MPEG-4技术研究及其在VOD系统中的应用
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摘要
近年来，互联网迅猛发展，网络基础设施得到极大发展，宽带网络用户也随之迅速增长，这些都为网络流媒体应用提供了强大的市场动力。另一方面，新一代的音视频压缩标准MPEG-4不断走向成熟，成为视频应用的不可或缺的一个基础标准，它具有的高压缩率、强交互能力和灵活分级能力，使之在网络流媒体特别是视频点播中拥有广阔的应用前景。
本论文的研究工作是在前期分布式视频点播系统研究的基础上进行的，主要完成的工作包括：
1．对精细分级视频编码技术进行分析，并将其应用到视频点播系统中，使得视频点播系统具有良好的自适应网络带宽调节服务质量的能力，且可以为拥有不同带宽的用户提供区分服务。
2．总结和比较了MPEG-4的RTP封装方案，并根据视频点播系统的实际要求，提出了改进的压缩层封装方案，提高了视频传输对丢包的容错能力，简化了音频传输的复杂度，并最终成功地应用到视频点播系统中。
3．总结和比较了网络流媒体传输的差错处理技术和拥塞控制技术，以及MPEG-4的差错处理技术，结合视频点播系统的实际应用和精细分级视频编码的特点，提出了一个完整的基于MPEG-4精细分级视频编码的视频点播系统的Qos机制，能够对精细分级编码的基本层和增强层数据提供较为完善的保护措施，并能有效地利用网络带宽和避免拥塞发生。
论文最后在以上理论研究基础上，针对分布式视频点播系统应用，提出了MPEG-4视频服务器系统结构，完成了各模块的软件设计，实现了MPEG-4视频服务器。
Recently, with the significant development of the Internet technology, a profound breakthrough broadband based facilities construction and with increasing number of internet users, the implication and development of VOD (video on demand) technology has become available. Moreover, a newly MPEG-4 has become mature and a necessary basic standard for the implication of streaming media. With the high compress rate, high mutual ability and flexible scalable ability; MPEG-4 has a bright future for use in streaming media.
The research of this thesis is based on preliminary distribute VOD system and its main work include:
1. The analysis for FGS (Fine Granularity Scalability) and its implication to VOD system, the VOD system has an excellent ability for adapting the network broadband and adjust its service quality, so it can provide distinguish service for customers who own different bandwidth.
2. Make a conclusion and comparison for RTP over MPEG-4, with can choose the best scheme and make a certain improvement and simplification of the scheme, and be successfully implied to the VOD system, according to the requirement of VOD.
3. Make a conclusion and comparison between the error control technology of streaming media's network transmission and that of MPEG-4. Also make a conclusion and comparison for the congestion control technology of MPEG-4. Considering the practical use of VOD system and the characteristics of FGS, it proposes a whole Qos scheme based on the MPEG-4 VOD system.
At last, based on theory research above, aimed at distribute video on demand application, the thesis realizes the MPEG-4 video server's system structure, finish the software module design.
本论文的研究工作是在前期分布式视频点播系统研究的基础上进行的，主要完成的工作包括：
1．对精细分级视频编码技术进行分析，并将其应用到视频点播系统中，使得视频点播系统具有良好的自适应网络带宽调节服务质量的能力，且可以为拥有不同带宽的用户提供区分服务。
2．总结和比较了MPEG-4的RTP封装方案，并根据视频点播系统的实际要求，提出了改进的压缩层封装方案，提高了视频传输对丢包的容错能力，简化了音频传输的复杂度，并最终成功地应用到视频点播系统中。
3．总结和比较了网络流媒体传输的差错处理技术和拥塞控制技术，以及MPEG-4的差错处理技术，结合视频点播系统的实际应用和精细分级视频编码的特点，提出了一个完整的基于MPEG-4精细分级视频编码的视频点播系统的Qos机制，能够对精细分级编码的基本层和增强层数据提供较为完善的保护措施，并能有效地利用网络带宽和避免拥塞发生。
论文最后在以上理论研究基础上，针对分布式视频点播系统应用，提出了MPEG-4视频服务器系统结构，完成了各模块的软件设计，实现了MPEG-4视频服务器。
Recently, with the significant development of the Internet technology, a profound breakthrough broadband based facilities construction and with increasing number of internet users, the implication and development of VOD (video on demand) technology has become available. Moreover, a newly MPEG-4 has become mature and a necessary basic standard for the implication of streaming media. With the high compress rate, high mutual ability and flexible scalable ability; MPEG-4 has a bright future for use in streaming media.
