海南红树林植物区系与耐盐生物学研究
摘要
红树林是指热带海岸潮间带的木本植物群落。在我国,海南岛红树林虽然物种最多,面积最大,但绝大多数群落为次生林或次生灌丛;红树林现状很严峻。
红树林不仅是重要的林业资源;也拥有丰富的药用植物资源。红树林也是海洋生物饵料资源和湿地鸟类的栖息地;更是海岸、堤防的天然保护屏障。为此,本研究对海南岛红树林植物区系的组成与特征进行了研究;同时,对部分红树植物叶的主要矿质元素和叶绿素含量进行了测定,以探索叶片盐积累对叶绿素和叶片形态结构的影响。并且对红树植物形态学研究目前较薄弱的领域如幼根(吸收根)组织结构、盐腺以外的外分泌结构进行了研究,以便掌握红树植物幼根与叶耐盐的组织、结构和形态特征。主要研究结果如下:
1.经近几年对海南岛红树林植物区系多次认真的调查、研究发现,海南红树林植物有151种,隶属118属46科,其中真红树32(含6个外来种),半红树31种和伴生种88个;区系特征为亚洲红树林区系的北缘特征。本研究首次系统地从科、属、种水平分析了该区系的组成与特征。本区系与热带美洲共有卤蕨和老鼠簕 2个真红树植物;说明新、旧热带大陆共有真红树。
2.海南红树林自然资源日益减少,红树林宜林滩涂仍不断地被占用,市政建设挤占红树林地的破坏从未间断;生态系统的恢复与重建的任务十分艰巨。3.本研究发现半红树许树与其它红树植物一样,都相当耐盐,Na、Cl等元素的含量(%干重)在盐水育许树叶中依次为3.74%、1.277%,分别为淡水生长许树叶中Na(0.19%)、Cl(1.007%)元素含量的19.7倍和1.3倍。虽然叶中盐含量受物种影响,明显受生境基质盐浓度和叶龄影响大。
为了适应叶中高Na盐(3.74%)的积累,盐水培养许树的气孔频度(115.7个/mm~2)也比淡水条件的气孔频度(163.5个/mm2)减少29.3%,以减少水的蒸腾作用而适应其盐水生境;同时也减少了一些依靠蒸腾力而被动吸收的矿质元素在叶中的积累,如Ca++减少了约61.3%。
许树叶中高Na盐的积累使其叶绿素锐减,盐水育许树的叶绿素Ca、Cb与Ca+b比淡水条件下的Ca、Cb与Ca+b分别减少了53.75%、44.35%和51.37%;但为了适应海边的强光照的阳生生境,其Ca/Cb仍为2.44,表现出其对环境的适应。上述许树对盐水生境适应的生物学特性研究尚无前人报道。
Mangroves are woody plant communities which occur in the intertidal zones on tropical and subtropical coast .Due to several destruction of mangrove forest, there are now less than 5000 hm2 of mangrove forest most of which are secondary forest.
In mangrove forest there are important resources for timber exploitation, also there are abundant plant resources for traditional Chinese medicine. Further, mangroves are in promising research projects of marine biopharmaceutical resources for development and application in the future. Mangrove forest is natural protective belt for seashore and dams.
Consequently morphological research field seldom reported such as absorptive roots and external secretory structure except salt glands are studied in the paper by paraffin method ; the chlorophylls and main minerals of some mangroves are estimated and analyzed by the means of atomic absorption spectrophotometric method, Kjeldahl method , spectrophotometric method , respectively. Meanwhile mangrove forest flora of Hainan island have been investigated in recent years by the classical taxonomical method .
The major results are as follows:
1. There are 151 species , 118 genera ,46 families in Hainan mangrove forest flora ,including 33 eumangrove species ,31 semi-mangrove species ,88 associates. Mangrove flora of Hainan island is part of Asian mangrove flora and shows a characteristic of tropical northern edge of Asian mangrove flora. The flora of Hainan mangrove forest is firstly studied systematically on family, genus and species. Conspecific eumangroves Acrostichum aureum and Acanthus ilicifolius distribute on both old world tropical region and neotropical region (tropical America).
2. Natural resources of mangrove forest of Hainan island has been losing , the mangrove ecosystem has deteriorated; It is very difficult for the mangrove ecosystem to restore and reconstitute.
