用户名: 密码: 验证码:
俄罗斯货物贸易结构研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
俄罗斯基于丰裕的资源禀赋优势以出口能源及原材料作为比较优势参与国际分工与贸易的经济发展模式,近年来取得了巨大成就,并一举成为21世纪经济发展最快的国家之一。但是,这种发展模式尽管使俄罗斯在短期内获得了突飞猛进的发展,也就此改变了由于转轨激进而导致的经济大幅倒退,使经济重新进入上升轨道,然而,也随之引发了一系列不良后果,而且这些消极因素正在影响其经济发展的质量及速度。如果这种趋势长期得不到修正,必将影响俄罗斯未来经济转轨的绩效,甚至使转轨的大好形势发生逆转。当前,俄罗斯经济发展中存在的最大问题是产业结构严重失衡,对外贸易进出口商品结构过于单一,经济发展原料化特点十分严重。
     从整个对外贸易商品结构上看,货物贸易发展迅速;从货物贸易出口商品结构上看,在出口的大宗商品中,绝大多数为能源、原材料等资源密集型的低附加值产品,而科技含量和附加值较高的高技术产品出口所占比重微乎其微。目前俄罗斯虽为世界贸易大国,但其贸易大国特征主要表现在资源密集型产品的出口上,而在资本、技术、高科技及创新经济产品的出口方面,俄罗斯仍然具有“贸易小国”的典型特征。俄罗斯出口的商品绝大多数是通过能源、原材料输出实现的,特别是通过油气产品的出口实现的。这两种产品出口占据俄罗斯货物出口总额的一半以上,居于绝对优势地位。而与能源、资源品出口形成鲜明对比的工业制成品出口,不但没有和原材料行业形成同步发展,相反呈逐年下滑的趋势,其占俄罗斯货物贸易出口比重由转轨之初的16%下降到2010年的3.8%,出现了严重倒退。原材料出口产业的超常发展和加工制造业的严重萎缩是俄罗斯转轨20年中在产业结构乃至出口结构中出现的最突出的问题,这种结构性失衡状况已经成为俄罗斯目前经济发展难以调和的矛盾。
     从货物贸易国别(地区)结构上看,长期以来,俄罗斯的出口贸易伙伴高度集中于欧洲十几个国家和地区。而进口贸易伙伴则主要集中在中国、德国、乌克兰以及巴西等少数国家。由于进出口市场的高度集中,尤其是出口市场的高度集中,这不仅增加了俄罗斯货物贸易的风险性,同时也使其失去了灵活性。上述结构性问题已经成为目前困扰俄罗斯货物贸易乃至国民经济发展的突出性问题。
     本文除导论和结论与启示部分外,全文共分为五章:
     导论部分主要阐述了论文选题的意义与目的,其中包括论题研究的理论意义和实践价值等。
     第一章为相关文献述评。首先对对外贸易结构相关概念进行了界定,然后对相关文献进行了理论综述,分别从国内相关研究和国外相关研究两个部分,对俄罗斯对外贸易结构的整体变化、对外贸易结构的影响因素以及对外贸易结构对经济发展的作用因素等方面进行了探讨与论述。
     第二章为对外贸易结构研究的理论基础。首先阐述了有关贸易结构的理论,主要是古典国际贸易理论、国际贸易新理论和贸易保护理论;其次分析了对外贸易结构的特点及各结构之间的相互关系;再次分析了影响对外贸易结构优化升级的因素和条件;最后探讨了对外贸易结构升级的方向选择问题。
     第三章为俄罗斯货物贸易商品结构研究。首先对俄罗斯货物贸易进出口结构作了一般性分析。论述了俄罗斯货物贸易进出口结构、贸易依存度的变化及影响,分析了货物贸易进出口结构对俄罗斯经济增长的作用。然后对俄罗斯货物进出口结构及其变化进行了深入分析,对货物进出口结构与产业结构的关系问题进行了研究。最后从俄罗斯产业结构调整与贸易结构升级的视角对其未来贸易与经济发展问题进行了分析。
     第四章为俄罗斯货物贸易国别(地区)结构研究。首先分析了俄罗斯货物贸易国别(地区)结构的演变与现状,之后分析了俄罗斯与主要贸易伙伴的贸易关系,如俄罗斯同欧盟国家、独联体国家、亚太经合组织国家、北美与拉美等国家和地区的贸易关系。其中,对俄罗斯同欧盟、德国、中国及日本的贸易关系进行了重点研究,对其发展现状、特点、存在的问题与发展趋势等进行了分析和比较。
     第五章为入世后俄罗斯货物贸易结构及其优化前景分析。首先对俄罗斯货物贸易面临的国际环境因素进行了基本概括,指出了俄罗斯加入WTO之后,面临诸多危机与挑战,如能源价格波动频繁剧烈,使俄罗斯以货物贸易为主的贸易发展模式充满了不确定性。同时指出,在世界经济整体处在低迷的状况下,世界各国和地区贸易保护主义重新抬头,并且呈现出新型化和隐蔽化的趋势。因此,俄罗斯贸易经济发展将面临新经济浪潮带来的更为严峻的挑战;然后,通过对国际经济环境的具体分析,概括了俄罗斯发展货物贸易的国内条件因素,其中对体制与政策环境、资源禀赋环境、产业环境等进行了认真研究;最后,对俄罗斯货物贸易结构调整的前景进行了分析预测,指出经济结构调整不是俄罗斯未来经济发展的重点,贸易结构低级化状况将长期存在,创新型发展战略并没有明显改善俄罗斯落后的货物贸易结构,贸易自由化使国内产业失去保护和贸易结构优化的基础受到威胁,俄罗斯货物贸易目标市场的集中性难以改变。同时指出俄罗斯以能源资源产品出口为主的货物贸易结构也将继续存在。
     结论与启示部分主要是通过上述研究得出的几点结论和本论题研究对中国对外贸易发展,主要是货物贸易发展的启示。
