纳米填料改性环氧树脂低温力学性能研究
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摘要
随着航天,应用超导技术和大型低温工程(ITER)等高科技的迅猛发展,环氧树脂在低温下的应用愈来愈广泛,如可作为浸渍料,胶黏剂和先进复合材料的基体。但纯环氧树脂固化体系在常温下存在抗裂性差,在低温下更脆,因此很难满足在低温下这一极端温度的要求,应用受到很大的限制。本论文分别选择了纳米橡胶(VP-501)颗粒,多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)/正丁基缩水甘油醚(BGE)和MWCNTs/聚醚砜(PES),然后加入固化剂二乙基甲苯二胺(DETD)固化,来改性双酚F(DGEBF)型环氧树脂以提高体系的低温力学性能尤其是在低温下的韧性性能。研究了改性剂的含量、种类和微观结构对环氧体系在室温(RT)和低温(77 K)下的拉伸性能和断裂韧性性能的影响,并探讨了各种改性剂对体系低温下的增韧机理。另外,由于实际应用中对环氧树脂耐热性也有一定的要求,因此本论文也研究了各种改性剂对环氧树脂体系玻璃化转变温度的影响。最后,根据碳纳米管剩余长度对聚合物基复合材料力学性能的影响非常大,本论文基于修正混合准则的简化和近似方法,估算了MWCNTs强度和它与聚合物间的界面强度。
研究结果表明:在DGEBF/DETD体系中加入5 phr的VP-501能够有效地增强体系在RT和77 K下的力学性能。随着VP-501含量的增加,体系在RT和77 K下的断裂韧性增加了,然而其拉伸模量降低了。在DGEBF/BGE/DETD体系中通过超声波分散技术引入0.5 phr的MWCNTs后,体系在77 K下的拉伸强度、Young’s模量、失效应变和冲击强度都提高了。在DGEBF/PES/DETD体系中通过三辊研磨机高速剪切的分散方法引入0.5 phr的MWCNTs后,体系在77 K的拉伸强度、Young’s模量、失效应变和断裂韧性均提高了。
对所有的同种体系而言,改性体系在77 K下的拉伸强度和Young’s模量均高于在RT下的拉伸强度和Young’s模量,然而其失效应变和断裂韧性则出现相反的结果。
差示扫描量热仪结果表明VP-501引入固化体系后,体系的玻璃化转变温度相对纯环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度没有明显地降低,而MWCNTs引入固化体系后,体系的玻璃化转变温度相对纯环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度均提高了。
本论文针对环氧树脂的低温改性研究为实现环氧树脂在低温环境中的应用提供了重要的理论研究资料。
With the rapid developments in spacecraft and superconducting cable technologies, and large cryogenic engineering projects such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) etc., epoxy resins have been increasingly employed in cryogenic engineering applications as impregnating materials, adhesives and matrices for advanced composites. However, pure epoxy resins normally have poor crack resistance at room temperature and could be more brittle at cryogenic temperatures, which makes them unsuitable for some cryogenic engineering applications that demand epoxy resins to have high cryogenic mechanical properties. Therefore, nitrile -butadiene nano-rubber (VP-501), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/n-butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and MWCNTs/poly(ethersulfone) (PES) were employed in this dissertation to modify the DGEBF epoxy resin in improving the cryogenic mechanical properties especially cryogenic fracture toughness. The effects of modifier content, type and microstructure on the tensile and fracture toughness properties at room temperature (RT) and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) have been studied. The toughening mechanisms at cryogenic temperature through various modifiers were discussed. Moreover, since good thermal properties of modified systems are required in practical applications, studies on the effects of modifier type and content on the glass transition temperature (Tg) were also conducted. Finaly, the residual MWCNTs length plays a critical role in determining the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites and is thus regarded as the main reason responsible for the unexpected low mechanical properties. A simple but appropriate methodology based on the modified rule of mixtures is proposed to simultaneously determine the MWCNTs strength and the MWCNTs-polymer interfacial strength.
The results have shown that the addition of 5 phr VP-501 can strengthen DGEBF/DETD system at both RT and 77 K. With VP-501 content increasing, the fracture toughness was increased, while the tensile modulus was decreased at both RT and 77 K. The addition of 0.5 phr MWCNTs to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F epoxy with BGE via the ultrasonic technique can enhance the cryogenic tensile strength, Young’s modulus, failure strain and impact strength at 77 K. Moreover, synthetic sequence leads to selective dispersion of MWCNTs in the brittle primary phase but not in the soft second phase in the two-phase epoxy matrix. The addition of 0.5 phr MWCNTs to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F epoxy with thermoplastic PES using the three-roll calandering method can enhance the cryogenic tensile strength, Young’s modulus, failure strain and fracture toughness at both RT and 77 K. Moreover, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus at 77 K were higher than those at RT at the same composition while failure strain and fracture toughness showed the opposite results.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows that Tg of the selected systems does not obviously change with increasing the VP-501 content. On the other hand, Tg of the epoxy resins is increased by the addition of MWCNTs.
The research work on modification of cryogenic epoxy resins in this dissertation provides the basic knowledge and data for application of modified DGEBF epoxy resins in cryogenic temperature environment.
研究结果表明:在DGEBF/DETD体系中加入5 phr的VP-501能够有效地增强体系在RT和77 K下的力学性能。随着VP-501含量的增加,体系在RT和77 K下的断裂韧性增加了,然而其拉伸模量降低了。在DGEBF/BGE/DETD体系中通过超声波分散技术引入0.5 phr的MWCNTs后,体系在77 K下的拉伸强度、Young’s模量、失效应变和冲击强度都提高了。在DGEBF/PES/DETD体系中通过三辊研磨机高速剪切的分散方法引入0.5 phr的MWCNTs后,体系在77 K的拉伸强度、Young’s模量、失效应变和断裂韧性均提高了。
对所有的同种体系而言,改性体系在77 K下的拉伸强度和Young’s模量均高于在RT下的拉伸强度和Young’s模量,然而其失效应变和断裂韧性则出现相反的结果。
差示扫描量热仪结果表明VP-501引入固化体系后,体系的玻璃化转变温度相对纯环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度没有明显地降低,而MWCNTs引入固化体系后,体系的玻璃化转变温度相对纯环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度均提高了。
本论文针对环氧树脂的低温改性研究为实现环氧树脂在低温环境中的应用提供了重要的理论研究资料。
With the rapid developments in spacecraft and superconducting cable technologies, and large cryogenic engineering projects such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) etc., epoxy resins have been increasingly employed in cryogenic engineering applications as impregnating materials, adhesives and matrices for advanced composites. However, pure epoxy resins normally have poor crack resistance at room temperature and could be more brittle at cryogenic temperatures, which makes them unsuitable for some cryogenic engineering applications that demand epoxy resins to have high cryogenic mechanical properties. Therefore, nitrile -butadiene nano-rubber (VP-501), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/n-butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and MWCNTs/poly(ethersulfone) (PES) were employed in this dissertation to modify the DGEBF epoxy resin in improving the cryogenic mechanical properties especially cryogenic fracture toughness. The effects of modifier content, type and microstructure on the tensile and fracture toughness properties at room temperature (RT) and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) have been studied. The toughening mechanisms at cryogenic temperature through various modifiers were discussed. Moreover, since good thermal properties of modified systems are required in practical applications, studies on the effects of modifier type and content on the glass transition temperature (Tg) were also conducted. Finaly, the residual MWCNTs length plays a critical role in determining the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites and is thus regarded as the main reason responsible for the unexpected low mechanical properties. A simple but appropriate methodology based on the modified rule of mixtures is proposed to simultaneously determine the MWCNTs strength and the MWCNTs-polymer interfacial strength.
The results have shown that the addition of 5 phr VP-501 can strengthen DGEBF/DETD system at both RT and 77 K. With VP-501 content increasing, the fracture toughness was increased, while the tensile modulus was decreased at both RT and 77 K. The addition of 0.5 phr MWCNTs to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F epoxy with BGE via the ultrasonic technique can enhance the cryogenic tensile strength, Young’s modulus, failure strain and impact strength at 77 K. Moreover, synthetic sequence leads to selective dispersion of MWCNTs in the brittle primary phase but not in the soft second phase in the two-phase epoxy matrix. The addition of 0.5 phr MWCNTs to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F epoxy with thermoplastic PES using the three-roll calandering method can enhance the cryogenic tensile strength, Young’s modulus, failure strain and fracture toughness at both RT and 77 K. Moreover, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus at 77 K were higher than those at RT at the same composition while failure strain and fracture toughness showed the opposite results.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows that Tg of the selected systems does not obviously change with increasing the VP-501 content. On the other hand, Tg of the epoxy resins is increased by the addition of MWCNTs.
The research work on modification of cryogenic epoxy resins in this dissertation provides the basic knowledge and data for application of modified DGEBF epoxy resins in cryogenic temperature environment.
引文
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