常温烟雾机雾滴沉积数值模拟及试验研究
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摘要
常温烟雾机是设施园艺化学植保的有效作业机械,其所产生的30μ m左右的雾滴能在密闭空间中弥漫,在温室中具有较好的雾滴沉积均匀性。近年来随着设施种植面积的迅速扩张,常温烟雾机的研究与推广应用展现了较为广阔的前景。
本文基于课题组研发的新型自走式常温烟雾机,应用计算流体动力学数值模拟技术,建立了常温烟雾机在不同作业条件下的连续相气流场速度分布模型和离散相雾滴的沉积分布模型,探讨了基于动网格技术的烟雾机行走过程中气流场分布的变化规律,并设计试验对喷雾模型及优化参数进行了验证。同时,为提高雾滴沉积质量检测精度,改善验证试验效率,开发了基于图像处理技术的雾滴沉积效果检测系统。
(1)常温烟雾机气流场分布模型建立及试验验证。前期试验表明常温烟雾机喷雾风送系统产生的气流速度场分布规律与喷雾高度及出口风速密切相关。本文建立了基于标准k-ε湍流两方程的气流连续相数值模型,在喷雾高度0.5m-2.5m、初始风送速度5m/s-25m/s下对温室密闭空间内气流速度场迭代计算,并进行了试验验证。模拟与验证结果表明,风送系统有效作业距离与初始风送速度正相关。同时,风机中心线与密闭空间壁面的垂直距离也对烟雾机风送距离有明显的影响。
(2)常温烟雾机雾滴沉积模型建立与验证分析。在气流速度场模型的基础上,基于EulerLagrange多相流模型建立了常温烟雾机定点作业模式下气雾滴沉积率分布模型。同时设计试验验证了雾滴沉积率分布模型。验证结果表明,基于CFD的雾滴沉积分布模型拟合误差在15%-35%之间,经与同类研究比较,模拟结果可信。研究还基于自行设计的雾滴检测系统分析了雾滴沉积密度、粒径分布与喷雾高度、风送速度的关系,对常温烟雾机喷雾参数的选择提出了优化方案。
(3)基于动网格技术的气流场分布规律探讨与分析。由于常温烟雾机定点喷雾风送距离有限,雾滴在烟雾机周围的沉积效果较好,但不足以使得雾滴在温室整体空间中均匀弥漫沉积。本文基于动网格技术分析了烟雾机在行走过程中风送气流速度场分布情况的变化,并研究了其对雾滴飞行轨迹的影响。模拟结果表明,自走式喷雾作业模式使气流场在密闭空间内产生不同方向的回旋涡流,对雾滴在温室空间内的弥漫有明显促进作用。
(4)基于图像处理技术的雾滴沉积效果检测系统设计。通过高分辨率便携式照片扫描仪获取水敏纸雾滴采集样本数字图像。通过对各颜色空间分量图像的比较,发现YIQ颜色空间的1分量灰度图像能突出雾滴斑点且抑制水敏纸背景纹理。通过比较基于灰度直方图阈值分割法及Ostu阈值分割法,发现Ostu阈值分割法能更好地将雾滴斑点与水敏纸背景分离。在此基础上统计雾滴个数并计算雾滴沉积参数,得出了水敏纸采集区域的雾滴沉积密度及粒径分布曲线。与雾滴沉积标准卡比较确定该系统雾滴密度识别率达95%以上,粒径分布曲线误差小于10%,且系统便于携带,可在各种工作条件下实时获取喷雾质量信息,对雾滴沉积质量检测试验有积极的辅助意义。
The cold sprayer is an efficient equipment for chemical plant protection in greenhouse agriculture. The droplets generated by cold sprayer can distribute uniformly in the sealed space due to the small droplets, such as the volume medium diameter (VMD) around30μm. As the great development of greenhouse horticulture in the recent years, a bright prospect for the research and popularization of cold sprayers could be expected.
Based on the cold sprayer that was designed by the research group and the author is one of the members, the airflow velocity field was simulated and droplet deposition distribution model was established. The airflow variation as the sprayer moving was also simulated via dynamic meshing technology. Experiments were carefully designed and conducted for the verification of the simulated models. A droplet detecting system was developed for the droplet distribution measurement and served as simulation evaluation.
The research topics are listed as follows,
(1) Simulation and verification of airflow field for cold sprayer.