The research of this thesis is based on preliminary distribute VOD system and its main work include:
1. The analysis for FGS (Fine Granularity Scalability) and its implication to VOD system, the VOD system has an excellent ability for adapting the network broadband and adjust its service quality, so it can provide distinguish service for customers who own different bandwidth.
2. Make a conclusion and comparison for RTP over MPEG-4, with can choose the best scheme and make a certain improvement and simplification of the scheme, and be successfully implied to the VOD system, according to the requirement of VOD.
3. Make a conclusion and comparison between the error control technology of streaming media's network transmission and that of MPEG-4. Also make a conclusion and comparison for the congestion control technology of MPEG-4. Considering the practical use of VOD system and the characteristics of FGS, it proposes a whole Qos scheme based on the MPEG-4 VOD system.
At last, based on theory research above, aimed at distribute video on demand application, the thesis realizes the MPEG-4 video server's system structure, finish the software module design.
引文
[1] 张永斌．分布式VOD系统设计与实现[硕士学位论文]．西安：西北工业大学，2002．3
[2] 胡宁．基于Linux的分布式VOD系统服务器优化设计[硕士学位论文]．西安：西北工业大学，2003．3
[3] http://www.cnnic.cn/index/0J/index.htm
[4] http://www.cnc.net.cn
[5] http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards.htm
[6] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document N2501, Information Technology-Coding of audio-visual objects-Part1: Systems. ISO/IEC 14496-1: 1999(E), 1999
[7] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WGI1 Document N2502, Information Technology-Coding of audio-visual objects-Part2:Visual. ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-2, 1998
[8] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document N2503,Information Technology-Coding of audio-visual objects-Part3: Audio. ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-3 sec5, 1999
[9] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document N4668,MPEG-4 Overview-(V.21-Jeju Version), 2002
[10] mpeg4writepage. pdf http://www.m4if.org/,2002
[11] 钟玉琢等，基于对象的多媒体数据压缩编码国际标准MPEG-4及其校验模型，科学出版社，2000．10
[12] Weiping Li, Overview of Fine Granularity Scalability in MPEG-4 Video Standard, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY,VOL,11,NO.3, 2001.3
[13] 陈志波等，面向Internet的视频编码技术：精细可分级性(FGS)的实现，中国图象图形学报，2001．6
[14] Feng Wu等, A Framework for Efficient Progressive Fine Granularity Scalable Video Coding, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY. VOL. 11, NO. 3, 2001.3
[15] 吴枫等，渐进、精细的可伸缩性视频编码，计算机学报，2000．10
[16] 孙晓艳等，基于宏块的渐进、精细可伸缩的视频编码，软件学报，2002，13(1)：2134-2141
[17] van der Schaar, M.: Radha, H. Motion-compensation fine-granular-scalability (MC-FGS) for wireless multimedia, Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001 IEEE Fourth Workshop on, 3-5 Oct. 2001 Pages: 453-458
[18] van.der.Schaar等, motion-compensation fine-granular-scalability(AMC-FGS) for wireless video, Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 12, Issue: 6, June 2002 Pages: 360-371
[19] 孟国军 钟家骐，视频精细分层编码技术浅析，实用测试技术，2002．9
[20] Y. Kikuchi等, RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams, Request for Comments: 3016, 2000.11
[21] D. Curet等, RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 FlexMultiplexed Streams, draft-curet-avt-rtp-mpeg4-flexmux-03.txt 2002.7
[22] Basso等, RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Streams, draft-ietf-avt-mpeg4-multisl-04.txt 2002.2
