金融网络中洗钱行为分析、识别与监管研究
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摘要
洗钱严重威胁世界上大多数国家的经济发展和社会稳定,对世界经济发展造成严重危害。在反洗钱监管领域,国际金融网络中国家和金融机构反洗钱态度以及监管效率,一直是理论界关心的焦点问题。
洗钱资金转移可能通过现金方式完成,可能通过非正式(地下)金融机构完成,也可能通过正式金融机构的账户间的资金转移完成。由于现金或非正式金融机构的资金转移缺乏完整的交易记录(无法确认交易者资料和资金转移信息),因此无法确认资金转移是否发生及其交易者身份,更无从确认资金转移的交易背景。正式(合法)金融机构受到金融监管,必须确认顾客,保存顾客资料和交易记录,报告可疑交易,为辨识可疑洗钱行为提供了可能。因此本文金融网络限定在正式金融机构组成的国际金融系统内账户及其账户间资金转移路径组成的拓扑结构,也称国际金融网络。
金融网络已经成为洗钱的重要场所和通道。合法经营者(包括个人)为满足生产经营(或生活)需要调动资金,其转移资金行为可以归入合理资金转移,对应的资金转移路径为合理路径。洗钱者为了掩饰和隐瞒上游犯罪的违法所得及其收益的资金来源和性质,构造结构复杂的资金转移路径,隐藏资金转移踪迹,期望以此骗过金融网络反洗钱监管,完成洗钱过程。由于洗钱者不以合法交易盈利为目的,金融网络中洗钱者构造洗钱资金转移与合法经营者交易资金转移的经济成本特征不同。本文分析金融网络中洗钱行为的经济成本特征,给出洗钱行为经济成本识别方法和基于经济成本的国际金融网络中洗钱行为概率识别方法,实时监控可疑资金转移,以提高金融网络中洗钱行为的识别效率。
金融网络分为三个层面:金融机构内账户及其账户间资金转移路径组成的金融机构金融网络、国家内金融机构的账户及其账户间资金转移路径组成的国家金融网络和所有国家金融网络的帐户及其帐户间资金转移路径组成的国际金融网络,三个层面金融网络反洗钱监管者分别为金融机构、国家监管机构和国际监管机构。基于金融网络中洗钱行为的经济成本特征等的分析和识别,本文研究了金融机构金融网络中基于风险方法的洗钱行为识别与监管,构造金融网络中洗钱行为概率可疑识别方法,评估金融机构面临的洗钱危害,按照洗钱期望危害高低对资金转移路径分级,基于风险方法对洗钱行为区别配置反洗钱监管资源,改进金融机构金融网络中洗钱行为的识别效率和反洗钱监管资源的配置效果,降低金融机构面临的洗钱风险,提高其反洗钱收益。基于金融机构反洗钱决策,分析国家金融网络反洗钱监管经济效果,确立包括境内金融机构参与决策的国家反洗钱监管条件。基于国家反洗钱监管决策,分析国际金融网络反洗钱监管经济效果,确立包含国家及其境内金融机构合作参与的国际金融网络反洗钱监管体系形成的基本条件。给出相关研究的仿真。
论文选题来源于上海市科学技术计划重点项目《金融网络中异常资金流动行为分析、建模与求解》和国家自然科学基金《洗钱行为的识别与监管》课题。
金融网络中洗钱行为分析、识别与监管研究的主要创新如下:
首先,金融网络中洗钱行为经济成本特征分析及其识别研究。依据金融网络服务信息,分析合法顾客和洗钱者在金融网络中转移资金的经济成本特征差异,构建金融网络中洗钱行为的经济成本识别方法和基于经济成本的国际金融网络中洗钱行为概率识别方法,实时监控金融网络中洗钱可疑资金转移踪迹,为金融网络中洗钱行为的分析与识别提供参考。
其次,在上述洗钱行为识别基础上,金融机构金融网络中基于风险方法的洗钱行为识别与监管研究。构建金融网络中洗钱行为的概率可疑识别方法,识别洗钱危害,按照洗钱期望危害风险对资金转移路径进行不同监管级别的分类,差异化配置反洗钱资源,实践上为降低金融机构面临的洗钱风险、提高金融机构反洗钱监管能力提供了参考。
再次,基于金融机构反洗钱监管决策,从经济学和博弈论角度分析国家金融网络反洗钱监管经济效果。构建国家金融网络中的国家监管机构、金融机构和洗钱者洗钱与反洗钱决策三方博弈模型。分析和仿真模型,得到结论:国家应严厉打击严重犯罪收益的清洗行为;金融机构不一定主动反洗钱,国家有效的反洗钱奖惩政策能够激励金融机构反洗钱;国家反洗钱不一定是最优决策,即国家金融网络反洗钱不一定能够减少因洗钱造成的国家社会福利损失。为我国制定打击严重洗钱犯罪的国家金融网络反洗钱监管政策提供经济理论依据。
最后,基于国家反洗钱监管决策,从经济学和博弈论角度分析国际金融网络反洗钱监管经济效果。构建国际金融网络中国际监管机构、国家监管机构、金融机构和洗钱者洗钱与反洗钱决策四方博弈模型,分析均衡状态并仿真,考察对反洗钱不合作国家和地区进行国际制裁的作用,得到国际金融网络监管条件,以及国家及其境内金融机构合作参与的国际金融网络反洗钱监管体系形成的基本条件。为我国参与国际反洗钱合作,制定基于国际金融网络反洗钱监管的反洗钱政策提供理论依据。
总之,论文研究金融网络中洗钱行为分析、识别与监管,分析和识别金融网络中洗钱行为,研究金融网络三个层面反洗钱监管的作用和经济效果,建立模型并仿真,进行了创新。
Money laundering (abbreviated as ML) seriously threatened most countries’economic development and social stability, and could make seriously economic crisis in the world. Attitudes and effectiveness of anti-money laundering (abbreviated as AML) of countries and financial institutions (abbreviated as FIs) in the international financial network (abbreviated as IFN) are the focus of theorists.
Laundering money transferring can be completed by cash or in (or between) informal FIs or formal FIs. Because the information of cash moving and fund moving in informal FIs can’t be traced, supervisor can’t know who is the fund owner and how to transfer the fund there. Formal FIs have duties of knowing their customers, recording information of their customers and transactions, and reporting suspicious transactions to the supervisor. Based on formal FIs’suspicious reports, it’s possible to identify ML behaviors. So the financial network (abbreviated as FN) in the dissertation, also called IFN, is topology structured drawing of accounts in formal FIs in the world and fund transfer paths between these accounts.
FNs had become a main place where there were some fund transfer paths used by money launderers to wash money. According to his/her business activities, fund transfer paths used by legal customers to transfer fund are called as rational paths. For concealing crime gains’source and property, money launderers construct complicated fund transfer paths to conceal trail of fund transfer and cheat AML supervision so as to make laundering money legalization. Since money launderers’goal isn’t to get gain of legal transaction, money launderers’fund transfer activities differ from legal customers’in FNs. The dissertation analyses ML behaviors’economic cost characters in FNs, constructs an economic cost method of identifying ML behaviors in a FN, gives a probability method of identifying ML behaviors based on economic cost characters in an IFN, real-timely scouts suspicious funds transferring so as to upgrade effect of identifying ML behaviors.
The FN consists of three layers: financial institution’s FNs (abbreviated as FIFNs), national FNs (abbreviated as NFNs) and the IFN. The FIFN includes all of accounts in the FI and fund transfer paths between these accounts, and is supervised by the FI. The NFN includes all of its internal FIFNs and is supervised by the national supervisor. The IFN includes all of NFNs and is supervised by the international AML organization. Based on analysis and identification of ML behaviors in FNs, the dissertation identifies and supervises ML behaviors in a FIFN, constructs a probability suspicious method of identifying ML behaviors in a FN, classifies paths and discriminates identifying and supervising technique between paths in different types according to paths’expecting ML damage in order to improve utility of resource of AML supervision of a FIFN. Based on FIs’AML supervision, it analyzes economic effect of AML supervision in national FNs so as to ensure AML supervision condition of their national FNs. Based on national AML supervision, it analyzes economic effect of AML supervision in the IFN so as to ensure the essential condition of forming IFN’s AML supervision system with cooperation of nations and their FIs. Then simulations’solutions of some models are given.
The title of the dissertation is derived from STP Main Program of Shanghai“Analyze, build model and find solution of abnormal fund flowing in the FN”(Granted NO. 03JC14050) and NSFC“Identify and supervise money laundering behaviors”(Granted NO. 70403012).
The dissertation does some original works:
Firstly, studying of economic cost characters’analysis of ML behaviors and identification. According to service information in FNs, the dissertation analyzes difference of economic cost characters between money launderers and legal customers, constructs an economic cost method of identifying ML behaviors in a FN, gives a probability method of identifying ML behaviors by economic cost in a IFN, real-timely scouting suspicious fund transfer behaviors so as to give some suggestions of analyzing economic cost characters of ML behaviors and identifying ML behaviors in FNs.
Secondly, based on identifying ML behaviors in FNs, researching ML behaviors’identification and supervision in a FIFN by risk-based approach. The dissertation constructs a probability suspicious method of identifying ML behaviors in a FN, identifies ML damage, classifies paths and discriminates inspecting and supervising technique between paths of different types according to paths’expecting ML damage suffered by a FIFN so as to reduce the FIFN’s ML risk and improving the FIFN’s competence fighting against ML in its FIFN.
Thirdly, based on AML decision of FIFNs, analyzing the economic effect of AML supervision in a NFN. The dissertation constructs a game model of a national supervisor, a FI and a money launderer, analyzes and simulates the model. The findings are: seriously criminal earnings’laundering behaviors must be in crackdown; a FN fulfilling AML supervision maybe face its economic loss, but national supervising policies can change the situation; a country fighting against ML may face its loss of national social welfare. It may give some advices to our NFN’s AML policies.
Last but not least, based on national AML supervision, analyzing the economic effect of AML supervision in the IFN. The dissertation constructs a game model of an international supervisor, a national supervisor, a FI and a money launderer and analyzes and simulates the model, gives condition of AML supervision in the IFN, finds the essential conditions of forming the IFN’s AML supervision system with nations’and their internal FIs’cooperation of fighting against ML.
In brief, the dissertation studies analysis, identification and supervision of ML behaviors in FNs, analyses and identifies ML behaviors in FNs, studies AML supervision effects of three layers in FNs, constructs and simulates some models, does some original works.
洗钱资金转移可能通过现金方式完成,可能通过非正式(地下)金融机构完成,也可能通过正式金融机构的账户间的资金转移完成。由于现金或非正式金融机构的资金转移缺乏完整的交易记录(无法确认交易者资料和资金转移信息),因此无法确认资金转移是否发生及其交易者身份,更无从确认资金转移的交易背景。正式(合法)金融机构受到金融监管,必须确认顾客,保存顾客资料和交易记录,报告可疑交易,为辨识可疑洗钱行为提供了可能。因此本文金融网络限定在正式金融机构组成的国际金融系统内账户及其账户间资金转移路径组成的拓扑结构,也称国际金融网络。
金融网络已经成为洗钱的重要场所和通道。合法经营者(包括个人)为满足生产经营(或生活)需要调动资金,其转移资金行为可以归入合理资金转移,对应的资金转移路径为合理路径。洗钱者为了掩饰和隐瞒上游犯罪的违法所得及其收益的资金来源和性质,构造结构复杂的资金转移路径,隐藏资金转移踪迹,期望以此骗过金融网络反洗钱监管,完成洗钱过程。由于洗钱者不以合法交易盈利为目的,金融网络中洗钱者构造洗钱资金转移与合法经营者交易资金转移的经济成本特征不同。本文分析金融网络中洗钱行为的经济成本特征,给出洗钱行为经济成本识别方法和基于经济成本的国际金融网络中洗钱行为概率识别方法,实时监控可疑资金转移,以提高金融网络中洗钱行为的识别效率。
金融网络分为三个层面:金融机构内账户及其账户间资金转移路径组成的金融机构金融网络、国家内金融机构的账户及其账户间资金转移路径组成的国家金融网络和所有国家金融网络的帐户及其帐户间资金转移路径组成的国际金融网络,三个层面金融网络反洗钱监管者分别为金融机构、国家监管机构和国际监管机构。基于金融网络中洗钱行为的经济成本特征等的分析和识别,本文研究了金融机构金融网络中基于风险方法的洗钱行为识别与监管,构造金融网络中洗钱行为概率可疑识别方法,评估金融机构面临的洗钱危害,按照洗钱期望危害高低对资金转移路径分级,基于风险方法对洗钱行为区别配置反洗钱监管资源,改进金融机构金融网络中洗钱行为的识别效率和反洗钱监管资源的配置效果,降低金融机构面临的洗钱风险,提高其反洗钱收益。基于金融机构反洗钱决策,分析国家金融网络反洗钱监管经济效果,确立包括境内金融机构参与决策的国家反洗钱监管条件。基于国家反洗钱监管决策,分析国际金融网络反洗钱监管经济效果,确立包含国家及其境内金融机构合作参与的国际金融网络反洗钱监管体系形成的基本条件。给出相关研究的仿真。
论文选题来源于上海市科学技术计划重点项目《金融网络中异常资金流动行为分析、建模与求解》和国家自然科学基金《洗钱行为的识别与监管》课题。
金融网络中洗钱行为分析、识别与监管研究的主要创新如下:
首先,金融网络中洗钱行为经济成本特征分析及其识别研究。依据金融网络服务信息,分析合法顾客和洗钱者在金融网络中转移资金的经济成本特征差异,构建金融网络中洗钱行为的经济成本识别方法和基于经济成本的国际金融网络中洗钱行为概率识别方法,实时监控金融网络中洗钱可疑资金转移踪迹,为金融网络中洗钱行为的分析与识别提供参考。
其次,在上述洗钱行为识别基础上,金融机构金融网络中基于风险方法的洗钱行为识别与监管研究。构建金融网络中洗钱行为的概率可疑识别方法,识别洗钱危害,按照洗钱期望危害风险对资金转移路径进行不同监管级别的分类,差异化配置反洗钱资源,实践上为降低金融机构面临的洗钱风险、提高金融机构反洗钱监管能力提供了参考。
再次,基于金融机构反洗钱监管决策,从经济学和博弈论角度分析国家金融网络反洗钱监管经济效果。构建国家金融网络中的国家监管机构、金融机构和洗钱者洗钱与反洗钱决策三方博弈模型。分析和仿真模型,得到结论:国家应严厉打击严重犯罪收益的清洗行为;金融机构不一定主动反洗钱,国家有效的反洗钱奖惩政策能够激励金融机构反洗钱;国家反洗钱不一定是最优决策,即国家金融网络反洗钱不一定能够减少因洗钱造成的国家社会福利损失。为我国制定打击严重洗钱犯罪的国家金融网络反洗钱监管政策提供经济理论依据。
最后,基于国家反洗钱监管决策,从经济学和博弈论角度分析国际金融网络反洗钱监管经济效果。构建国际金融网络中国际监管机构、国家监管机构、金融机构和洗钱者洗钱与反洗钱决策四方博弈模型,分析均衡状态并仿真,考察对反洗钱不合作国家和地区进行国际制裁的作用,得到国际金融网络监管条件,以及国家及其境内金融机构合作参与的国际金融网络反洗钱监管体系形成的基本条件。为我国参与国际反洗钱合作,制定基于国际金融网络反洗钱监管的反洗钱政策提供理论依据。
总之,论文研究金融网络中洗钱行为分析、识别与监管,分析和识别金融网络中洗钱行为,研究金融网络三个层面反洗钱监管的作用和经济效果,建立模型并仿真,进行了创新。
Money laundering (abbreviated as ML) seriously threatened most countries’economic development and social stability, and could make seriously economic crisis in the world. Attitudes and effectiveness of anti-money laundering (abbreviated as AML) of countries and financial institutions (abbreviated as FIs) in the international financial network (abbreviated as IFN) are the focus of theorists.
Laundering money transferring can be completed by cash or in (or between) informal FIs or formal FIs. Because the information of cash moving and fund moving in informal FIs can’t be traced, supervisor can’t know who is the fund owner and how to transfer the fund there. Formal FIs have duties of knowing their customers, recording information of their customers and transactions, and reporting suspicious transactions to the supervisor. Based on formal FIs’suspicious reports, it’s possible to identify ML behaviors. So the financial network (abbreviated as FN) in the dissertation, also called IFN, is topology structured drawing of accounts in formal FIs in the world and fund transfer paths between these accounts.
FNs had become a main place where there were some fund transfer paths used by money launderers to wash money. According to his/her business activities, fund transfer paths used by legal customers to transfer fund are called as rational paths. For concealing crime gains’source and property, money launderers construct complicated fund transfer paths to conceal trail of fund transfer and cheat AML supervision so as to make laundering money legalization. Since money launderers’goal isn’t to get gain of legal transaction, money launderers’fund transfer activities differ from legal customers’in FNs. The dissertation analyses ML behaviors’economic cost characters in FNs, constructs an economic cost method of identifying ML behaviors in a FN, gives a probability method of identifying ML behaviors based on economic cost characters in an IFN, real-timely scouts suspicious funds transferring so as to upgrade effect of identifying ML behaviors.
The FN consists of three layers: financial institution’s FNs (abbreviated as FIFNs), national FNs (abbreviated as NFNs) and the IFN. The FIFN includes all of accounts in the FI and fund transfer paths between these accounts, and is supervised by the FI. The NFN includes all of its internal FIFNs and is supervised by the national supervisor. The IFN includes all of NFNs and is supervised by the international AML organization. Based on analysis and identification of ML behaviors in FNs, the dissertation identifies and supervises ML behaviors in a FIFN, constructs a probability suspicious method of identifying ML behaviors in a FN, classifies paths and discriminates identifying and supervising technique between paths in different types according to paths’expecting ML damage in order to improve utility of resource of AML supervision of a FIFN. Based on FIs’AML supervision, it analyzes economic effect of AML supervision in national FNs so as to ensure AML supervision condition of their national FNs. Based on national AML supervision, it analyzes economic effect of AML supervision in the IFN so as to ensure the essential condition of forming IFN’s AML supervision system with cooperation of nations and their FIs. Then simulations’solutions of some models are given.
The title of the dissertation is derived from STP Main Program of Shanghai“Analyze, build model and find solution of abnormal fund flowing in the FN”(Granted NO. 03JC14050) and NSFC“Identify and supervise money laundering behaviors”(Granted NO. 70403012).
The dissertation does some original works:
Firstly, studying of economic cost characters’analysis of ML behaviors and identification. According to service information in FNs, the dissertation analyzes difference of economic cost characters between money launderers and legal customers, constructs an economic cost method of identifying ML behaviors in a FN, gives a probability method of identifying ML behaviors by economic cost in a IFN, real-timely scouting suspicious fund transfer behaviors so as to give some suggestions of analyzing economic cost characters of ML behaviors and identifying ML behaviors in FNs.
Secondly, based on identifying ML behaviors in FNs, researching ML behaviors’identification and supervision in a FIFN by risk-based approach. The dissertation constructs a probability suspicious method of identifying ML behaviors in a FN, identifies ML damage, classifies paths and discriminates inspecting and supervising technique between paths of different types according to paths’expecting ML damage suffered by a FIFN so as to reduce the FIFN’s ML risk and improving the FIFN’s competence fighting against ML in its FIFN.
Thirdly, based on AML decision of FIFNs, analyzing the economic effect of AML supervision in a NFN. The dissertation constructs a game model of a national supervisor, a FI and a money launderer, analyzes and simulates the model. The findings are: seriously criminal earnings’laundering behaviors must be in crackdown; a FN fulfilling AML supervision maybe face its economic loss, but national supervising policies can change the situation; a country fighting against ML may face its loss of national social welfare. It may give some advices to our NFN’s AML policies.
Last but not least, based on national AML supervision, analyzing the economic effect of AML supervision in the IFN. The dissertation constructs a game model of an international supervisor, a national supervisor, a FI and a money launderer and analyzes and simulates the model, gives condition of AML supervision in the IFN, finds the essential conditions of forming the IFN’s AML supervision system with nations’and their internal FIs’cooperation of fighting against ML.
In brief, the dissertation studies analysis, identification and supervision of ML behaviors in FNs, analyses and identifies ML behaviors in FNs, studies AML supervision effects of three layers in FNs, constructs and simulates some models, does some original works.
引文
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