武术冠军队教练员执教体验的现象学研究
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摘要
本研究的目的是采用现象学研究方法，清晰地描述武术队教练员所感知和体验的冠军队伍，以寻求对武术冠军队教练员成功经验的意义和价值的深入认识和理解。依据现象学的研究范式(Pollio等,1997)[11]，本研究提出的主要研究问题是:“您对您执教过的最成功的冠军队有何特别的感受？”通过现象学访谈法考察了11名武术教练员最成功的冠军队的执教体验，揭示出武术冠军队教练员丰富而宝贵的成功经验。本研究的结论可以概括为下6个方面：
（1）现象学研究方法作为应用心理学研究领域中新兴的质性研究方法，对于探究武术这一中国传统体育运动项目中教练员成功执教的体验，阐释武术冠军队教练员执教经验所赋予的意义和价值，提供了一种有效的研究工具。现象学研究方法能够从武术教练员执教冠军队的实践经验中，深入而具体地研究武术运动队和武术教练员。本研究中由于采用开放的访谈形式，通过一系列有序的现象学访谈程序，为武术教练员提供了可以自由描述自身执教体验的访谈机会，进而了解到大量有关武术冠军队教练员的带队感受，从而揭示出关于武术教练员执教体验中富有意义和价值的信息。
（2）本研究中武术教练员们最成功的冠军队执教体验的突出主题是：领导能力、团队作用、武术才能和坚韧意志。这些主题并不是彼此完全独立的，而是相互关联和相互作用的统一整体，是武术冠军运动队教练们成功经历和体验的总体，全面地呈现出武术冠军队教练员执教体验的意义结构。
（3）领导能力是武术冠军队教练员执教体验中的第一个主题，表现为5个方面的内容，即重武德、业务强、敬业投入、关心队员以及有效沟通。冠军运动队起始于优秀的教练员。教练员的领导能力是决定武术运动队成败的关键。重武德是武术冠军队教练员领导能力的首要方面，它体现了中国武术的文化内涵和精神追求；业务强显示出武术冠军队教练员的执教能力；敬业投入是事业成功的保证，表现为冠军队教练员对武术事业的责任心和敬业精神；关心队员体现在冠军队教练员对自己的队员成长的真诚关怀和帮助；有效沟通反映出冠军队教练员沟通和化解矛盾冲突的能力。
（4）团队作用是武术冠军队教练员执教体验中的第二个主题，包括的次主题为：共同目标、榜样作用、凝聚力和集体效能。团队的共同目标激励全队上下齐心协力围绕着实现团队目标共同努力；榜样的作用体现在武术冠军队高水平运动员之间相互模仿和相互影响；凝聚力是指武术冠军队队员间互相尊重和喜爱、互相合作和配合的亲密融洽的团队关系；集体效能反映出队员们在冠军队伍中感受到的荣誉感和激发出的斗志。
（5）武术才能是武术冠军队教练员执教体验中的第三个主题，表现为武术天赋和武功特色两个方面。武术天赋的运动员表现为身体条件好、灵活性、柔韧性和协调性好、模仿能力和悟性强等；武功特色指武术冠军队运动员各自拥有的优势和特色。
（6）坚韧意志是武术冠军队教练员执教体验中的第四个主题，其中次主题分别为自我效能、内在动机、任务定向、坚持不懈以及情绪控制。坚韧意志是指武术冠军队运动员为实现训练和比赛目标，不屈不饶、坚持不懈地战胜各种困难和挫折以实现竞技目标的心理过程。本研究中坚韧意志的5个方面反映出冠军队教练员们对武术运动中坚韧意志特征的认识和理解，这5种特征集中体现了武术运动项目对运动员坚韧意志品质特征的要求。
The purpose of this study was to adopt the phenomenological research method toclearly describe the coaches’ experiences of what they perceived about their mostsuccessful national championship martial arts teams. By examining their experiencesof these teams, a deeper understanding of winning teams and coaches was sought.Following the phenomenological paradigm (Pollio et al.,1997)[11], eleven martial artscoaches were interviewed by asking the main research question which was,"What is themost significant feeling about your most successful National Championship team?"The conclusion of this research could be summarized by the following six aspects.
(1) The phenomenological research method, as a recently advanced qualitativemethod, provided an effective research tool for investigating sport experiences in thefield of applied sport psychology. The phenomenological research method bought outdeep and specific descriptions of the coaches’ actual sport experience. Following aphenomenological open interview procedure in this study, the coaches may havedescribed their own coaching experiences freely and in-detail with the researcher,thereby engendering meaningful and valuable information to emerge.
(2) There were four themes that came out of the experiences of martial artscoaches’ most successful championship team. These included leadership, team work,wushu talent and mental toughness. These themes are not separated from each othercompletely; they are interrelated and interact as a whole which could be viewed as aninteracting system to best understand the experiences of martial arts championshipteams.
(3) The first theme of the coaches’ experiences of martial arts championship teamsis leadership, which includes five subthemes: ethical and character based, competence,conscientiousness, consideration, and communicate effectively. Championship martialart teams started with successful coaching leadership. Ethical and character-based isthe first aspect of the leadership, it embodies the culture meaning and spiritual pursuit ofChinese traditional martial arts; competence reflects the coaching capability of theWushu coaches; conscientiousness, the responsibility and commitment of the coaches,is the best predictor of team performance; consideration is the sincere concern forathletes and acting in a supportive manner towards them by the champion team coaches;communicate effectively reflects coaches’ successful ability to communication andhandle the team conflicts constructively.
(4) Team work is the second theme in the martial arts champion team coachingexperiences, including four subthemes: common goal, model learning, cohesion andcollective efficacy. Having a common goal motivates the athletes to work hardtogether as a team to realize the same goal; model learning is the positive mutualinfluence among the elite wushu players; cohesion refers to respect and attractionamong athletes and the intimate rapport with the team relations; collective efficacyshows the the sense of honor be in the champion troop and the motivation the effort toimprove performance.
(5) The third theme of this study is wushu talent, which means wushu potential andwushu ability. The athlete which has wushu potential shows good physical condition,agility, flexibility and coordination, as well as intelligent and imitation ability. Thewushu ability refers to the superiority and characteristic of each martial arts championteam member.
(6) Mental toughness is the fourth theme, including five subthemes: self-efficacy,intrinsic motivation, task-focus orientation, perseverance and emotional control. Mentaltoughness is characterized by an unshakeable perseverance and conviction towardsspecific training and competition goals despite pressure or adversity. The fiveidentified components of mental toughness in this study, are the main characteristics ofmental toughness which are required by Chinese martial arts.
（1）现象学研究方法作为应用心理学研究领域中新兴的质性研究方法，对于探究武术这一中国传统体育运动项目中教练员成功执教的体验，阐释武术冠军队教练员执教经验所赋予的意义和价值，提供了一种有效的研究工具。现象学研究方法能够从武术教练员执教冠军队的实践经验中，深入而具体地研究武术运动队和武术教练员。本研究中由于采用开放的访谈形式，通过一系列有序的现象学访谈程序，为武术教练员提供了可以自由描述自身执教体验的访谈机会，进而了解到大量有关武术冠军队教练员的带队感受，从而揭示出关于武术教练员执教体验中富有意义和价值的信息。
（2）本研究中武术教练员们最成功的冠军队执教体验的突出主题是：领导能力、团队作用、武术才能和坚韧意志。这些主题并不是彼此完全独立的，而是相互关联和相互作用的统一整体，是武术冠军运动队教练们成功经历和体验的总体，全面地呈现出武术冠军队教练员执教体验的意义结构。
（3）领导能力是武术冠军队教练员执教体验中的第一个主题，表现为5个方面的内容，即重武德、业务强、敬业投入、关心队员以及有效沟通。冠军运动队起始于优秀的教练员。教练员的领导能力是决定武术运动队成败的关键。重武德是武术冠军队教练员领导能力的首要方面，它体现了中国武术的文化内涵和精神追求；业务强显示出武术冠军队教练员的执教能力；敬业投入是事业成功的保证，表现为冠军队教练员对武术事业的责任心和敬业精神；关心队员体现在冠军队教练员对自己的队员成长的真诚关怀和帮助；有效沟通反映出冠军队教练员沟通和化解矛盾冲突的能力。
（4）团队作用是武术冠军队教练员执教体验中的第二个主题，包括的次主题为：共同目标、榜样作用、凝聚力和集体效能。团队的共同目标激励全队上下齐心协力围绕着实现团队目标共同努力；榜样的作用体现在武术冠军队高水平运动员之间相互模仿和相互影响；凝聚力是指武术冠军队队员间互相尊重和喜爱、互相合作和配合的亲密融洽的团队关系；集体效能反映出队员们在冠军队伍中感受到的荣誉感和激发出的斗志。
（5）武术才能是武术冠军队教练员执教体验中的第三个主题，表现为武术天赋和武功特色两个方面。武术天赋的运动员表现为身体条件好、灵活性、柔韧性和协调性好、模仿能力和悟性强等；武功特色指武术冠军队运动员各自拥有的优势和特色。
（6）坚韧意志是武术冠军队教练员执教体验中的第四个主题，其中次主题分别为自我效能、内在动机、任务定向、坚持不懈以及情绪控制。坚韧意志是指武术冠军队运动员为实现训练和比赛目标，不屈不饶、坚持不懈地战胜各种困难和挫折以实现竞技目标的心理过程。本研究中坚韧意志的5个方面反映出冠军队教练员们对武术运动中坚韧意志特征的认识和理解，这5种特征集中体现了武术运动项目对运动员坚韧意志品质特征的要求。
The purpose of this study was to adopt the phenomenological research method toclearly describe the coaches’ experiences of what they perceived about their mostsuccessful national championship martial arts teams. By examining their experiencesof these teams, a deeper understanding of winning teams and coaches was sought.Following the phenomenological paradigm (Pollio et al.,1997)[11], eleven martial artscoaches were interviewed by asking the main research question which was,"What is themost significant feeling about your most successful National Championship team?"The conclusion of this research could be summarized by the following six aspects.
(1) The phenomenological research method, as a recently advanced qualitativemethod, provided an effective research tool for investigating sport experiences in thefield of applied sport psychology. The phenomenological research method bought outdeep and specific descriptions of the coaches’ actual sport experience. Following aphenomenological open interview procedure in this study, the coaches may havedescribed their own coaching experiences freely and in-detail with the researcher,thereby engendering meaningful and valuable information to emerge.
(2) There were four themes that came out of the experiences of martial artscoaches’ most successful championship team. These included leadership, team work,wushu talent and mental toughness. These themes are not separated from each othercompletely; they are interrelated and interact as a whole which could be viewed as aninteracting system to best understand the experiences of martial arts championshipteams.
(3) The first theme of the coaches’ experiences of martial arts championship teamsis leadership, which includes five subthemes: ethical and character based, competence,conscientiousness, consideration, and communicate effectively. Championship martialart teams started with successful coaching leadership. Ethical and character-based isthe first aspect of the leadership, it embodies the culture meaning and spiritual pursuit ofChinese traditional martial arts; competence reflects the coaching capability of theWushu coaches; conscientiousness, the responsibility and commitment of the coaches,is the best predictor of team performance; consideration is the sincere concern forathletes and acting in a supportive manner towards them by the champion team coaches;communicate effectively reflects coaches’ successful ability to communication andhandle the team conflicts constructively.
(4) Team work is the second theme in the martial arts champion team coachingexperiences, including four subthemes: common goal, model learning, cohesion andcollective efficacy. Having a common goal motivates the athletes to work hardtogether as a team to realize the same goal; model learning is the positive mutualinfluence among the elite wushu players; cohesion refers to respect and attractionamong athletes and the intimate rapport with the team relations; collective efficacyshows the the sense of honor be in the champion troop and the motivation the effort toimprove performance.
(5) The third theme of this study is wushu talent, which means wushu potential andwushu ability. The athlete which has wushu potential shows good physical condition,agility, flexibility and coordination, as well as intelligent and imitation ability. Thewushu ability refers to the superiority and characteristic of each martial arts championteam member.
(6) Mental toughness is the fourth theme, including five subthemes: self-efficacy,intrinsic motivation, task-focus orientation, perseverance and emotional control. Mentaltoughness is characterized by an unshakeable perseverance and conviction towardsspecific training and competition goals despite pressure or adversity. The fiveidentified components of mental toughness in this study, are the main characteristics ofmental toughness which are required by Chinese martial arts.
引文
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