Russia, based on its comparative advantages of plenty of natural resourceendowment and its export of energy and raw materials, has made a great achievement in theengagement of the international division of labor and economic development patterns of trade.Thus it has become one of the most rapidly developed countries in economy in the21stcentury. This development pattern, though has boomed its economic development in a shorttime from the economic recession caused by the radical economic transformation, has also ledto a series of negative effects on the quality and speed of the economic development in Russia.If not remedied in time, this problem is likely to affect the performance of the economictransformation in the future, or even reverse the prosperous situation. Currently, the mostserious problems in the economic development are: the critical imbalance of industrialstructures, single-and-simple commodity structure of foreign trade import and export structure,heavy independency of raw materials in its economic development.
     The overall situation of foreign trade commodity structure shows goods trade developsfaster. The export structure of goods trade indicates that most of the bulk export commoditiesare energy and raw material resources, which are low-added-value and resource-intensive,whereas commodities of the hi-tech and high-added-value are very few. At present, Russia isone of the trade powers in the world, but its trade is featured in the center of export ofsource-intensive products. Its export of capital, technology, hi-tech products and innovativeeconomic products is still rather weak. This exports of energy, raw materials, especially oiland natural gas, amounts to more than half of the total commodity export in Russia, in adominant position. In contrary, the manufactured products, failing to keep pace with thedevelopment of the raw material industry, declines gradually each year. Its proportion inforeign trade declines tremendously from16%at the beginning of the economictransformation to3.8%in2010. The rapid development of raw materials in export and thesevere contractions in the manufacture industry are the two most prominent problems in theindustry structure and even in export structure over the past20years of economictransformation in Russia. This structural imbalance has become difficult to reconcile in thecurrent economic development in Russia.
     Looking from the perspective of country (region) economic structure, Russia’s exportpartners in foreign trade have been highly centralized in a dozen of Europe countries for long.However, its import partners are comparatively fewer, mainly from China, Germany, Ukraineand Brazil. This centralized situation of foreign trade, especially in export, has raised potentialrisk and reduced the flexibility in its export to other countries, which, consequently hasbecome critically serious in economic development in current Russia.
