黑龙江西部坡耕地不同耕作措施水分转化与土壤侵蚀特征
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摘要
本文针对黑龙江省西部半干旱区坡耕地干旱和水土流失并存的实际问题,选取了少耕深松、免耕秸秆覆盖、垄向区田、覆膜+垄向区田、深松+垄向区田、深松+覆膜+垄向区田等几种保护性耕作措施,以甘南县为试验基地,通过2006、2007、2008三年的野外径流小区试验,天然降雨和人工降雨相结合,进行了不同耕作措施、不同降雨强度、不同前期土壤含水量条件下的坡耕地降雨径流、入渗、土壤水再分布、土壤储水量、水量平衡和土壤侵蚀特征及其模拟研究。结果表明:
本研究所选取的几种保护性耕作措施分别具有一定的抑蒸、径流拦截、雨水强化入渗作用,有关单项技术的有机集成具有很好的节水和水土保持效果。
不同措施的径流拦蓄作用因措施种类而异。年径流量情况,与常规耕作相比,深松+垄向区田措施可减少95.1%,效果最好;深松+覆膜+垄向区田为91.3%,居于第二位;垄向区田为76.3%,居第三位;覆膜+区田为71.4%,居第四位;少耕深松为19%,居第五位;免耕秸秆覆盖为18.1%,位居最后;天然次降雨径流情况表明,垄向区田措施具有较好的拦蓄径流作用,凡是含有垄向区田的处理,垄向区田筑挡前与常规耕作相当。垄向区田筑挡后,正常情况下均不产生径流,只有当垄向区田破坏时才会有少量径流产生;深松措施具有很好的强化入渗作用,有深松的处理产流量均最小;深松与垄向区田结合时,未产生径流,体现了两项技术集成的明显优势:当降雨量较大时,覆膜有加大径流的作用,雨量较小时作用不明显,在黑龙江西部半干旱区较为适用。
人工降雨试验表明,各种措施的地表径流拦蓄效果随着雨强的不同而不同,垄向区田和覆膜+垄向区田处理在40mm/h降雨强度下均未产流,当雨强为60mm/h、80mm/h时产流量约占常规耕作的1/4,免耕秸秆覆盖效果介于上述措施与常规耕作之间。结合天然降雨情况,当雨强超过40mm/h时,垄向区田、覆膜+垄向区田应配合雨水强化入渗的深松措施使用,方可达到理想效果,否则垄向区田会因雨水来不及入渗而破坏产生径流;随着土壤前期含水量的减小,产流开始时间及峰现时间推迟,产流强度过程峰值降低,产流量减小。不同耕作措施对降雨入渗影响明显。入渗速率衰减由快到慢依次是:裸地、垄向区田筑挡前的覆膜+垄向区田处理、常规耕作、免耕秸秆覆盖、少耕深松、覆膜+垄向区田和垄向区田处理。稳定入渗率由大到小排序为:覆膜+垄向区田、垄向区田、少耕深松、免耕秸秆覆盖、常规耕作、垄向区田筑挡前的覆膜+垄向区田处理和裸地处理。各处理入渗速率的衰减与雨强密切相关,雨强越大,衰减越快,稳渗时刻越早;稳定入渗率也基本上随着雨强的加大而降低。覆膜+垄向区田和垄向区田处理的稳渗率与雨强呈指数函数关系,其它处理均呈幂函数关系;土壤前期含水量对降雨入渗亦有一定影响,含水量越高,入渗率衰减越快,稳定入渗率越低。稳渗率与土壤前期含水量呈指数函数关系。
降雨量对土壤剖面水分的垂直变化有一定影响,降雨补给深度变化较小。裸地土壤水主要变化发生在0～60cm土层,常规耕作约为0～70cm,其它处理均约为0～80cm,以下土层含水量基本无变化;耕作措施对土壤剖面水分的消耗有一定影响,其中深松+覆膜+垄向区田消耗最慢,依次为深松+覆膜+垄向区田、覆膜+垄向区田、深松+垄向区田、免耕秸秆覆盖、垄向区田、少耕深松、常规耕作和裸地。
观测时段0～100cm土层土壤储水量主要受降雨和蒸散发过程的影响,不同耕作措施的土壤储水量均具有大致相同的增失交替过程,其动态变化趋势与降雨量的变化趋势一致,土壤储水量总体上呈上升趋势,土壤水分主要变化层位为0～60cm,0～10cm土层变化强烈,80cm及以下变化不大。土壤储水量动态可分为5～6月上旬的冻土融化蒸发水分平稳期和6月中旬到8月份的土壤干湿交替水分不稳定期。
观测期0～100cm土层水量平衡结果表明,裸地和常规耕作处理土壤储水量处于负补偿状态,蒸发蒸腾量以裸地最低,常规耕作仅高于裸地;深松+垄向区田、深松+覆膜+垄向区田和垄向区田处理蒸散量最高,并且三者相差不大,其中深松+覆膜+垄向区田处理稍低;覆膜+垄向区田、免耕秸秆覆盖和少耕深松处理的蒸散量居于中间位置。
不同耕作措施条件下的土壤侵蚀量与降雨量的季节分布均具有较好的一致性,年内变化极不均匀。各种耕作措施对年土壤侵蚀量有很大影响,其影响程度因措施而异。年土壤侵蚀量由大到小排序依次为:裸地、常规、少耕深松、垄向区田、免耕秸秆覆盖、覆膜+垄向区田、深松+垄向区田和深松+覆膜+垄向区田;采用不同的耕作措施后,土壤侵蚀程度得到了不同程度的改善。其中深松+覆膜+垄向区田、深松+垄向区田、覆膜+垄向区田处理的土壤侵蚀量均远远低于允许值。
天然降雨条件下,产沙过程与降雨强度过程具有很好的相应性,雨强影响显著;人工降雨试验表明,土壤侵蚀量随着雨强的增大而增大,但当降雨强度增加到一定程度,产沙量的增加速率降低;土壤侵蚀量随着土壤前期含水量的增大而增大;不同耕作措施、雨强和前期土壤含水量下的累积产沙过程均可用幂函数来表达。
运动波模型与Green-Ampt人渗模型相结合、Kostiakov入渗模型、Richatds非饱和土壤水分运动方程、支持向量机模型分别可以较好的模拟本区地表径流过程、降雨入渗过程、剖面土壤水动态和年土壤侵蚀量,适用于黑龙江省西部半干旱区。
Aiming at the problems of draught and soil and water loss in the slopping farmland in semi-arid region of western Heilongjiang province,the measures of minimum tillage with partial deep loosing(SGS),no-tillage with straw cover(MG),furrow damming(LQ),the combination of film mulching and furrow damming(FQ),the combination of deep loosing and furrow damming(SQ),the combination of film mulching and deep loosing and furrow damming(FSQ) were selected.Through the experiments of rainfall-runoff plots in Gannan County in 2006,2007 and 2008,the characteristics of rainfall-runoff,infiltration,soil water redistribution,soil water storage,water balance,soil erosion and their simulation were studied. The results are as follows.
The tillage measures had the effects of evaporation control,runoff reducing and infiltration enhancing respectively.The organically combination of some single technologies had the good effects for water saving and soil and water conservation.
The effects of runoff control differed from the tillage measures.For annual runoff, compared with conventional tillage(CK),the treatment of SQ with the best result of 95.1% runoff reducing ranked the first place,followings were the treatments of FSQ,LQ,FQ,SGS, MG with the runoff reducing rate of 91.3%,76.3%,71.4,19%,18.1%respectively.The experiments under the natural rainfall condition showed that,before the construction of furrow dams,the treatment of LQ is almost same with CK,and after the dams construction,LQ had a good result for runoff control,all the treatments with LQ were all no runoff normally,the runoff happened only when some of the dams were damaged.Deep loosing had a good effect of infiltration enhancing;the treatments with it had a minimum runoff.SQ had no runoff, which indicated that there is an obvious advantage for the combination of deep loosing and furrow damming technologies.When the rain was heavy,film mulching had the effect of runoff increasing,but it was not when the rain was not heavy,this is more suitable for the region according to the nature condition.
The experiments under artificial rainfall condition showed that,the effects of runoff control differed from rainfall intensities.When the rainfall intensity was 40ram/h,LQ and FQ had no runoff yield,when the rainfall intensities up to 60mm/h and 80mm/h,the runoff yields were about 25%of the CK.The runoff effect of MG was higher than CK and lower than the others.Combine these with those of the natural rainfall condition,we can come to the conclusion that LQ and FQ must be combined with deep loosing technology which can intensify the infiltration when the rainfall intensity is higher than 40mm/h,otherwise some of the dams is easy to damage due to the water pressure formed by rain water accumulation.With the initial soil water content decrease,the times of the runoff start and the peak present were delayed,and the runoff yield was decreased.The influences of tillage measures on infiltration were obviously.The order of the rate of infiltration rate decreasing from fast to low was:LD, FQ(before the dams construction),CK,MG.,SGS,FQ(before the dams construction),LQ.The order of stable state infiltration rate from big to small was FQ,LQ,SGS,MG,CK,FQ*,LD. There was a good relation between the decreasing rate of infiltration rate and rainfall intensity for all of the treatments.The more rainfall intensity,the faster decreasing rate and the earlier stable state infiltration rate present.Generally,stable state infiltration rates were decrease with the rainfall intensities increase.There were index function relations between stable state infiltration rates and rainfall intensities for FQ and LQ,and power function relations for others. There were some influences of initial soil water contents on infiltration,the higher soil water content,the faster infiltration rate decreasing,the lower stable state infiltration rate.The relation between initial soil water content and stable state infiltration rate could be described by index function.
There some influences of rainfall amount on soil profile water content variation,the variation of the depth for rainfall supply was lower.The obvious variation of soil water contents was in 0-60cm soil layer for LD,0-70cm for CK,and about 0-80cm for other treatments,there were no changes for deeper layers.The consumption of soil profile water contents were affected by tillage measures,in which the lowest one was FSQ,followed by FQ, SQ,MG,LQ,SGS,CK and LD respectively.
The variations of soil water storage in 0-100cm layer in observation period were mainly affected by the processes of rainfall and evapotranspiration.Soil water storage amount in 0-100cm layer for different tillage treatments were all with the circles of up and down,the trend of them was almost same with annual rainfall process,and soil water storage amount was generally going up in observation period,soil water contents variation mainly happened in the layer of 0-60cm,and change sharply in 0-10cm layer,the layers equal to and deeper than 80cm no obvious change.The observation period could be divided into two periods,first is soil water stable period of May to the beginning of Jun,in the period the frozen soil melting and evaporation made the soil moisture increase and decrease respectively.The second period is soil water unstable period of the middle of Jun to August,in the period soil with circles of dry and wet.
The results of water balance analysis for 0-100cm layer in observation period showed that, the soil water storage for LD and CK were in the state of negative compensation. Evapotranspiration amount was lowest in LD,followed was CK.SQ,FSQ,LQ were all most same and in the highest level,in which the FSQ was the lowest.FQ,MG and SGS were in the middle.
There was a good consistency between seasonal distributions of soil erosion load for all of the treatments and rainfall.There were big influences of tillage measures on annually soil erosion load,the degrees of the influences differed from the measures.The order of soil erosion load from big to small was LD,CK,SGS,LQ,MG,FQ,SQ and FSQ.The degrees of soil erosion were improved in some extent after taking the tillage measures,in which the soil erosion loads of FSQ,SQ and FQ were much lower than the allowed value.
Under the natural rainfall condition,there were a good consistence and corresponding between sediment and rainfall processes,and rainfall intensity had an obvious influence on sediment process.Artificial rainfall experiment showed that,soil erosion load were increased with rainfall increase,but the increasing rate of sediment yield was decreased when the rainfall intensity was increased up to some extent.Accumulated sediment generating processes in different tillage measures,different rainfall intensities and different initial soil water contents all could be described by power function.
The combination of Kinematic Wave model and Green-Ampt model,Kostiakov model, Richards soil water movement equation,Support vector machine model can simulate surface rainfall-runoff processes,rainfall-infiltration processes,profile soil water dynamic variation and annual soil erosion load respectively in the region,all of them can be used in the semi-arid region of western Heilongjiang province.
本研究所选取的几种保护性耕作措施分别具有一定的抑蒸、径流拦截、雨水强化入渗作用,有关单项技术的有机集成具有很好的节水和水土保持效果。
不同措施的径流拦蓄作用因措施种类而异。年径流量情况,与常规耕作相比,深松+垄向区田措施可减少95.1%,效果最好;深松+覆膜+垄向区田为91.3%,居于第二位;垄向区田为76.3%,居第三位;覆膜+区田为71.4%,居第四位;少耕深松为19%,居第五位;免耕秸秆覆盖为18.1%,位居最后;天然次降雨径流情况表明,垄向区田措施具有较好的拦蓄径流作用,凡是含有垄向区田的处理,垄向区田筑挡前与常规耕作相当。垄向区田筑挡后,正常情况下均不产生径流,只有当垄向区田破坏时才会有少量径流产生;深松措施具有很好的强化入渗作用,有深松的处理产流量均最小;深松与垄向区田结合时,未产生径流,体现了两项技术集成的明显优势:当降雨量较大时,覆膜有加大径流的作用,雨量较小时作用不明显,在黑龙江西部半干旱区较为适用。
人工降雨试验表明,各种措施的地表径流拦蓄效果随着雨强的不同而不同,垄向区田和覆膜+垄向区田处理在40mm/h降雨强度下均未产流,当雨强为60mm/h、80mm/h时产流量约占常规耕作的1/4,免耕秸秆覆盖效果介于上述措施与常规耕作之间。结合天然降雨情况,当雨强超过40mm/h时,垄向区田、覆膜+垄向区田应配合雨水强化入渗的深松措施使用,方可达到理想效果,否则垄向区田会因雨水来不及入渗而破坏产生径流;随着土壤前期含水量的减小,产流开始时间及峰现时间推迟,产流强度过程峰值降低,产流量减小。不同耕作措施对降雨入渗影响明显。入渗速率衰减由快到慢依次是:裸地、垄向区田筑挡前的覆膜+垄向区田处理、常规耕作、免耕秸秆覆盖、少耕深松、覆膜+垄向区田和垄向区田处理。稳定入渗率由大到小排序为:覆膜+垄向区田、垄向区田、少耕深松、免耕秸秆覆盖、常规耕作、垄向区田筑挡前的覆膜+垄向区田处理和裸地处理。各处理入渗速率的衰减与雨强密切相关,雨强越大,衰减越快,稳渗时刻越早;稳定入渗率也基本上随着雨强的加大而降低。覆膜+垄向区田和垄向区田处理的稳渗率与雨强呈指数函数关系,其它处理均呈幂函数关系;土壤前期含水量对降雨入渗亦有一定影响,含水量越高,入渗率衰减越快,稳定入渗率越低。稳渗率与土壤前期含水量呈指数函数关系。
降雨量对土壤剖面水分的垂直变化有一定影响,降雨补给深度变化较小。裸地土壤水主要变化发生在0～60cm土层,常规耕作约为0～70cm,其它处理均约为0～80cm,以下土层含水量基本无变化;耕作措施对土壤剖面水分的消耗有一定影响,其中深松+覆膜+垄向区田消耗最慢,依次为深松+覆膜+垄向区田、覆膜+垄向区田、深松+垄向区田、免耕秸秆覆盖、垄向区田、少耕深松、常规耕作和裸地。
观测时段0～100cm土层土壤储水量主要受降雨和蒸散发过程的影响,不同耕作措施的土壤储水量均具有大致相同的增失交替过程,其动态变化趋势与降雨量的变化趋势一致,土壤储水量总体上呈上升趋势,土壤水分主要变化层位为0～60cm,0～10cm土层变化强烈,80cm及以下变化不大。土壤储水量动态可分为5～6月上旬的冻土融化蒸发水分平稳期和6月中旬到8月份的土壤干湿交替水分不稳定期。
观测期0～100cm土层水量平衡结果表明,裸地和常规耕作处理土壤储水量处于负补偿状态,蒸发蒸腾量以裸地最低,常规耕作仅高于裸地;深松+垄向区田、深松+覆膜+垄向区田和垄向区田处理蒸散量最高,并且三者相差不大,其中深松+覆膜+垄向区田处理稍低;覆膜+垄向区田、免耕秸秆覆盖和少耕深松处理的蒸散量居于中间位置。
不同耕作措施条件下的土壤侵蚀量与降雨量的季节分布均具有较好的一致性,年内变化极不均匀。各种耕作措施对年土壤侵蚀量有很大影响,其影响程度因措施而异。年土壤侵蚀量由大到小排序依次为:裸地、常规、少耕深松、垄向区田、免耕秸秆覆盖、覆膜+垄向区田、深松+垄向区田和深松+覆膜+垄向区田;采用不同的耕作措施后,土壤侵蚀程度得到了不同程度的改善。其中深松+覆膜+垄向区田、深松+垄向区田、覆膜+垄向区田处理的土壤侵蚀量均远远低于允许值。
天然降雨条件下,产沙过程与降雨强度过程具有很好的相应性,雨强影响显著;人工降雨试验表明,土壤侵蚀量随着雨强的增大而增大,但当降雨强度增加到一定程度,产沙量的增加速率降低;土壤侵蚀量随着土壤前期含水量的增大而增大;不同耕作措施、雨强和前期土壤含水量下的累积产沙过程均可用幂函数来表达。