3. The semi-mangrove Clerodendrum inerme is salt-tolerant very much like other mangroves . Accumulation of elements Na、Cl in the leaves(%dried weight) of Clerodendrum inerme growing in saline water are respectively 3.74%, 1.277%; and
红树林不仅是重要的林业资源;也拥有丰富的药用植物资源。红树林也是海洋生物饵料资源和湿地鸟类的栖息地;更是海岸、堤防的天然保护屏障。为此,本研究对海南岛红树林植物区系的组成与特征进行了研究;同时,对部分红树植物叶的主要矿质元素和叶绿素含量进行了测定,以探索叶片盐积累对叶绿素和叶片形态结构的影响。并且对红树植物形态学研究目前较薄弱的领域如幼根(吸收根)组织结构、盐腺以外的外分泌结构进行了研究,以便掌握红树植物幼根与叶耐盐的组织、结构和形态特征。主要研究结果如下:
1.经近几年对海南岛红树林植物区系多次认真的调查、研究发现,海南红树林植物有151种,隶属118属46科,其中真红树32(含6个外来种),半红树31种和伴生种88个;区系特征为亚洲红树林区系的北缘特征。本研究首次系统地从科、属、种水平分析了该区系的组成与特征。本区系与热带美洲共有卤蕨和老鼠簕 2个真红树植物;说明新、旧热带大陆共有真红树。
2.海南红树林自然资源日益减少,红树林宜林滩涂仍不断地被占用,市政建设挤占红树林地的破坏从未间断;生态系统的恢复与重建的任务十分艰巨。3.本研究发现半红树许树与其它红树植物一样,都相当耐盐,Na、Cl等元素的含量(%干重)在盐水育许树叶中依次为3.74%、1.277%,分别为淡水生长许树叶中Na(0.19%)、Cl(1.007%)元素含量的19.7倍和1.3倍。虽然叶中盐含量受物种影响,明显受生境基质盐浓度和叶龄影响大。
为了适应叶中高Na盐(3.74%)的积累,盐水培养许树的气孔频度(115.7个/mm~2)也比淡水条件的气孔频度(163.5个/mm2)减少29.3%,以减少水的蒸腾作用而适应其盐水生境;同时也减少了一些依靠蒸腾力而被动吸收的矿质元素在叶中的积累,如Ca++减少了约61.3%。
许树叶中高Na盐的积累使其叶绿素锐减,盐水育许树的叶绿素Ca、Cb与Ca+b比淡水条件下的Ca、Cb与Ca+b分别减少了53.75%、44.35%和51.37%;但为了适应海边的强光照的阳生生境,其Ca/Cb仍为2.44,表现出其对环境的适应。上述许树对盐水生境适应的生物学特性研究尚无前人报道。
Mangroves are woody plant communities which occur in the intertidal zones on tropical and subtropical coast .Due to several destruction of mangrove forest, there are now less than 5000 hm2 of mangrove forest most of which are secondary forest.
In mangrove forest there are important resources for timber exploitation, also there are abundant plant resources for traditional Chinese medicine. Further, mangroves are in promising research projects of marine biopharmaceutical resources for development and application in the future. Mangrove forest is natural protective belt for seashore and dams.
Consequently morphological research field seldom reported such as absorptive roots and external secretory structure except salt glands are studied in the paper by paraffin method ; the chlorophylls and main minerals of some mangroves are estimated and analyzed by the means of atomic absorption spectrophotometric method, Kjeldahl method , spectrophotometric method , respectively. Meanwhile mangrove forest flora of Hainan island have been investigated in recent years by the classical taxonomical method .
The major results are as follows:
1. There are 151 species , 118 genera ,46 families in Hainan mangrove forest flora ,including 33 eumangrove species ,31 semi-mangrove species ,88 associates. Mangrove flora of Hainan island is part of Asian mangrove flora and shows a characteristic of tropical northern edge of Asian mangrove flora. The flora of Hainan mangrove forest is firstly studied systematically on family, genus and species. Conspecific eumangroves Acrostichum aureum and Acanthus ilicifolius distribute on both old world tropical region and neotropical region (tropical America).
2. Natural resources of mangrove forest of Hainan island has been losing , the mangrove ecosystem has deteriorated; It is very difficult for the mangrove ecosystem to restore and reconstitute.
3. The semi-mangrove Clerodendrum inerme is salt-tolerant very much like other mangroves . Accumulation of elements Na、Cl in the leaves(%dried weight) of Clerodendrum inerme growing in saline water are respectively 3.74%, 1.277%; and
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