     This dissertation is composed of five major chapters apart from Introduction andConclusion.
     The Introduction has provided an overall introduction to this research project. It hascovered materials that provide a background to this study; stated the study’s central objectiveand expounded the rationale of this study by providing a range of justifications. This chapterends with the limitations and delimitations of this study.
     Chapter One is literature review. It firstly defines some concepts related to foreign tradestructure and reviews the related studies in this field both at home and abroad. This isfollowed by a discussion of the general changes in the foreign trade structures, the key effectinfluencers in foreign trade structures and its effects on the economic development.
     Chapter Two builds the theoretical foundation of foreign trade structures in this dissertation. First of all it elaborates the related theory of trade structure with a highlight onthe classical international trade theory, Neo-international trade theory and trade protectionismtheory. Then it analyzes the characteristics of trade structures, and the interrelations amongthe structures and the factors affecting the optimization and update of foreign trade structures.This chapter ends with the discussion of the choice orientation of updating foreign tradestructure.
     Chapter Three studies the composition of goods trade in Russia. Firstly it gives a generalanalysis of the Russian export and import structures of goods trade which covers thediscussion of the import and export of commodities, the evolution and effects of tradedependency, the promotion of the export and import structure of goods trade to Russianeconomic development. Secondly, this chapter analyzes profoundly Russian import andexport structure and its changes, with a focus on the study of the relationship between theimport and export structure of goods trade and the industrial structures. Finally it analyzesRussian economic prospect from the viewpoint of industrial structuring and trade structureupdating.
     Chapter Four discusses the country (region) structures of Russian goods trade structure.Firstly it analyzes the changes and current state of country (regional) structure of Russiangoods trade, and then it discusses the relations with its main trade partners: such as withEuropean Union, with Commonwealth of Independent States, with Asia Pacific EconomicCooperation, North America and Latin America. It highlights the cooperation of economy andtrade with European Union, Germany, China and Japan; it also analyzes and compares thecurrent state, features, the existing problems and the potential trend with these countries.
     Chapter Five focuses on the analysis of the development of Russian goods trade and theprospect of structure optimization and updating after Russia enters WTO. This chapter beginswith the general discussion of the international situation that Russian goods trade faces. Itpoints out that Russia is encountered with many crisis and challenges after its entry of WTO,and the fluctuation of energy prices will cause many uncertainties to its development patternscentered in goods trade. This chapter also points out that the protectionism in other countriesis in resurgence and appears in different and invisible modes when the general economy in theworld is in downturn. Therefore, Russia will encounter a more furious challenge brought bythe new economic wave. Then this chapter, after specific analysis of the internationaleconomic situation, generalizes the internal factors to develop goods trade, which highlightsthe analysis of the situations of systems and polities, resources endowment and industries.Based on the above analysis some suggestions are put forward. Lastly, this Chapter analyzesthe prospect of adjustment of Russian foreign trade structure, stating that the adjustment ofeconomic structure is not the focus of Russian economic development in the future; Russiantrade structure will still remain in its lower trade structure; its innovative developmentstrategies will not improve much Russian backward trade in goods structure; tradeliberalization deprives the protection of Russian industries and threatens the foundation oftrade structure optimization; it is hard for Russia to change its goods trade in thecentralization of target markets. This chapter ends with the conclusion that Russia willcontinue its goods trade patterns with its export dominated by energy and natural resources,
     The Conclusion offers some suggestions and implications for Chinese foreign tradedevelopment, especially for its goods trade.
引文
[1]邢国繁.关于俄美两国创新经济的对比研究[J].工业技术经济,2012(04):146-151.
    [2]李雪.人民币汇率变动对我国贸易结构的影响[D].[硕士论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.
    [3]刘智超.基于价值工程的我国外贸结构优化研究[D].[硕士论文].河北:燕山大学,2006.
    [4]张曙霄.中国对外贸易结构论[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2003:215-217.
    [5]姚枝仲.中国贸易结构的变动:2001-2008[J].国际经济评论,2008(11):28-30.
    [6]尹栾玉.论我国对外贸易结构的战略调整[J].学习与探索,2007(2):172-174.
    [7]蒋庚华.中国服务贸易结构问题研究[D].[博士论文].长春:东北师范大学,2011:6.
    [8]蒋庚华.中国服务贸易结构问题研究[D].[博士论文].长春:东北师范大学,2011:6.
    [9]李雪.人民币汇率变动对我国贸易结构的影响[D].[硕士论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.
    [10]宋丽,蔡茂森.进口商品构成促进经济增长的机理分析[J].华东经济管理,2005(1).
    [11]李荣林,张岩贵.我国对外贸易与经济增长转型的理论与实证研究[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2001:54.
    [12] Dowling, M.&Ray, D. The structure and composition of international trade in Asia:historical trends and future prospects. Journal of Asia Economics.2000(11):301-318.
    [13] Sang-yirl Nam. Trade Structure and Trade Potential between China, Japan and Korea.Korea Institute for International Economic Policy Working Papers.2003:1-4.
    [14] Romalis, J. Factor Proportions and the Structure of Commodity Trade. American EconomicReview,2004(1):1-49.
    [15] Lal, A. K. Lowinger, T, C. Nominal effective exchange rate and trade balanceadjustment in South Asia counties, Journal of Asian Economics,2002(13):371-383.
    [16] Yeaple, S.R."Offshoring, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Structure of U.S.Trade," Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press,2006(4):602-611.
    [17] Evenson, R.E. Westphal, L.E. Technological change and Technology strategy. EconomicGrowth Center, Yale University,1994.
    [18] Keller, W. Trade and the Transmission of Technology [J]. Journal of Economic Growth,2002,(7):5-24.
    [19] Qing Zhang, Bruce Felminham. China’s provincial exporte trade. China Economic Review.(2001:1):82-99.
    [20] Fuko Kyoji、lshido Hikari、Ito keiko Vertical intra-industry trade and foreign directinvestment in East Asia. Journal of the Japanese and Intenational Economies.(2003,4):468–506.
    [21] Feder, G. On Exports and Economic Growth[J]. Journal of Development Economics.1982(12):59-73.
    [22] J.J.Lewer Dynamic gains from trade: Does it matter what is impotant?digitalcommons.unl.edu2000.
    [23] Xiaohui Liu、Peter Burridge、P.J.Sinclair(2002) Relationships between economic growth,foreign direct investment and trade: evidence from China. Applied Economics (2002:11):1433-1440.
    [24] Mazumdar, J. Myriam, Q. A. Trade and the skill premium in developing countries: therole of intermediate goods and some evidence from Peru. Federal Reserve Bank ofAtlanta,2002.
    [25] Lee, J. W. Capital Goods Imports and Long-run Growth [J]. Journal of DevelopmentEconomics,1995(48):91-110.
    [26] Mazumdar, J. Do Static Gains from Trade Lead to Medium-Run Growth? Journal of PoliticalEconomy,1996(6):1328-1337.
    [27] Balassa, B.“Exports and Economic Growth: Further Evidence [J]. Journal of DevelopmentEconomics,1978(5):181-189.
    [28] Borensztein, E. Gregorio, De J. Lee, J.W. How Does Foreign Direct Investment AffectEconomic Growth?[J]. Journal of International Economics,1998(45):115-135.
    [29] Kavoussi, R. M. Export Expansion and Economic Growth [J]. Journal of DevelopmentEconomics,1984(14):241-250.
    [30] Kollár Zoltán Stabilization or Modernization. The Latin American Economy before theTurn of the Millennium). Budapest: BKE,1992.
    [31] Levin, A. Raut, L. K. Complementarilities between Export and Human Capital in EconomicGrowth: Evidence from the Semi-industrialized Countries[J]. Economic Development andCultural Change1997(1):155-174.
    [32] Romer, P. Idea Gaps and Object Gaps in Economic Development[J]. Journal of MonetaryEconomics1993(32):547-573.
    [33] Lee, J. W. Capital Goods Imports and Long-run Growth [J]. Journal of DevelopmentEconomics,1995(48):91-110.