Pre-experiments indicated that the distribution of velocity of the airflow was highly related to the spraying height and the initial airflow velocity. Based on k-ε turbulence model, a numerical model for airflow field was built for the spraying under working conditions of spraying height from0.5m to2.5m and initial air velocity from5m/s to25m/s. An experiment was designed and conducted to verify the simulated results. Due to the simulation and verification, positive linear correlation was discovered between air blowing distance and initial air velocity of the air assistant system by the cold sprayer. Also, the air blowing distance was significantly affected by the distance between the symmetry axis of cold sprayer and the wall of the greenhouse walls.
(2) Simulation and model verification for the model of deposition distribution of the cold sprayer.
Based on the Euler-Lagrange multiphase flow model, a model of droplet deposition distribution was built by adding droplet discrete particles into the airflow model. Also, the verification experiment was designed and conducted for the model analysis and model error measurement. Analysis showed that the relative error of the simulated deposition and experimental results was between15%and35%. Compared with the similar simulation reports, the model was regarded to be reliable. Besides, a droplet deposition detection system was used to analyze the impact of spraying height and airflow velocity on droplets deposited density and diameter distribution. Optimized working parameters were suggested depending on the data analysis of the detected results by the system.
(3) Exploration and analysis of cold sprayer's airflow field distribution under motivated spraying.
Due to the simulation and verification experiments of both airflow field and droplet deposition, the air assistant distance limitation was discovered. Therefore, the auto-moving spraying mode was developed to improve the droplets spread more uniformity throughout the greenhouse. In this section, dynamic meshing method was introduced to simulation. The simulated results showed that airflow swirls were generated when the air assistant equipment moved with the sprayer. And the direction of rotation would change with the working position of the sprayer. Under this situation, the droplets were proved misting significantly better.
(4) Designation of droplet detection system using image processing technology.
Digital pictures of droplet deposition on water sensitive paper were captured with a high definition scanner. Due to the comparison of the grayer pictures of each dimension under different color spaces (RGB, YIQ, HSI), I dimension under YIQ color model was selected for droplet segmentation. Under this dimension, the droplets could be obviously distinguished from the initial paper background, as well as the vein of the water sensitive paper could be effectively erased. The segmentation was processed under methods of Otsu threshold and gray value histogram. The results indicated that the droplets were extracted better using Otsu threshold method. Amount and diameter of droplet spots were calculated as the detected parameters at last. A standard deposition card with droplets number and diameter distribution was detected with the system. Then the accuracy was judged by comparing the results with the original parameters. As the result informed, the identification ratio of droplet density was higher than95%, and the error for diameter distribution was less than10%. Considering its mobility, this system can greatly help the researchers to do the measurement in both labs and fields.
本文基于课题组研发的新型自走式常温烟雾机,应用计算流体动力学数值模拟技术,建立了常温烟雾机在不同作业条件下的连续相气流场速度分布模型和离散相雾滴的沉积分布模型,探讨了基于动网格技术的烟雾机行走过程中气流场分布的变化规律,并设计试验对喷雾模型及优化参数进行了验证。同时,为提高雾滴沉积质量检测精度,改善验证试验效率,开发了基于图像处理技术的雾滴沉积效果检测系统。
(1)常温烟雾机气流场分布模型建立及试验验证。前期试验表明常温烟雾机喷雾风送系统产生的气流速度场分布规律与喷雾高度及出口风速密切相关。本文建立了基于标准k-ε湍流两方程的气流连续相数值模型,在喷雾高度0.5m-2.5m、初始风送速度5m/s-25m/s下对温室密闭空间内气流速度场迭代计算,并进行了试验验证。模拟与验证结果表明,风送系统有效作业距离与初始风送速度正相关。同时,风机中心线与密闭空间壁面的垂直距离也对烟雾机风送距离有明显的影响。
(2)常温烟雾机雾滴沉积模型建立与验证分析。在气流速度场模型的基础上,基于EulerLagrange多相流模型建立了常温烟雾机定点作业模式下气雾滴沉积率分布模型。同时设计试验验证了雾滴沉积率分布模型。验证结果表明,基于CFD的雾滴沉积分布模型拟合误差在15%-35%之间,经与同类研究比较,模拟结果可信。研究还基于自行设计的雾滴检测系统分析了雾滴沉积密度、粒径分布与喷雾高度、风送速度的关系,对常温烟雾机喷雾参数的选择提出了优化方案。
(3)基于动网格技术的气流场分布规律探讨与分析。由于常温烟雾机定点喷雾风送距离有限,雾滴在烟雾机周围的沉积效果较好,但不足以使得雾滴在温室整体空间中均匀弥漫沉积。本文基于动网格技术分析了烟雾机在行走过程中风送气流速度场分布情况的变化,并研究了其对雾滴飞行轨迹的影响。模拟结果表明,自走式喷雾作业模式使气流场在密闭空间内产生不同方向的回旋涡流,对雾滴在温室空间内的弥漫有明显促进作用。
(4)基于图像处理技术的雾滴沉积效果检测系统设计。通过高分辨率便携式照片扫描仪获取水敏纸雾滴采集样本数字图像。通过对各颜色空间分量图像的比较,发现YIQ颜色空间的1分量灰度图像能突出雾滴斑点且抑制水敏纸背景纹理。通过比较基于灰度直方图阈值分割法及Ostu阈值分割法,发现Ostu阈值分割法能更好地将雾滴斑点与水敏纸背景分离。在此基础上统计雾滴个数并计算雾滴沉积参数,得出了水敏纸采集区域的雾滴沉积密度及粒径分布曲线。与雾滴沉积标准卡比较确定该系统雾滴密度识别率达95%以上,粒径分布曲线误差小于10%,且系统便于携带,可在各种工作条件下实时获取喷雾质量信息,对雾滴沉积质量检测试验有积极的辅助意义。