[23] J. van der Meer等, Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams, draft-ietf-avt-mpeg4-simple-05.txt 2002.11
[24] Y. Pourmohammadi等, Streaming MPEG-4 over IP and Broadcast Networks: DMIF Based Architectures, Proceedings of The 11th International Packet Video Workshop, 30 April-1 May 2001·Kyungju, Korea
[25] Matthias Ohlenroth and Hermann Hellwager, RTP Racketization of MPEG-4 elementary streams, Multimedia and Expo, 2002. ICME'02. Proceedings. 2002 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 2,26-29 Aug. 2002 Pages: 465-468 vol.2
[26] D. Singer等, MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4, draft-lim-mpeg4-mime-O1, 2002. 11
[27] C. Zhu, RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams, Request for Comments: 2190, 1997.9
[28] Hua Cai等, an optimal packetization scheme for fine granularity scalable
bitstream, IEEE 2002.5
[29] J.C Bolot and Y. Turletti "Adaptive error control for packet video in the Internet" Image Processing, 1996, Proceedings., International Conference on, Volume: 1,16-19 Sept. 1996 Pages:25-28 vol.l
[30] S. McCanne等, Joint source/channel coding for multicast packet video, Image Processing, 1995. Proceedings.. International Conference on, Volume: 1, 23-26 Oct. 1995 Pages: 25-28 vol. 1
[31] J. Danskin G. Davis and X.Song, Fast lossy Internet image transmission, Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, 1995. 11
[32] J.G.Apostolopoulos, Error-resilient video compression via multiple state streams,Proc.International Workshop on Very Low Bitrate Video Coding(VLBV'99), pp168-171,1999.10
[33] Raj Talluri and Texas Instruments, Error-Resilient Video Coding in the ISO MPEG-4 Standard, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1998.6
[34] J. Rosenberg and Columbia University, An RTP Payload Format for Generic Forward Error Correction, Request for Comments: 2733, 1999.12
[35] Koichi Yano等, RTP Profile for RTCP-based Retransmission Request for Unicast session, draft-ietf-avt-rtprx-00.txt,2000.7
[36] Shudong Jin等, TCP-friendly SIMD Congestion Control and Its Convergence Behavior, In Proceedings of The 9th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, Riverside, CA, 2001.11
[37] Y. Richard Yang和Simon S. Lam, General AIMD Congestion Control, Technical Report TR-2000-09, 2000.5
[38] D. Bansal and H. Balakrishnan, Binomial congestion control algorithms, In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, Volume: 2,22-26 April 2001 Pages: 631-640 vol.2.2001.4
[39] TEAR: TCP Emulation At Receivers-flow control for multimedia streaming. Technical report, Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, 2000.4
[40] Deepak Bansal和Hari Balakrishnan, TCP-friendly Congestion Control for Real-time Applications, MIT Technical Report MIT-LCS-TR-806, 2000.5
[41] J. Padhye等, A model based TCP-friendly rate control protocol, In Proceedings ofNOSSDAV, 1999.6
[42] W.-T. Tan an和A. Zakhor, Real-time Internet video using error resilient scalable compression and TCP-friendly transport, IEEE Trans. Multimedia, 1(2): 172-186, 1999.6
[43] Sally Floyd等, Equation Based Congestion Control for Unicast Applications, In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, 2000.8
[44] Sally Floyd等, TCP Friendly Rate Control(TFRC): Protocol Specification, Request for Comments: 3448, 2003.1
[45] Sally Floyd等, A Comparison of Equation-Based and AIMD Congestion Control, http://www.icir.org/tfrc/, 2000.5
[46] Robert Cohen and Hayder Radha, Streaming Fine-Grained Scalable video over Packet-Based Networks, IEEE, 2000.12
[47] Philippe de Cuetos等, Implementation of adaptive streaming of stored MPEG-4 FGS video over tcp, IEEE, 2002.8
