适应四川盆地稻麦两熟制的早播早熟型超高产小麦新品种的育种研究
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摘要
四川盆地是我国小麦主产区之一,同时又具有较特殊的气候生态条件和种植模式。四川盆地小麦品种产量潜力已经多年徘徊不前,急需培育在产量上有较大突破的小麦新品种应用于生产。而经分析发现:在过去相当长的一段时间里,由于栽培制度的需要和品种特性的要求,四川盆地的小麦一直强调迟播。而在现阶段,稻麦两熟制已成为四川盆地最主要小麦种植模式,在此种植模式下,仍继续使用“迟播型”小麦品种,已凸现出了较多的弊端:一是小麦播种期过迟,使得土地在9月和10月近两个月处于空闲,造成光热水资源的严重浪费,也限制了小麦产量潜力的提高;二是小麦在播种期过迟的情况下,成熟期也相应延迟,随着全球气候变暖越来越明显,就会由于成熟期温度上升太快形成“高温逼熟”,使得产量低而不稳;三是小麦成熟和收获过迟,与下季作物水稻争时争地争劳动力矛盾也较为突出。因此,结合众多前人研究成果,我们认为:在四川盆地生态气候条件和稻麦两熟的种植制度的下,“早播早熟型”可能会因为开发利用更多前期光热水资源和在一定程度上避开后期“高温逼熟”,从而获得更高的产量潜力,并有可能实现四川盆地小麦产量潜力的突破。但是,这种“早播早熟型”超高产小麦品种与四川盆地近五十来的习惯和栽培技术不符合,是四川盆地从未有过的新类型,因而从理论和技术上对这类早播早熟型超高产品种选育作深入的探讨具有重要意义。
为了验证选育适应四川盆地稻麦两熟制的早播早熟型超高产小麦新品的可行性,同时也为早播早熟型超高产小麦新品的选育提供的理论与实践依据和为早播早熟型超高产新品种的选育筛选、积累种质资源,本研究首先对来自试验点所在地——四川省邛崃市气象局的近11年的气象资料进行了系统分析,从气候条件上研究了小麦早播早熟的可行性和必要性;并在2005-2006年度里,采用参加当年的四川省区域试验的所有品系(共60份),以四川盆地曾经大面积推广品种MY11为对照,在比正常播期提前10d播种(10月24日)的情况下,对小麦在早播条件下的生长发育和结实情况下了研究;同样地,在2006-2007年度里以参加当年区域试验的所有品系(共66份)进行了提前播种(10月20)和正常播期(10月30日)下的比较试验,并研究了不同播期下的小麦生长发育、产量及构成因素的变化。这两年的试验的目的在于探索不同小麦品系对提前播种的适应性的差异,并希望从中筛选出较理想的早播早熟型高产种质资源。在2005～2007连续两个年度里采用本课题组育成的新品种(系)“川农23”、“川农19”和“J210”,较为系统地研究了不同播期下(2005-2006年度为10月24日和11月3日两个播期,2006-2007年为从10月18日到11月5日每两天一个播期共10个播期)对小麦生长发育、产量及构成、籽粒灌浆特性和籽粒品质等变化情况进行了更加系统分析,从而为早播早熟型小麦品种的选育提供更多的理论依据。试验结果如下:
1.比较发现:在2005-2006年度,小麦生育期间的旬平均气温、降水量和日照时数与多年平均保持致,属正常年份;在2006-2007年度,小麦生育期的旬平均气温多数偏高,降水量偏少,日照时数也较多,是比较典型的暖冬干旱年,因而这两年试验结果有较大的代表性。
2.在四川盆地生态气候条件下,小麦的光热水资源的利用总量播期效应十分明显:
在小麦播种、出苗和分蘖的10月下旬到11月下旬的这段时间里,四川盆地的温度、降雨量和日照时数均呈迅速下降的趋势,从近11年平均来看,10月上旬、11月上旬、中旬和下旬的旬平均温度分别为18.0±1.38℃、16.7±1.57℃、15.6±1.07℃和10.9±1.20℃;旬降雨量分别为11.33±5.98mm、10.22±9.94mm、10.62±7.96和4.48±4.65mm;旬日照时数18.3±7.74h、23.9±13.74h、13.8±7.62h和13.1±5.40h,由于这种下降趋势,使不同播期下小麦生育前期的光热水资利用总量的差异十分明显。
3.在四川盆地生态气候条件下,小麦生长发育的播期效应也十分明显:
由于不同播种期下小麦的生长发育所处的环境条件存在较大差异,因小麦生长发育进程受播种期的影响也就十分明显,并且这种影响由于没有越冬期的缓冲作用,一直保持到了成熟期。如下2006-2007年度里,66个基因型在播种期相差10d的情况下,它们的平均出苗期、平均分蘖期、平均拔节期、平均挑旗期、平均抽穗期、平均开花期和平均腊熟期分别相差11d、16d、27d、8d、9d、7d和4d;其他试验也得到了类型的结果。
4.四川盆地现有小麦新品系的生态类型在各品系间存在较大差异,春性比MY11有所减弱。
2005-2006年度里,60份品系间抽穗期、开花期和成熟期在品系间的差异最大达12d、6d和6d,并且以MY11生长发育最快、抽穗开花最早;而各品系平均结实率达97.99%。在2006-2007年度里,同一播期内,66份参试品系的总叶片数、出叶速度、幼穗分化进程、拔节期、抽穗期、开花期和成熟期上存在较大差异,这种差异超过了播期的影响。这就为四川盆地早播早熟型超高产小麦新品种选育提供了有利的种质基础。
5.随着小麦播种期提前,小麦的产量潜力有较大幅度提高,产量结构也发生了相应变化。