The cold sprayer is an efficient equipment for chemical plant protection in greenhouse agriculture. The droplets generated by cold sprayer can distribute uniformly in the sealed space due to the small droplets, such as the volume medium diameter (VMD) around30μm. As the great development of greenhouse horticulture in the recent years, a bright prospect for the research and popularization of cold sprayers could be expected.
Based on the cold sprayer that was designed by the research group and the author is one of the members, the airflow velocity field was simulated and droplet deposition distribution model was established. The airflow variation as the sprayer moving was also simulated via dynamic meshing technology. Experiments were carefully designed and conducted for the verification of the simulated models. A droplet detecting system was developed for the droplet distribution measurement and served as simulation evaluation.
The research topics are listed as follows,
(1) Simulation and verification of airflow field for cold sprayer.
Pre-experiments indicated that the distribution of velocity of the airflow was highly related to the spraying height and the initial airflow velocity. Based on k-ε turbulence model, a numerical model for airflow field was built for the spraying under working conditions of spraying height from0.5m to2.5m and initial air velocity from5m/s to25m/s. An experiment was designed and conducted to verify the simulated results. Due to the simulation and verification, positive linear correlation was discovered between air blowing distance and initial air velocity of the air assistant system by the cold sprayer. Also, the air blowing distance was significantly affected by the distance between the symmetry axis of cold sprayer and the wall of the greenhouse walls.
(2) Simulation and model verification for the model of deposition distribution of the cold sprayer.
Based on the Euler-Lagrange multiphase flow model, a model of droplet deposition distribution was built by adding droplet discrete particles into the airflow model. Also, the verification experiment was designed and conducted for the model analysis and model error measurement. Analysis showed that the relative error of the simulated deposition and experimental results was between15%and35%. Compared with the similar simulation reports, the model was regarded to be reliable. Besides, a droplet deposition detection system was used to analyze the impact of spraying height and airflow velocity on droplets deposited density and diameter distribution. Optimized working parameters were suggested depending on the data analysis of the detected results by the system.
(3) Exploration and analysis of cold sprayer's airflow field distribution under motivated spraying.
Due to the simulation and verification experiments of both airflow field and droplet deposition, the air assistant distance limitation was discovered. Therefore, the auto-moving spraying mode was developed to improve the droplets spread more uniformity throughout the greenhouse. In this section, dynamic meshing method was introduced to simulation. The simulated results showed that airflow swirls were generated when the air assistant equipment moved with the sprayer. And the direction of rotation would change with the working position of the sprayer. Under this situation, the droplets were proved misting significantly better.
(4) Designation of droplet detection system using image processing technology.
Digital pictures of droplet deposition on water sensitive paper were captured with a high definition scanner. Due to the comparison of the grayer pictures of each dimension under different color spaces (RGB, YIQ, HSI), I dimension under YIQ color model was selected for droplet segmentation. Under this dimension, the droplets could be obviously distinguished from the initial paper background, as well as the vein of the water sensitive paper could be effectively erased. The segmentation was processed under methods of Otsu threshold and gray value histogram. The results indicated that the droplets were extracted better using Otsu threshold method. Amount and diameter of droplet spots were calculated as the detected parameters at last. A standard deposition card with droplets number and diameter distribution was detected with the system. Then the accuracy was judged by comparing the results with the original parameters. As the result informed, the identification ratio of droplet density was higher than95%, and the error for diameter distribution was less than10%. Considering its mobility, this system can greatly help the researchers to do the measurement in both labs and fields.
引文
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