    [34] Coe, D, Helpman, E. Hoffmaister, A. North-South spillovers[J].EconomicJournal,1997(107):134-149.
    [35] Khalafalla, K.Y. Webb,A.J. Export-led growth and structural change: evidence fromMalaysia. Applied Economics,2001(13):1703-1715.
    [36] Gthatak S,Milner C,Utkulu U. Export composition and growth: cointegration andcausality evidence for Malaysia[J]. Applied Economics,1997(29):213-223.
    [37] Kali,R. Mendez,F.&Reyes,J.A. Trade Structure and Economic Growth. Journal ofInternational Trade and Economic Development,(2007,2):245-269.
    [38]张亚斌.内生比较优势理论与中国对外贸易结构转换[D].2002.
    [39]张曙霄.中国对外贸易结构论[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2003:215-217.
    [40]冷和明.广东工业制成品贸易结构成长分析[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(02):53-60.
    [41]邵军,徐康宁.中国对外贸易结构改变了吗?[J]世界经济文汇,2009(5):49-60.
    [42]薛登选.从中美贸易结构比较谈我国对外贸易的科学发展[J].经济纵横,2009(12)119-121.
    [43]樊纲,关志雄,姚枝仲.国际贸易结构分析:贸易品的技术分布[J].经济研究,2006(8):70-80.
    [44]羌建新.我国对外贸易结构、特征及影响思想战线[J].2007(4):71-75.
    [45]左萌.进口贸易结构、国际技术扩散与我国经济波动——基于内生R&D投入与技术转化的视角[D]2010.5.
    [46]张鹏.我国贸易依存度与经济增长的适度比例[J].国际贸易问问题,2008(4):16-22.
    [47]魏浩,毛日昇.从贸易大国向贸易强国转变[J].中国软件科学,2003(9).
    [48]董志勇.中国近代对外贸易结构对产业结构的影响[J].产业论坛,2008(5).
    [49]陈建华,马晓远.中国对外贸易结构与产业结构关系的实证分析[J].北京工商大学学报(社会科学版)2009(3).
    [50]李荣林,姜茜.我国对外贸易结构对产业结构的先导效应检验—基于制造业数据分析[J].国际贸易问题,2010,08:3-12.
    [51]王菲.中国对外贸易与三次产业的结构变化效应关系研究[J].统计与决策,2011(2):116-118.
    [52]陈红.中国对外贸易结构与产业结构的关系研究[D].2011.
    [53]肖云.我国产业结构的演进及对外经济的战略选择[J].贵州社会科学,1994,05:15-18+30.
    [54]苏振东,周玮庆.出口贸易结构变迁对中国经济增长的非对称影响效应研究-基于产品技术附加值分布的贸易结构[J].世界经济研究,2005(5):42-47.
    [55]钟昌标.外资与区域经济增长关系的理论与实证[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2000(01):31-33.
    [56]王丽萍.试析国际贸易对产业结构成长的影响[J].扬州大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(05):73-76.
    [57]韩晶,朱洪泉.经济增长的制度因素分析[J].南开经济研究,2000(04)53-58.
    [58]许和连.出口贸易促进经济增长的理论、模型及实证研究[D].2003.6.
    [59]包群,许和连,赖明勇.出口贸易如何促进经济增长?—基于全要素生产率的实证研[J].上海经济研究,2003(3):3-10.
    [60]王永齐.对外贸易结构与中国经济增长:基于因果关系检验[J].世界经济,2004(11).
    [61]张亚斌.内生比较优势理论与中国对外贸易结构转换[D].2002.6.4.
    [62]蒋昭侠.产权改革:产业结构有效调整的基石[J].上海经济研究,2005(02):79-83.
    [63]任会,范金.对外贸易结构技术扩散效益比较研究[J].河北大学学报(社会科学版),2010(12):8-13.
    [64]袁其刚.我国贸易结构变化对经济增长影响的实证分析[D].2010.
    [65]王菲.实现中国对外贸易结构与产业结构协调发展的对策研究[J].中国商贸,010(20):197-198.