运动波模型与Green-Ampt人渗模型相结合、Kostiakov入渗模型、Richatds非饱和土壤水分运动方程、支持向量机模型分别可以较好的模拟本区地表径流过程、降雨入渗过程、剖面土壤水动态和年土壤侵蚀量,适用于黑龙江省西部半干旱区。
Aiming at the problems of draught and soil and water loss in the slopping farmland in semi-arid region of western Heilongjiang province,the measures of minimum tillage with partial deep loosing(SGS),no-tillage with straw cover(MG),furrow damming(LQ),the combination of film mulching and furrow damming(FQ),the combination of deep loosing and furrow damming(SQ),the combination of film mulching and deep loosing and furrow damming(FSQ) were selected.Through the experiments of rainfall-runoff plots in Gannan County in 2006,2007 and 2008,the characteristics of rainfall-runoff,infiltration,soil water redistribution,soil water storage,water balance,soil erosion and their simulation were studied. The results are as follows.
The tillage measures had the effects of evaporation control,runoff reducing and infiltration enhancing respectively.The organically combination of some single technologies had the good effects for water saving and soil and water conservation.
The effects of runoff control differed from the tillage measures.For annual runoff, compared with conventional tillage(CK),the treatment of SQ with the best result of 95.1% runoff reducing ranked the first place,followings were the treatments of FSQ,LQ,FQ,SGS, MG with the runoff reducing rate of 91.3%,76.3%,71.4,19%,18.1%respectively.The experiments under the natural rainfall condition showed that,before the construction of furrow dams,the treatment of LQ is almost same with CK,and after the dams construction,LQ had a good result for runoff control,all the treatments with LQ were all no runoff normally,the runoff happened only when some of the dams were damaged.Deep loosing had a good effect of infiltration enhancing;the treatments with it had a minimum runoff.SQ had no runoff, which indicated that there is an obvious advantage for the combination of deep loosing and furrow damming technologies.When the rain was heavy,film mulching had the effect of runoff increasing,but it was not when the rain was not heavy,this is more suitable for the region according to the nature condition.