在2006-2007年度里,66份品系在提前播种(10月20日)条件下比正常播期(10月30日)的平均单位面积穗数和平均穗粒数有所增加,平均千粒重略有减少,最终产量增加4.13%,而从产量的由高到低的顺序看,提前播种的处理占据了前3名,并且最高产量分别达8204.1kg/hm~2、7887.275 kg/hm~2和7820.575kg/hm~2。在2005-2006年度里,提前播种(10月24)和正常播期(11月3日)相比较,川农23、川农19和新品系J210三个基因型的穗数和穗粒数变化不明显,而千粒重都有所增加,而产量都有较大幅度提高:川农23、川农19和J210分别增产3.97%、8.80%和12.64%;并以J210产量潜力最高,提前播种时产量达8396.85 kg/hm~2,比同期播种的川农23和川农19分别增产13.34%和23.48%;说明三个基因型中,J210的产量潜力最大,提前播种的增产作用也最明显。而在2006-2007年度里,在明显暖冬和干旱条件下,J210的产量仍以10月18日播种产量最高,达7112.8 kg/hm~2,比11月5日播种增产达29.92%,产量变化受千粒重的影响仍较大。这说明在正常年份小麦早播有较大的增产作用,而在暖冬条件下增产作用更加明显。
6.不同种期下小麦的灌浆特性也发生了相应的变化:
小麦的开花期和成熟期均随播种期提前而提前,灌浆持续期随播种期的提前而延长,平均灌浆速度在播种期间变化很小,因而粒重随播种期提前而增加;通过用y=c/(1+ae~(-bx))对不同播种期下籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合(R~2＞0.9900),发现小麦的实际缓增期很短,从最早播期的4.45d逐渐减少到2.75d,与理论值相差很多,而不同播期间缓增期的长短是决是粒重的差异的主要原因,这可能是由于后期高温逼熟而导致不同播期小麦籽粒灌浆过程在同一时间内停止。这说明了四川盆地小麦提早播种能够争取更多的灌浆时间而获得较大的粒重。
7.播种期提前条件下,小麦籽粒的营养品质和加工品质略有提高:
在2006-2007年度里,对J210在10个播期下的籽粒品质变化进行了研究,结果发现:J210的营养品质和加工品质在播期间差异不显著,较早播种处理略高于较迟播种处理,这说说明提前播种在提高产量的同时不会降低小麦品质。
8.通过两年的试验,获得了一批对早播能较好适应的种质资源及其后代,作为早播早熟型小麦品种的育种材料和研究材料。
9.在四川盆地,从2008年1月14日到2月20日出现了罕见的持续低温天气,从2007-2008年试验初步结果看,四川盆地现有小麦的种质资源抗寒性差异较大。
在今年持续低温条件下,部分基因型在早播(10月21日)的情况下生长发育正常,结实性也很好,没有出现冻害,而有的基因型的冻害较重。这说明可通过加强抗寒性选择实现四川盆地小麦在低温年份的高产和稳产。
本研究表明:早播早熟型小麦新类型更加适合四川气候生态条件和稻麦两熟制的种植制度,具有更高的产量潜力下。本研究同时也表明:四川盆地已有较丰富的早播早熟型的种质资源,为开展此类型的品种选育提供了条件。而要实现四川盆地小麦的早播早熟和超高产,需要适宜的温光反应类型、恰当的播种期、较强的抗寒性、合理的产量结构以及其他较好相关的适应性和抗逆性等(如抗病性)相配合,这就需要在以后的早播早熟型品种的选育程中不断协调和完善。而通过综合考虑,我们认为:在四川盆地气候生态条件下,早播早熟型小麦的播种期可以提前到10月20日左右,其生态类型以弱冬性—弱春性为宜,产量潜力可达7500 kg/hm~2以上,产量结构以提高千粒重为主攻方向,同时加强抗寒性的鉴定和选择。
Food security is the one of several important issues facing the modern world. Particularly in China,maintaining large population growth rate,and the plantation is decreasing,so that enhancing yield per unit is a very important mission.Wheat is the secondly largest food crop only to rice.Sichuan Basin is one main growing region for grain.Wheat plays an irreplaceable role in total grain production of Sichuan. Therefore,it is of great significance to enhance the production breeding research on wheat in the Sichuan Basin and to continue to improve its potential wheat yield per unit.