    [66]郑先勇,王菲.外贸易结构与产业结构影响经济增长文献综述[J].现代商贸工业,2011(3):108-109.
    [67]科学院院士阿巴尔金(2001)年所著《俄罗斯发展前景预测》[俄]阿巴尔金:俄罗斯发展前景预测[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001.
    [68]许新.重塑超级大国[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2004.
    [69]蒙慧,高新峰.俄罗斯产业结构调整现状及前景分析[J].西伯利亚研究,2007(6).
    [70]王金亮.转轨时期俄罗斯经济增长与对外贸易关系研究[D].2006.
    [71]王维然.俄罗斯对外贸易实证分析[J].新疆财经大学学报,2008(3):16-21.
    [72]王智辉.俄罗斯资源依赖型经济的产期增长[J].东北亚论坛,2008(1):93-96.
    [73]陈新明.论俄罗斯经济危机—生成原因、复杂影响、前景预测[J].长春市委党校学报,2010(1):38-43.
    [74][Russia] В Мау Драма2008года от экономическогочуда экономичесому крзис У. Вопросыэкономики [J].2009.№2.C.38.
    [75]杨强.贸易发展战略的理论综述—对俄罗斯贸易战略分析[J].商业经济,2009(17).
    [76]杨强.贸易发展战略的理论综述—对俄罗斯贸易战略分析[J].商业经济,2009(9).
    [77]邢玉升.俄罗斯经济发展模式的转变俄罗斯[J].中亚东欧研究,2009(2):33-39.
    [78]罗军.试析俄罗斯经济结构的发展趋势[J].黑龙江对外经贸,2009(12):36-38.
    [79]程亦君.俄罗斯经济衰退的内在原因分析[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧研究,2009(6):53-58+96.
    [80]牛燕萍.金融危机影响下的俄罗斯经济形势[J].西伯利亚研究,2009(2).
    [81]关雪凌.俄罗斯经济发展模式的艰难转型[J].理论参考,2010(9):56-58.
    [82]李新.2000年以来俄罗斯经济结构的变化及其发展趋势[J].俄罗斯研究,2009(2):22-34.
    [83]程伟,殷红.俄罗斯产业结构研究[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧研究,2009(1):37-41+95-96.
    [84]赵传军.俄罗斯走出经济怪圈的路径选择[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧研究,2009(6):59-63+96.
    [85]李建民.俄罗斯经济存在的问题及2010年经济政策走向[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2010(2):6-11.
    [86]关雪凌,龚艳华.俄罗斯产业结构的调整、问题与影响[J].复旦学报(社会学版),2010(2):17-125.
    [87]戚文海,林跃勤.金融危机、经济转轨与创新经济[J].经济社会体制比较,2010(6):43-49.
    [88]马蔚云.俄罗斯经济安全中的经济结构问题[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧研究,2011(2):52-58+96.
    [89]赵传君.俄罗斯离创新经济有多远[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2011(1):1-5.
    [90]郭晓琼.俄罗斯产业结构与经济增长的互动关系研究[J].俄罗斯研究,2011(3):119-134.
    [91]高宏田.俄罗斯经济结构现状与增长方式分析[J].商品与质量,2011(12).
    [92]王树春,万青松.俄罗斯经济现代化前景探析[J].现代国际关系,2011.(11):16-23+46.
    [93]韩爽,徐坡岭.俄罗斯实现持续经济增长面临的主要挑战[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧研究,2011(5):30-35+96.
    [94]张聪明.2008-2010年的俄罗斯实体经济:从衰退到复苏[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2011(3):1-11.
    [95]张曙霄.中国对外贸易结构论[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2003:32-33.
    [96]亚当·斯密.国富论[M].郭大力,王亚南译.上海:上海三联书店,2009.
    [97]大卫·李嘉图.政治经济学及赋税原理[M].周洁译.北京:华夏出版社,2005.
    [98]张秀娥.比较优势理论与中国对外贸易发展战略研究[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009.
    [99]保罗·克鲁格曼.克鲁格曼国际贸易新理论[M].黄胜强译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001.
    [100]林峰,单瑜.战略性贸易政策研究的新视角—基于贸易的政治经济学分析[J].云南财经大学学报(社会科学版),2009(3).
    [101]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势[M].陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,2005.
    [102]弗里德里希·李斯特.政治经济学的国民体系[M].邱伟立译,北京:华夏出版社,2009.
    [103] Tim Lang and Colin Hines. The New Protectionism[M].Eathscan, PublicationsLtd.,London,1994.
    [104]戴建中.国际劳动力价值均等化与新贸易保护主义[J].世界经济与政治.1997(7).
    [105] И.Н.Устинов,ВнешнеэкономическиесвязиРоссии,Москва,“Международыеотношения”,2001(3),Стр.13-15.
    [106] С.А.Ситаряна:Актуальные проблемывнешнеэкономический стратегииРоссии.Москва.Наука.2003,с26.
    [107]Отв.ред.В·П·Колесов,М·Н·Осьмова.Глобализация мирового хозяйстваи место России.-М.:Экономический факультет,ТЕИС,2000.181.
    [108]邱询立,李旭东.北亚经济合作及其发展趋势研究[J].今日科苑,2007(2).
    [109]邱询立,李旭东.北亚经济合作及其发展趋势研究[J].今日科苑,2007(2).
    [110]朱世娟.我国出口商品结构对经济增长影响的实证分析[D].[硕士论文].安徽:合肥工业大学,2009.
    [111]朱世娟.我国出口商品结构对经济增长影响的实证分析[D].[硕士论文].安徽:合肥工业大学,2009.
    [112]随鹏楠.中国进口依存度的发展分析[J].林业科技情报,2006(3):112-113.
    [113] В.П.Оболенский:Перспективыраширенияонкурентных преимуществ и измения структурывнешнейторговлиРоссии.Проблемырогнозирования.2002(6).
    [114]沈剑锋.2007年俄罗斯对外贸易状况分析[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2008(6).
    [115]沈剑锋.2007年俄罗斯对外贸易状况分析[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2008(6).
    [116]赵传军.俄罗斯走出经济怪圈的路径选择[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧研究,2009(6):59-63+96.
    [117]胡键.俄罗斯经济增长的动力分析[J].东北亚论坛,2006(9).
    [118]胡键.俄罗斯经济增长的动力分析[J].东北亚论坛,2006(9).
    [119] Диверсификация российское экономики:современные проблемыи задачи//Вопросыэкономики.2003.№12. с5.
    [120]杨上明.石油美元促使国际经济降低对石油依赖度[N].国际商报,2006-10-30.
    [121]丁丽.黑龙江省对俄罗斯出口情势分析[J].西伯利亚研究,2007(6).
    [122]丁丽.黑龙江省对俄罗斯出口情势分析[J].西伯利亚研究,2007(6).
    [123][美]赫斯曼.经济发展战略[M].经济科学出版社,1991:54-56.
    [124] ВладимирРубанов. Российские НИОКР впостиндустриальноммире//Свободнаямысль-XXI.2002.№4. с63.
    [125]林军.俄罗斯外交史稿[M].世界知识出版社,2002:455-456.
    [126]叶自成.俄罗斯政府与政治[M].(台北)扬智文化事业股份有限公司,1997:310.
    [127]根据国际统计年鉴2011计算得出,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2011/.
    [128] www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/wbgtoeur2004-5-20.
    [129]孙永.俄美经贸合作与发展[J].西伯利亚研究,2002(6):17-20.
    [130] baike.baidu.com/view/19788.htm2012-2-4.
    [131]许志新.911事件后普京对西方的重大变化[J].欧洲,2002(2).
    [132]王正泉.俄罗斯围绕外交构想的三次争论[J].国际观察,1998(2):27-30.
    [133] www.qikan.com.cn/Article/jrhb/jrhb201112/2012-2-2.
    [134] В·П·Колесов,М·Н·Осьмова.Глобализациямирового хозяйства иместо России.с183-184.
    [135] Под.ред.Б·Ф·Зайцева.Механизм созданияроссийскихрегиональныхфинасово-промышленныхгрупп.-М.:Экзамен,2001.8.
    [136]高欣.俄罗斯对华直接投资的现状与对策分析[J].对外经贸实务,2011(11):77-80.
    [137] Восток-Запад-Россия. Сборник статей.-М.Прогресс-Традиция,2002.
    [138] МотидзукиКиити, Расширениеяпоно-российских экономическихсвязей.Аналитическиедоклады. Выпуск3.(июль2005).Стр.22.
    [139]李勇慧,俄日经贸关系与能源合作[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2006(5):17-24.
    [140]邢国繁,张曙霄.日俄经贸合作发展滞后的原因分析及前景展望[J].现代日本经济,2012(03).
    [141] http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/stats/statistics/
    [142]俄罗斯统计年鉴[M].俄罗斯统计年鉴,2004:653.
    [143]何月香.俄日经贸合作升温对中国的影响与启示[J],社会科学辑刊,2006(5):120-124.
    [144]于青.俄重视经贸合作,日关切领土谈判[N].人民日报,2009-5-3-13;09.
    [145] http://country report. mofcom.gov.cn/record/v iew.asp? news_id=18336.
    [146]陆钢.“9·11”后俄日关系发展趋势分析[J].当代亚太,2003(4):18-19.
    [147]曹阳.日俄经贸合作中存在的问题探因—兼议对中俄贸易的启示[J].现代日本经济,2011(2):66-71.
    [148]新华网news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-10/14/c-122.2011-10-14.
    [149]马克思恩格斯全集[M].人民出版社,1965(22):24.
    [150]俄罗斯统计年鉴[M].俄联邦国家统计委员会,1998:192.
    [151]弗·索洛维约夫等.俄罗斯思想译本[M].浙江人民出版社,2000.
    [152]马克思恩格斯全集[M].人民出版社,1965(22):24.
    [153]弗·索洛维约夫等.俄罗斯思想译本[M].浙江人民出版社,2000.
    [154]理查德·尼克松.超越和平[M].世界知识出版社,1995(38).
    [155]关雪凌,宫艳华.俄罗斯产业结构的调整、问题与影响[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2010(2).
    [156]徐清军.当前世界经济发展态势及走向[N].经济日报,2012-02-03.
    [157]岳颂东.俄罗斯对外贸易发展现状与未来趋势[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2003,09:10-18.
    [158]岳颂东.俄罗斯对外贸易发展现状与未来趋势[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2003,09:10-18.
    [159]福卡.未来经济的新浪潮—后三产[J].金融信息参考,2001(9).
    [160]安·祖耶夫,留·米亚斯尼科娃,解建群.第五次浪潮中的世界个主角要经济体[J].国外理论动态,2005(2):27-31.
    [161]张曙霄,孙莉莉.俄罗斯“入世”及其对中俄经贸合作的影响[J].东欧中亚市场研究,2002(4).
    [162]沪深股市12月19日将再创新低,2011-12-1720:32:07.
    [163]润午.俄罗斯至2020年能源战略[J].东欧中亚市场研究,2003(10):52.
    [164] BP Statistical Review of World Energy[R].London,June2010.
    [165]毛彦.俄罗斯自然资源禀赋与俄罗斯经济增长[D].2010(12):67.
    [166]福卡.未来经济的新浪潮-后三产[J].金融信息参考,2001(9).
    [167]安·祖耶夫,留·米亚斯尼科娃,解建群.第五次浪潮中的世界个主角要经济体[J].国外理论动态,2005(2):27-31.
    [168]张巍.后普京时代俄罗斯对外贸易形势与外贸政策走向研究[D].[硕士论文].黑龙江:黑龙江大学,2009.
    [169] Кчукоу Р.Модернизацияэкономики.пробремы.задачи.
    [170] http://www.china.com.cn/intemational/txt/2009-08/11/content-18316547.tim(2009.12.20).
    [171] http://www.crc.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jingmaozixun/200910/46054-1.html.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700