The experiments under artificial rainfall condition showed that,the effects of runoff control differed from rainfall intensities.When the rainfall intensity was 40ram/h,LQ and FQ had no runoff yield,when the rainfall intensities up to 60mm/h and 80mm/h,the runoff yields were about 25%of the CK.The runoff effect of MG was higher than CK and lower than the others.Combine these with those of the natural rainfall condition,we can come to the conclusion that LQ and FQ must be combined with deep loosing technology which can intensify the infiltration when the rainfall intensity is higher than 40mm/h,otherwise some of the dams is easy to damage due to the water pressure formed by rain water accumulation.With the initial soil water content decrease,the times of the runoff start and the peak present were delayed,and the runoff yield was decreased.The influences of tillage measures on infiltration were obviously.The order of the rate of infiltration rate decreasing from fast to low was:LD, FQ(before the dams construction),CK,MG.,SGS,FQ(before the dams construction),LQ.The order of stable state infiltration rate from big to small was FQ,LQ,SGS,MG,CK,FQ*,LD. There was a good relation between the decreasing rate of infiltration rate and rainfall intensity for all of the treatments.The more rainfall intensity,the faster decreasing rate and the earlier stable state infiltration rate present.Generally,stable state infiltration rates were decrease with the rainfall intensities increase.There were index function relations between stable state infiltration rates and rainfall intensities for FQ and LQ,and power function relations for others. There were some influences of initial soil water contents on infiltration,the higher soil water content,the faster infiltration rate decreasing,the lower stable state infiltration rate.The relation between initial soil water content and stable state infiltration rate could be described by index function.
There some influences of rainfall amount on soil profile water content variation,the variation of the depth for rainfall supply was lower.The obvious variation of soil water contents was in 0-60cm soil layer for LD,0-70cm for CK,and about 0-80cm for other treatments,there were no changes for deeper layers.The consumption of soil profile water contents were affected by tillage measures,in which the lowest one was FSQ,followed by FQ, SQ,MG,LQ,SGS,CK and LD respectively.
The variations of soil water storage in 0-100cm layer in observation period were mainly affected by the processes of rainfall and evapotranspiration.Soil water storage amount in 0-100cm layer for different tillage treatments were all with the circles of up and down,the trend of them was almost same with annual rainfall process,and soil water storage amount was generally going up in observation period,soil water contents variation mainly happened in the layer of 0-60cm,and change sharply in 0-10cm layer,the layers equal to and deeper than 80cm no obvious change.The observation period could be divided into two periods,first is soil water stable period of May to the beginning of Jun,in the period the frozen soil melting and evaporation made the soil moisture increase and decrease respectively.The second period is soil water unstable period of the middle of Jun to August,in the period soil with circles of dry and wet.
The results of water balance analysis for 0-100cm layer in observation period showed that, the soil water storage for LD and CK were in the state of negative compensation. Evapotranspiration amount was lowest in LD,followed was CK.SQ,FSQ,LQ were all most same and in the highest level,in which the FSQ was the lowest.FQ,MG and SGS were in the middle.
There was a good consistency between seasonal distributions of soil erosion load for all of the treatments and rainfall.There were big influences of tillage measures on annually soil erosion load,the degrees of the influences differed from the measures.The order of soil erosion load from big to small was LD,CK,SGS,LQ,MG,FQ,SQ and FSQ.The degrees of soil erosion were improved in some extent after taking the tillage measures,in which the soil erosion loads of FSQ,SQ and FQ were much lower than the allowed value.
Under the natural rainfall condition,there were a good consistence and corresponding between sediment and rainfall processes,and rainfall intensity had an obvious influence on sediment process.Artificial rainfall experiment showed that,soil erosion load were increased with rainfall increase,but the increasing rate of sediment yield was decreased when the rainfall intensity was increased up to some extent.Accumulated sediment generating processes in different tillage measures,different rainfall intensities and different initial soil water contents all could be described by power function.
The combination of Kinematic Wave model and Green-Ampt model,Kostiakov model, Richards soil water movement equation,Support vector machine model can simulate surface rainfall-runoff processes,rainfall-infiltration processes,profile soil water dynamic variation and annual soil erosion load respectively in the region,all of them can be used in the semi-arid region of western Heilongjiang province.
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