[48] 王福豹等，分布式视频点播系统设计与实现，现代电视技术，2002．4
[49] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document N4270-1, ISO Media File format specification. ISO/IEC 14496-1: 2001/Amd 3, 2001. 7
[2] 胡宁．基于Linux的分布式VOD系统服务器优化设计[硕士学位论文]．西安：西北工业大学，2003．3
[3] http://www.cnnic.cn/index/0J/index.htm
[4] http://www.cnc.net.cn
[5] http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards.htm
[6] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document N2501, Information Technology-Coding of audio-visual objects-Part1: Systems. ISO/IEC 14496-1: 1999(E), 1999
[7] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WGI1 Document N2502, Information Technology-Coding of audio-visual objects-Part2:Visual. ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-2, 1998
[8] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document N2503,Information Technology-Coding of audio-visual objects-Part3: Audio. ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-3 sec5, 1999
[9] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document N4668,MPEG-4 Overview-(V.21-Jeju Version), 2002
[10] mpeg4writepage. pdf http://www.m4if.org/,2002
[11] 钟玉琢等，基于对象的多媒体数据压缩编码国际标准MPEG-4及其校验模型，科学出版社，2000．10
[12] Weiping Li, Overview of Fine Granularity Scalability in MPEG-4 Video Standard, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY,VOL,11,NO.3, 2001.3
[13] 陈志波等，面向Internet的视频编码技术：精细可分级性(FGS)的实现，中国图象图形学报，2001．6
[14] Feng Wu等, A Framework for Efficient Progressive Fine Granularity Scalable Video Coding, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY. VOL. 11, NO. 3, 2001.3
[15] 吴枫等，渐进、精细的可伸缩性视频编码，计算机学报，2000．10
[16] 孙晓艳等，基于宏块的渐进、精细可伸缩的视频编码，软件学报，2002，13(1)：2134-2141
[17] van der Schaar, M.: Radha, H. Motion-compensation fine-granular-scalability (MC-FGS) for wireless multimedia, Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001 IEEE Fourth Workshop on, 3-5 Oct. 2001 Pages: 453-458
[18] van.der.Schaar等, motion-compensation fine-granular-scalability(AMC-FGS) for wireless video, Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 12, Issue: 6, June 2002 Pages: 360-371
[19] 孟国军 钟家骐，视频精细分层编码技术浅析，实用测试技术，2002．9
[20] Y. Kikuchi等, RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams, Request for Comments: 3016, 2000.11
[21] D. Curet等, RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 FlexMultiplexed Streams, draft-curet-avt-rtp-mpeg4-flexmux-03.txt 2002.7
[22] Basso等, RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Streams, draft-ietf-avt-mpeg4-multisl-04.txt 2002.2
[23] J. van der Meer等, Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams, draft-ietf-avt-mpeg4-simple-05.txt 2002.11
[24] Y. Pourmohammadi等, Streaming MPEG-4 over IP and Broadcast Networks: DMIF Based Architectures, Proceedings of The 11th International Packet Video Workshop, 30 April-1 May 2001·Kyungju, Korea
[25] Matthias Ohlenroth and Hermann Hellwager, RTP Racketization of MPEG-4 elementary streams, Multimedia and Expo, 2002. ICME'02. Proceedings. 2002 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 2,26-29 Aug. 2002 Pages: 465-468 vol.2
[26] D. Singer等, MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4, draft-lim-mpeg4-mime-O1, 2002. 11
[27] C. Zhu, RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams, Request for Comments: 2190, 1997.9
[28] Hua Cai等, an optimal packetization scheme for fine granularity scalable
bitstream, IEEE 2002.5
[29] J.C Bolot and Y. Turletti "Adaptive error control for packet video in the Internet" Image Processing, 1996, Proceedings., International Conference on, Volume: 1,16-19 Sept. 1996 Pages:25-28 vol.l
[30] S. McCanne等, