电沉积Fe-Ni-W合金代铬镀层工艺及性能研究
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摘要
多年以来,铬镀层以其高硬度、高耐磨性、高耐蚀性和优异的外观色泽度等得到了广泛的应用。但电镀铬存在着许多缺点,尤其是六价铬因其致癌特性而被各国政府严令禁止。于是电镀工作者们致力于开发一种能够替代铬镀层的环保镀层,钨合金因此应运而生。钨不能单独从水溶液中电沉积出来,但与铁系金属诱导共沉积得到的钨合金具有许多优异的性能;并且电沉积钨合金的电流效率比电镀铬高得多,因此,钨合金电沉积成为了最有潜力的代铬电沉积。
本文通过调整镀液配方和工艺条件,获得了高钨含量(W%≥53wt%)、中钨含量(34%≤Wwt%≤39%)、低钨含量(W%≤20wt%)三个体系的具有良好表观和性能的Fe-Ni-W合金镀层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对镀层形貌和结构进行了研究,并对比研究了镀层的各项性能,具体研究工作如下:
( 1 )初步研究了工艺条件对高钨含量( W%≥53wt% )、中钨含量(34%≤Wwt%≤39%)、低钨含量(W%≤20wt%)三个体系的Fe-Ni-W合金镀层组分的影响,确定了三个体系的最佳配方和工艺条件。
(2)首次系统地研究了高钨含量(W%≥53wt%)Fe-Ni-W合金镀层的表观、结构及其显微硬度、耐蚀性和耐磨性等性能,并且从结构与性能的关系详细分析了其具有高硬度和耐磨性的原因。
(3)首次系统地研究了柠檬酸根浓度对电沉积中钨含量(34%≤Wwt%≤39%)Fe-Ni-W合金镀层的影响。通过改变新配镀液中的柠檬酸根盐的浓度研究了镀液的缓冲能力,镀层沉积速度、组分、结构及其硬度、耐蚀性能的变化,从而获得该条件下该体系中柠檬酸盐的最佳用量。
(4)首次系统地研究了低钨含量(W%≤20wt%)Fe-Ni-W合金镀层的表观、结构及其显微硬度、耐蚀性和耐磨性等性能,并且从结构与性能的关系详细分析了其具有高耐蚀性的原因。
For decades, chromium platings had been widely used for their excellent properties, such as appearances, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and et al. However, there were many defects in conventional chromium electroplating, especially the strictly forbiddance of the use of hexavalent chromium. Therefore, the palting researchers have been seeking for a kind of environmentally friendly platings to replace the chromium platings. Although the tungsten couldn’t be electroplated from any solution separately, it could be electrodeposited to form alloys together with one or more kinds of metals such as iron, nickel and cobalt. These alloys own wonderful properties equal to or even better than chromium platings; Besides,the current efficiency of the electrodeposition of tungsten alloys is much higher than that of chromium electroplating. Hence, the electrodeposition of tungsten alloys is the most potential replacement for chromium electroplating.
In this paper, Fe-Ni-W alloys with three different levels of tungsten content (W%≥53wt%,34%≤Wwt%≤39% and W%≤20wt%)have been obtained by adjusting process parameters and electrolyte components. The morphology and structure of Fe-Ni-W alloys were studied by SEM and XRD, respectively. The properties of the three kinds of alloys were compared. The detailed research work was as follows:
(1) The influences of the process parameters on the composition of the three kinds of alloys were investigated. The optimum process parameters and electrolyte components were determined accordingly.
(2) For the first time, the morphology, structure, hardness, wear resistance property and corrosion resistance property of the Fe-Ni-W alloys with more than 53wt% tungsten were systematically studied. The excellent hardness and wear resistance property of this tungsten alloy was discussed according to the structure of the alloy.
(3) The effects of citrate content on Fe-Ni-W alloys with less than 39wt% but more than 34wt% tungsten were investigated primarily. As the citrate content increased, theΔpH of the solution, the deposition rate of the deposites as well as the components, structure, microhardness and corrosion resistance property of the deposits changed. The optimum citrate concentration of this system was obtained.
(4) For the first time, the morphology, structure, hardness, wear resistance property and corrosion resistance property of the Fe-Ni-W alloys with less than 20wt% tungsten were systematically studied. The excellent corrosion resistance property of this tungsten alloy was discussed according to the structure of the alloy.
本文通过调整镀液配方和工艺条件,获得了高钨含量(W%≥53wt%)、中钨含量(34%≤Wwt%≤39%)、低钨含量(W%≤20wt%)三个体系的具有良好表观和性能的Fe-Ni-W合金镀层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对镀层形貌和结构进行了研究,并对比研究了镀层的各项性能,具体研究工作如下:
( 1 )初步研究了工艺条件对高钨含量( W%≥53wt% )、中钨含量(34%≤Wwt%≤39%)、低钨含量(W%≤20wt%)三个体系的Fe-Ni-W合金镀层组分的影响,确定了三个体系的最佳配方和工艺条件。
(2)首次系统地研究了高钨含量(W%≥53wt%)Fe-Ni-W合金镀层的表观、结构及其显微硬度、耐蚀性和耐磨性等性能,并且从结构与性能的关系详细分析了其具有高硬度和耐磨性的原因。
(3)首次系统地研究了柠檬酸根浓度对电沉积中钨含量(34%≤Wwt%≤39%)Fe-Ni-W合金镀层的影响。通过改变新配镀液中的柠檬酸根盐的浓度研究了镀液的缓冲能力,镀层沉积速度、组分、结构及其硬度、耐蚀性能的变化,从而获得该条件下该体系中柠檬酸盐的最佳用量。
(4)首次系统地研究了低钨含量(W%≤20wt%)Fe-Ni-W合金镀层的表观、结构及其显微硬度、耐蚀性和耐磨性等性能,并且从结构与性能的关系详细分析了其具有高耐蚀性的原因。
For decades, chromium platings had been widely used for their excellent properties, such as appearances, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and et al. However, there were many defects in conventional chromium electroplating, especially the strictly forbiddance of the use of hexavalent chromium. Therefore, the palting researchers have been seeking for a kind of environmentally friendly platings to replace the chromium platings. Although the tungsten couldn’t be electroplated from any solution separately, it could be electrodeposited to form alloys together with one or more kinds of metals such as iron, nickel and cobalt. These alloys own wonderful properties equal to or even better than chromium platings; Besides,the current efficiency of the electrodeposition of tungsten alloys is much higher than that of chromium electroplating. Hence, the electrodeposition of tungsten alloys is the most potential replacement for chromium electroplating.
In this paper, Fe-Ni-W alloys with three different levels of tungsten content (W%≥53wt%,34%≤Wwt%≤39% and W%≤20wt%)have been obtained by adjusting process parameters and electrolyte components. The morphology and structure of Fe-Ni-W alloys were studied by SEM and XRD, respectively. The properties of the three kinds of alloys were compared. The detailed research work was as follows:
(1) The influences of the process parameters on the composition of the three kinds of alloys were investigated. The optimum process parameters and electrolyte components were determined accordingly.
(2) For the first time, the morphology, structure, hardness, wear resistance property and corrosion resistance property of the Fe-Ni-W alloys with more than 53wt% tungsten were systematically studied. The excellent hardness and wear resistance property of this tungsten alloy was discussed according to the structure of the alloy.
(3) The effects of citrate content on Fe-Ni-W alloys with less than 39wt% but more than 34wt% tungsten were investigated primarily. As the citrate content increased, theΔpH of the solution, the deposition rate of the deposites as well as the components, structure, microhardness and corrosion resistance property of the deposits changed. The optimum citrate concentration of this system was obtained.
(4) For the first time, the morphology, structure, hardness, wear resistance property and corrosion resistance property of the Fe-Ni-W alloys with less than 20wt% tungsten were systematically studied. The excellent corrosion resistance property of this tungsten alloy was discussed according to the structure of the alloy.
引文
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