Potential wheat yield in the Sichuan Basin has been a standstill for many years,and following results were found according to analysis:inadequate illumination is a main weather factor limiting the wheat production in Sichuan Basin,and the rice-wheat growing system makes plantation in a spare in the annual September and October, waste of light and heat resources is serious;Under the eco-climatic conditions in the Sichuan Basin,the temperature at wheat later growth stage raises fast,and easy to cause heat-forced maturity,these bring about instability in wheat yield.With regards to this,and many of the previous research results,we believe that: earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat cultivars may be more suitable to eco-climatic conditions and rice-wheat growing system in Sichuan Basin and is conducive to raising potential wheat yield.However,it is not in keeping with cultivation habit and techniques in nearly 50 years.Therefore,it is worthy to make in-depth study on techniques and theory.
In order to verify the feasibility of achieve the super-high-yielding of earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat in Sichuan Basin,and provide the theoretical basis for new super-high-yield wheat breeding,election and accumulate breeds resources. We analyzed the meteorological data recorded for nearly 11 years come from Meteorology Bureau of Qionglai City in Sichuan.And during 2005-2007 when trial being carried out,adopted new wheat lines in the regional trial in Sichuan province and the new varieties(lines)by our team,we studied the wheat development,yield components,grain grouting characteristics and grain quality at different sowing phase. The results are as follows:
1.According to analysis on meteorological data from Meteorology Bureau of Qionglai City in Sichuan where the trial was carried out,we found that an important climate characteristic of the Sichuan Basin is in the annual mid-November,the temperature drop rapidly,rainfall decrease significantly,sunshine hours number reduce.Therefore,advancing the sowing of wheat is be able to secure more temperature accumulation,better soil moisture,effective rainfall after sowing,and better emergence of wheat seedlings and growth.In addition,during 2005-2006 when the trial carried out,the ten-day average temperature of wheat on growing date was basically consistent with the average value of the multi-year,rainfall maintained the same value to average value of the multi-year,those years were normal years,while, during 2006-2007,ten-day average temperatures were most higher,rainfall was less, it was more typical warm drought winter,therefore,the results are more representative.
