污泥工艺；研究发现低温条件会抑制活性污泥工艺的污染物去除，低溶解氧会进一步加剧低温对活性污泥工艺的不利影响；SRT在10d-20d范围内变化时，不会对低氧反应器污染物的去除效果造成明显影响。
2)与参照的传统活性污泥工艺相比，低溶解氧活性污泥工艺的污泥产率下降了13.3%。为对这一现象的本质进行研究，根据对污泥表观产率影响的差异，将引起污泥减量的因素分为两部分进行分析，其一为间接因素，其二为直接因素，间接因素如污泥活性、污泥粒径及EPS等，可通过直接因素影响污泥的表观产率。直接因素如污泥真实产率、污泥衰减率及水解性能等，可以直接对污泥的表观产率造成影响。通过以上两方面，对污泥的减量机理进行了分析，结果表明，长期在低氧条件下驯化活性污泥，导致其真实产率变低，污泥水解衰减率变低。结合Lawrence-Mccarty模型，可知低氧污泥减量效果为13.3%，其中低污泥真实产率贡献占16%，污泥衰减量贡献占84%。
3)在低溶解氧浓度下长期驯化，将诱导活性污泥微生物发生改变，并表现出一些显著的特点，这些特点是活性污泥微生物特殊性质所构成的功能表现。由454高通量测序法检测发现，低溶解氧和参照系统污泥样品微生物群落中细菌均表现出较高的多样性，共检测到18门、368属的细菌序列，低溶解氧反应器中菌门多为Acidobacteria、 BD1-5、 Bacteroidetes、 Candidate_division_SR1、Candidate_division_TM7、Chlorobi、Firmicutes等专性或兼性厌氧菌或氧亲和系数较低的菌门，而参照反应器中的菌门多为Chloroflexi、Nitrospirae、Proteobacteria等好氧异氧型菌门，但优势菌门均为变形菌门，各占低溶解氧和参照系统污泥样品细菌总序列的50.86%及68.55%，其中低溶解氧污泥微生物群落优势菌属为发硫菌，即引起污泥膨胀的主要细菌；低溶解和参照系统污泥样品微生物群落中均含有多种脱氮功能细菌，但优势脱氮功能菌属有较大差异，优势AOB菌属为uncultured Nitrosomonadaceae属及Nitrosomonas属，在低溶解氧污泥样品中分别占0.14%及0%，在参照污泥样品中分别占0%及0.16%；优势NOB菌属为Nitrospiraceae_Nitrospira属，在低溶解氧污泥样品中占0.47%，在参照污泥样品中占0.93%；优势反硝化细菌属为Flexibacter、 Nitrosomonas、 unculturedComamonadeceae及Thauera，在低溶解氧污泥样品中占1.063%、0.06%、0.41%及1.85%、在参照污泥样品中占2.02%，0.16%、0.35%及2.55%；优势聚磷菌属菌属为Acinetobacter及具有反硝化功能Arcobacter，在低溶解氧污泥样品中占0.19%及1.75%在参照污泥样品中占0.1%及0.89%。
4)分析发现，低氧污泥水解菌属更多，与实验中低氧污泥水解率较低的结论相左，其可能受No Rank序列或EPS的影响，为进一步确定污泥中的胞外酶含量，采用LCMS法测序活性污泥胞外蛋白质，在污泥胞外蛋白组中，发现低氧污泥及参照污泥胞外蛋白组中与水解类相关的蛋白个数分别为8及14个，属于生物合成的种类，分别为12及38个，属于能量产生和转换相关蛋白的种类分别为15及22个，这说明有很大一部分EPS是来源于破碎的污泥细胞，同时可见低氧污泥胞外蛋白数目大大低于参照污泥，因此低氧污泥的自身水解性略差。5)在目前ASM3模型构架的基础上，采用时间平衡、体积平衡及物料平衡方法，通过对低氧工艺下低氧污泥独特的生物动力学参数的分析研究，首次提出并建立了低氧/参照SBR-ASM3-SMP模型。并且以污泥SRT为变量，初步模拟和探讨了SRT变动、污泥真实产率及污泥衰减率等对污泥增长、出水水质、污泥活性、污泥惰性颗粒积累等的影响，发现污泥衰减率、曝气时长、污泥龄、真实产率均会对污泥的出水及污泥性质带来较大影响，同等条件下，其会导致15%的出水水质差异，12%的污泥表观产率差异，6%的污泥活性差异，低氧污泥的优势在于较低的bH及较长的TRO，使其可以在保持甚至提高污染物降解率的同时，降低污泥产率。
The activated sludge process is currently the most widely used and the mostpromising wastewater treatment technology, which treats more than90%of municipalsewage and about50%industrial wastewater of the world. However, during wastewatertreatment,there are a few disadvantages: the first problem is the sludge bulking, which isthe most common problem of the activated sludge process; the second problem is aboutenergy consumption, the electric bill accounts for about1/3of the total operating costsduring the municipal wastewater treatment plant; the third problem is the remainingsludge due to the proliferation of microorganisms, a large amount of sludge is generatedduring the treatment process,and the disposal of the excess sludge costs higher than50%of total operating costs For the three disadvantages occurred during the activatedsludge process, many scientists have carried out extensive research，that is filamentoussludge bulking in low dissolved oxygen(DO)condition. The core of the process is tocontrol artificially the activated sludge wastewater treatment system run in low DOcondition, and the level of the sludge bulking do not result in the serious sludge loss；Meanwhile the low DO level means low power consumption for aeration; many expertshave found that sludge production was reduced under low DO condition;and so theremaining sludge is reduced too. In order to better understand the potential of the lowDO sludge process, it is necessary tomake the further research.
This paper studied the theremoval efficiency for contaminants, sludge reductioneffect, ts stability,the mechanisms and the mathematical modeling of the low DOactivated sludge process. The research has focused on the removal efficiency forcontaminants and the influential factors,the effect of sludge reduction and themechanismin in low DO situation. Besides, we analyzed the presence ofmicroorganisms and profiles of extracellular enzyme from a microscopic point of viewin low DO situation，and built a mathematical model to understand the mechanism ofactivated sludge process in low DO condition from a macro perspective. The mainresults are as follows:
Compared with the conventional activated sludge process, the greatestdisadvantage present in the low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process is that itsstability is not strong and is prone to bulking. According to the research, sludge reactorwas in a steady bulking state by low DO adaptation training, it was the first time for analyzing the existence of a stable state from a mathematical point of view，and itshowed that the low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process reduced the energyconsumption, and could effectively remove contaminants in influent, and had short-cutnitrification characteristics. the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, PO43--P and CODwere all more than95%, and removal rate of total nitrogen exceeded70%, andnitrosation rate was over80%, Altogether， the removal efficiencies for thesecontaminants in low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process were greater than thosein the control, namely, the activated sludge process. Moreover, the obtained results haveshowed that the activated sludge process for the removal of pollutants would beinhibited in low temperatures, and low dissolved oxygen would further aggravate theadverse effects, and SRT varied within a certain range would not reduce the removal ofpollutants.
Compared with the conventional activated sludge process, sludge yield wasreduced13.3%in low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process, in order to study thenature of this phenomenon, we divided sludge reduction into three parts, according tothe difference of activated sludge and hydrolysis kinetic parameters, EPS, etc., the firstdifference is the nature of the sludge, the second difference is the sludge dynamics, thethird aspect is the difference of hydrolysis. Though these differences, we analyzed themechanism of the reduction of sludge. It was concluded that the real sludge yields weredecreased under long-term low DO conditions and sludge endogenous oxygen uptakerate and the decay rate also become low, and under the combined action, the activatedsludge yield was reduced, sludge yield was reduced by13.3%compared to control,and the contribution of low real sludge yield was16%, and the sludge decay contributed84%.
Long-term low dissolved oxygen levels would lead tothechangesofmicroorganisminsludge and exhibits some remarkable characteristics, andthese characteristics are the core of the activated sludge-the special nature of themicroorganisms constituting the appearance, In low DO process, the removal of organicmatter, nitrogen and phosphorus and sludge reduction are the particularity ofmicroorganisms, Therefore, in order to clearly understand the difference between lowDO process and the control, we analyzed the influence on microbial reactor and sludgecharacteristics of extracellular enzymes in low DO conditions using454pyrosequencingfrom the microscopic point of view,It was found that the microbial communities ofbacteria from low dissolved oxygen sludge samples and the reference system both showed a higher diversity，totally18,368bacterial sequences genus, the dominantbacteria weredetectedProteobacteria, with50.86%of the total low dissolved oxygensludge sequence and68.55%of the total reference bacterial system sludge samplesequence. The major of the Actinobacteria of the sludge sample in low dissolved oxygenwas Acidobacteria, BD1-5, Bacteroidetes, Candidate_division_SR1,Candidate_division_TM7、Chlorobi、Firmicutes et.al. The major of the Actinobacteriaofthe reference sludge sample was Chloroflexi、Nitrospirae、Proteobacteria et.al.
Base on the current framework of the model ASM3，Using material balancetheory, and through analysis of kinetic parameters of unique biological process underlow DO sludge process, first proposed and established the low DO referenceSBR-ASM3-SMP model, besides， with sludge SRT was variable Preliminarilysimulated and discussed the impact of sludge real yield rate, sludge decay to waterquality, active sludge, sludge accumulation of inert particles, etc. during the changesSRT. It was also Found that pH, HRT, SRT, yHwould all cause greater impact on thenature of the sludge and water of sludge, the advantages of low DO sludge lies in lowerpH and longer HRT, which can maintain and even improve pollutant degradation ratewhile reducing sludge yield.
引文
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