2.In 2005-2006,using all materials(60 lines)tested in regional trial in Sichuan Province,and MY11 as the control,we studied the adaptability of wheat in Sichuan Basin sown advanced 10 days(24st,Oct)to early sowing,those were found:all the lines grew and developed normally,average seed setting rate were up to 97.99%,it indicated that in normal years,the sowing date can be advanced on vast scale. Meanwhile,there is a big difference on the leaf numbers,leaves emerge rate,spike differentiation process,jointing stage,heading stage,flowering stage,and mature stage.The gap between the earliest and the lasts one of heading stage,flowering stage, and mature stage was 12 d,6d and 6d,respectively.And the MY11 grew fastest, headed and flowered first.This showed that Spring Wheat lines are weaker than MY11,and there is a big difference between thermal-photo response and certain differences on adaptability to early sowing.Those provide a favorable breeds base for screening new super-high-yielding earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat varieties.
3.In 2006-2007,compared the advanced sowing(October 20)and normal sowing (October 30)using all the lines(66)attended in the regional trial,we found that:in the same sowing date,growth and development process correspondingly advanced, such as the average seedlings stage,the average tillering stage,average jointing stage, the average heading,the average flowering stage and average maturity stage were respectively ahead 11 d,16d,27d,8d,9d,7d and 4 d;as for the yield components changes,when advance sown,there is an increase in the average spikes number and the average number of grains per spike,1000-grain weight decreased slightly,and ultimate yield increased 4.13%,while as for the output from descending order,the ones dealed with early sowing occupied the top three,and a maximum output was respectively 8204.1 kg/hm~2、7887.275 kg/hm~2 and 7820.575 kg/hm~2.This showed that early sowing could obtain higher potential yield by changing wheat reproductive process.
4.During 2005-2007,more studies were carried out using wheat varieties Chuannong 23、Chuannong19 and J210.During 2005-2006,set two sowing date: October 24(early sowing)than November 3(control sowing),the varieties(lines) Chuannong 23、Chuannong19 and J210.The results were:contrasting to early sowing, ear of grain and grain per spike number of the three genotypes did not change significantly,and there has been an increase grain weight,and therefore the output have increased considerably:the yield of Chuannong 23、Chuannong 19 and J210 respectively increased 3.97%,8.80%and 12.64%,and J210 to the highest potential yield,and output reached 8396.85 kg/hm~2 by early sowing,increased 13.34%and 23.48%respectively than Chuannong 23 and Chuannong 19 sown in the same date.It showed that J210 had the greatest potential yield among the three genetype,and yield increasing character was most obvious in the early sowing way.During 2006-2007, J210 had the highest yield up to 7112.8 kg/hm~2 when sown on October 18~(th),increased 29.92%than the ones sown on November 5~(th)yield.This further proved that early sowing did increase potential yield.
5.During 2006-2007,we studied on the grain grouting characteristics of the J210 on 10 sowing date.The results showed that:grain-grouting process on different sowing date can be better fitted using y=c/(1+ae~(-bx)),the coefficient of determination reached above 0.99.The equation parameter indicates wheat-grouting process.By equation parameters we found that the wheat grouting incremental period shortened along with sowing date delaying.The grouting rate in incremental period appeared increasing trend,the fast growing date extended along with sowing time delayed, grouting rate in the fast growing period appeared reducing trend.Thus the difference of kernel weight was not obvious by the end of fast increasing period.According to standard growth curve,wheat grain grouting process should exist a longer ease increasing period,but the actual ease increasing period was very short,only for 2.75 to 4.45 days,was largely different with the theoretical value;this stage the growth of grains was small,but it decided different grains weight among the ones in different sowing date.This may be due to the late heat-forced maturity resulting wheat grain grouting process be not successfully completed,and grain grouting process initiated earlier and more fully when sown early,resulting in the higher grain weight.It also demonstrated the necessity of the earlyplanting-earlymaturity in Sichuan Basin.
6.During 2006-2007,we studied on the grain quality of the J210 on 10 sowing date. The results showed that:there was no significant difference on nutritional and processing quality of J210 among the treatments on different sowing date.It just increased slightly along with sowing time advanced.This showed that wheat quality would not be reduced as early sowing.
7.Through two years of testing,we acquired a set of breeds resources and their descendants better suited to early sowing,as breeding materials and research materials for earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat.
To sum up,the temperature and light response type of wheat in Sichuan Basin ex(?)'s variations,and suitable sowing according to genotypes can achieve the super-high-yielding of wheat through earlyplanting-earlymaturity in Sichuan Basin, We should make use of existing breeds resources in Sichuan Basin,strengthen study on super-high-yielding breeding using earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat varieties. The breeding of new earlyplanting-earlymaturity super-high-yielding wheat varieties should focus on weak spring wheat or semi winter wheat,the suitable sowing date is about October 20,and suitable heading time is about March 15 under normal circumstances.As for the yield component,1000-seed weight should be improved on the basis of maintaining the existing number of ear of grain and grain per spike,and the target production in a normal year should reach more than 7500 kg/hm~2,at the same time,it is need to strengthen screen and culture the cold-resistant wheat cultivars.
为了验证选育适应四川盆地稻麦两熟制的早播早熟型超高产小麦新品的可行性,同时也为早播早熟型超高产小麦新品的选育提供的理论与实践依据和为早播早熟型超高产新品种的选育筛选、积累种质资源,本研究首先对来自试验点所在地——四川省邛崃市气象局的近11年的气象资料进行了系统分析,从气候条件上研究了小麦早播早熟的可行性和必要性;并在2005-2006年度里,采用参加当年的四川省区域试验的所有品系(共60份),以四川盆地曾经大面积推广品种MY11为对照,在比正常播期提前10d播种(10月24日)的情况下,对小麦在早播条件下的生长发育和结实情况下了研究;同样地,在2006-2007年度里以参加当年区域试验的所有品系(共66份)进行了提前播种(10月20)和正常播期(10月30日)下的比较试验,并研究了不同播期下的小麦生长发育、产量及构成因素的变化。这两年的试验的目的在于探索不同小麦品系对提前播种的适应性的差异,并希望从中筛选出较理想的早播早熟型高产种质资源。在2005～2007连续两个年度里采用本课题组育成的新品种(系)“川农23”、“川农19”和“J210”,较为系统地研究了不同播期下(2005-2006年度为10月24日和11月3日两个播期,2006-2007年为从10月18日到11月5日每两天一个播期共10个播期)对小麦生长发育、产量及构成、籽粒灌浆特性和籽粒品质等变化情况进行了更加系统分析,从而为早播早熟型小麦品种的选育提供更多的理论依据。试验结果如下:
1.比较发现:在2005-2006年度,小麦生育期间的旬平均气温、降水量和日照时数与多年平均保持致,属正常年份;在2006-2007年度,小麦生育期的旬平均气温多数偏高,降水量偏少,日照时数也较多,是比较典型的暖冬干旱年,因而这两年试验结果有较大的代表性。
2.在四川盆地生态气候条件下,小麦的光热水资源的利用总量播期效应十分明显:
在小麦播种、出苗和分蘖的10月下旬到11月下旬的这段时间里,四川盆地的温度、降雨量和日照时数均呈迅速下降的趋势,从近11年平均来看,10月上旬、11月上旬、中旬和下旬的旬平均温度分别为18.0±1.38℃、16.7±1.57℃、15.6±1.07℃和10.9±1.20℃;旬降雨量分别为11.33±5.98mm、10.22±9.94mm、10.62±7.96和4.48±4.65mm;旬日照时数18.3±7.74h、23.9±13.74h、13.8±7.62h和13.1±5.40h,由于这种下降趋势,使不同播期下小麦生育前期的光热水资利用总量的差异十分明显。
3.在四川盆地生态气候条件下,小麦生长发育的播期效应也十分明显:
由于不同播种期下小麦的生长发育所处的环境条件存在较大差异,因小麦生长发育进程受播种期的影响也就十分明显,并且这种影响由于没有越冬期的缓冲作用,一直保持到了成熟期。如下2006-2007年度里,66个基因型在播种期相差10d的情况下,它们的平均出苗期、平均分蘖期、平均拔节期、平均挑旗期、平均抽穗期、平均开花期和平均腊熟期分别相差11d、16d、27d、8d、9d、7d和4d;其他试验也得到了类型的结果。
4.四川盆地现有小麦新品系的生态类型在各品系间存在较大差异,春性比MY11有所减弱。
2005-2006年度里,60份品系间抽穗期、开花期和成熟期在品系间的差异最大达12d、6d和6d,并且以MY11生长发育最快、抽穗开花最早;而各品系平均结实率达97.99%。在2006-2007年度里,同一播期内,66份参试品系的总叶片数、出叶速度、幼穗分化进程、拔节期、抽穗期、开花期和成熟期上存在较大差异,这种差异超过了播期的影响。这就为四川盆地早播早熟型超高产小麦新品种选育提供了有利的种质基础。
5.随着小麦播种期提前,小麦的产量潜力有较大幅度提高,产量结构也发生了相应变化。
在2006-2007年度里,66份品系在提前播种(10月20日)条件下比正常播期(10月30日)的平均单位面积穗数和平均穗粒数有所增加,平均千粒重略有减少,最终产量增加4.13%,而从产量的由高到低的顺序看,提前播种的处理占据了前3名,并且最高产量分别达8204.1kg/hm~2、7887.275 kg/hm~2和7820.575kg/hm~2。在2005-2006年度里,提前播种(10月24)和正常播期(11月3日)相比较,川农23、川农19和新品系J210三个基因型的穗数和穗粒数变化不明显,而千粒重都有所增加,而产量都有较大幅度提高:川农23、川农19和J210分别增产3.97%、8.80%和12.64%;并以J210产量潜力最高,提前播种时产量达8396.85 kg/hm~2,比同期播种的川农23和川农19分别增产13.34%和23.48%;说明三个基因型中,J210的产量潜力最大,提前播种的增产作用也最明显。而在2006-2007年度里,在明显暖冬和干旱条件下,J210的产量仍以10月18日播种产量最高,达7112.8 kg/hm~2,比11月5日播种增产达29.92%,产量变化受千粒重的影响仍较大。这说明在正常年份小麦早播有较大的增产作用,而在暖冬条件下增产作用更加明显。
6.不同种期下小麦的灌浆特性也发生了相应的变化:
小麦的开花期和成熟期均随播种期提前而提前,灌浆持续期随播种期的提前而延长,平均灌浆速度在播种期间变化很小,因而粒重随播种期提前而增加;通过用y=c/(1+ae~(-bx))对不同播种期下籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合(R~2＞0.9900),发现小麦的实际缓增期很短,从最早播期的4.45d逐渐减少到2.75d,与理论值相差很多,而不同播期间缓增期的长短是决是粒重的差异的主要原因,这可能是由于后期高温逼熟而导致不同播期小麦籽粒灌浆过程在同一时间内停止。这说明了四川盆地小麦提早播种能够争取更多的灌浆时间而获得较大的粒重。
7.播种期提前条件下,小麦籽粒的营养品质和加工品质略有提高:
在2006-2007年度里,对J210在10个播期下的籽粒品质变化进行了研究,结果发现:J210的营养品质和加工品质在播期间差异不显著,较早播种处理略高于较迟播种处理,这说说明提前播种在提高产量的同时不会降低小麦品质。
8.通过两年的试验,获得了一批对早播能较好适应的种质资源及其后代,作为早播早熟型小麦品种的育种材料和研究材料。
9.在四川盆地,从2008年1月14日到2月20日出现了罕见的持续低温天气,从2007-2008年试验初步结果看,四川盆地现有小麦的种质资源抗寒性差异较大。
在今年持续低温条件下,部分基因型在早播(10月21日)的情况下生长发育正常,结实性也很好,没有出现冻害,而有的基因型的冻害较重。这说明可通过加强抗寒性选择实现四川盆地小麦在低温年份的高产和稳产。
本研究表明:早播早熟型小麦新类型更加适合四川气候生态条件和稻麦两熟制的种植制度,具有更高的产量潜力下。本研究同时也表明:四川盆地已有较丰富的早播早熟型的种质资源,为开展此类型的品种选育提供了条件。而要实现四川盆地小麦的早播早熟和超高产,需要适宜的温光反应类型、恰当的播种期、较强的抗寒性、合理的产量结构以及其他较好相关的适应性和抗逆性等(如抗病性)相配合,这就需要在以后的早播早熟型品种的选育程中不断协调和完善。而通过综合考虑,我们认为:在四川盆地气候生态条件下,早播早熟型小麦的播种期可以提前到10月20日左右,其生态类型以弱冬性—弱春性为宜,产量潜力可达7500 kg/hm~2以上,产量结构以提高千粒重为主攻方向,同时加强抗寒性的鉴定和选择。
Food security is the one of several important issues facing the modern world. Particularly in China,maintaining large population growth rate,and the plantation is decreasing,so that enhancing yield per unit is a very important mission.Wheat is the secondly largest food crop only to rice.Sichuan Basin is one main growing region for grain.Wheat plays an irreplaceable role in total grain production of Sichuan. Therefore,it is of great significance to enhance the production breeding research on wheat in the Sichuan Basin and to continue to improve its potential wheat yield per unit.
Potential wheat yield in the Sichuan Basin has been a standstill for many years,and following results were found according to analysis:inadequate illumination is a main weather factor limiting the wheat production in Sichuan Basin,and the rice-wheat growing system makes plantation in a spare in the annual September and October, waste of light and heat resources is serious;Under the eco-climatic conditions in the Sichuan Basin,the temperature at wheat later growth stage raises fast,and easy to cause heat-forced maturity,these bring about instability in wheat yield.With regards to this,and many of the previous research results,we believe that: earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat cultivars may be more suitable to eco-climatic conditions and rice-wheat growing system in Sichuan Basin and is conducive to raising potential wheat yield.However,it is not in keeping with cultivation habit and techniques in nearly 50 years.Therefore,it is worthy to make in-depth study on techniques and theory.
In order to verify the feasibility of achieve the super-high-yielding of earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat in Sichuan Basin,and provide the theoretical basis for new super-high-yield wheat breeding,election and accumulate breeds resources. We analyzed the meteorological data recorded for nearly 11 years come from Meteorology Bureau of Qionglai City in Sichuan.And during 2005-2007 when trial being carried out,adopted new wheat lines in the regional trial in Sichuan province and the new varieties(lines)by our team,we studied the wheat development,yield components,grain grouting characteristics and grain quality at different sowing phase. The results are as follows:
1.According to analysis on meteorological data from Meteorology Bureau of Qionglai City in Sichuan where the trial was carried out,we found that an important climate characteristic of the Sichuan Basin is in the annual mid-November,the temperature drop rapidly,rainfall decrease significantly,sunshine hours number reduce.Therefore,advancing the sowing of wheat is be able to secure more temperature accumulation,better soil moisture,effective rainfall after sowing,and better emergence of wheat seedlings and growth.In addition,during 2005-2006 when the trial carried out,the ten-day average temperature of wheat on growing date was basically consistent with the average value of the multi-year,rainfall maintained the same value to average value of the multi-year,those years were normal years,while, during 2006-2007,ten-day average temperatures were most higher,rainfall was less, it was more typical warm drought winter,therefore,the results are more representative.
2.In 2005-2006,using all materials(60 lines)tested in regional trial in Sichuan Province,and MY11 as the control,we studied the adaptability of wheat in Sichuan Basin sown advanced 10 days(24st,Oct)to early sowing,those were found:all the lines grew and developed normally,average seed setting rate were up to 97.99%,it indicated that in normal years,the sowing date can be advanced on vast scale. Meanwhile,there is a big difference on the leaf numbers,leaves emerge rate,spike differentiation process,jointing stage,heading stage,flowering stage,and mature stage.The gap between the earliest and the lasts one of heading stage,flowering stage, and mature stage was 12 d,6d and 6d,respectively.And the MY11 grew fastest, headed and flowered first.This showed that Spring Wheat lines are weaker than MY11,and there is a big difference between thermal-photo response and certain differences on adaptability to early sowing.Those provide a favorable breeds base for screening new super-high-yielding earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat varieties.
3.In 2006-2007,compared the advanced sowing(October 20)and normal sowing (October 30)using all the lines(66)attended in the regional trial,we found that:in the same sowing date,growth and development process correspondingly advanced, such as the average seedlings stage,the average tillering stage,average jointing stage, the average heading,the average flowering stage and average maturity stage were respectively ahead 11 d,16d,27d,8d,9d,7d and 4 d;as for the yield components changes,when advance sown,there is an increase in the average spikes number and the average number of grains per spike,1000-grain weight decreased slightly,and ultimate yield increased 4.13%,while as for the output from descending order,the ones dealed with early sowing occupied the top three,and a maximum output was respectively 8204.1 kg/hm~2、7887.275 kg/hm~2 and 7820.575 kg/hm~2.This showed that early sowing could obtain higher potential yield by changing wheat reproductive process.
4.During 2005-2007,more studies were carried out using wheat varieties Chuannong 23、Chuannong19 and J210.During 2005-2006,set two sowing date: October 24(early sowing)than November 3(control sowing),the varieties(lines) Chuannong 23、Chuannong19 and J210.The results were:contrasting to early sowing, ear of grain and grain per spike number of the three genotypes did not change significantly,and there has been an increase grain weight,and therefore the output have increased considerably:the yield of Chuannong 23、Chuannong 19 and J210 respectively increased 3.97%,8.80%and 12.64%,and J210 to the highest potential yield,and output reached 8396.85 kg/hm~2 by early sowing,increased 13.34%and 23.48%respectively than Chuannong 23 and Chuannong 19 sown in the same date.It showed that J210 had the greatest potential yield among the three genetype,and yield increasing character was most obvious in the early sowing way.During 2006-2007, J210 had the highest yield up to 7112.8 kg/hm~2 when sown on October 18~(th),increased 29.92%than the ones sown on November 5~(th)yield.This further proved that early sowing did increase potential yield.
5.During 2006-2007,we studied on the grain grouting characteristics of the J210 on 10 sowing date.The results showed that:grain-grouting process on different sowing date can be better fitted using y=c/(1+ae~(-bx)),the coefficient of determination reached above 0.99.The equation parameter indicates wheat-grouting process.By equation parameters we found that the wheat grouting incremental period shortened along with sowing date delaying.The grouting rate in incremental period appeared increasing trend,the fast growing date extended along with sowing time delayed, grouting rate in the fast growing period appeared reducing trend.Thus the difference of kernel weight was not obvious by the end of fast increasing period.According to standard growth curve,wheat grain grouting process should exist a longer ease increasing period,but the actual ease increasing period was very short,only for 2.75 to 4.45 days,was largely different with the theoretical value;this stage the growth of grains was small,but it decided different grains weight among the ones in different sowing date.This may be due to the late heat-forced maturity resulting wheat grain grouting process be not successfully completed,and grain grouting process initiated earlier and more fully when sown early,resulting in the higher grain weight.It also demonstrated the necessity of the earlyplanting-earlymaturity in Sichuan Basin.
6.During 2006-2007,we studied on the grain quality of the J210 on 10 sowing date. The results showed that:there was no significant difference on nutritional and processing quality of J210 among the treatments on different sowing date.It just increased slightly along with sowing time advanced.This showed that wheat quality would not be reduced as early sowing.
7.Through two years of testing,we acquired a set of breeds resources and their descendants better suited to early sowing,as breeding materials and research materials for earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat.
To sum up,the temperature and light response type of wheat in Sichuan Basin ex(?)'s variations,and suitable sowing according to genotypes can achieve the super-high-yielding of wheat through earlyplanting-earlymaturity in Sichuan Basin, We should make use of existing breeds resources in Sichuan Basin,strengthen study on super-high-yielding breeding using earlyplanting-earlymaturity wheat varieties. The breeding of new earlyplanting-earlymaturity super-high-yielding wheat varieties should focus on weak spring wheat or semi winter wheat,the suitable sowing date is about October 20,and suitable heading time is about March 15 under normal circumstances.As for the yield component,1000-seed weight should be improved on the basis of maintaining the existing number of ear of grain and grain per spike,and the target production in a normal year should reach more than 7500 kg/hm~2,at the same time,it is need to strengthen screen and culture the cold-resistant wheat cultivars.
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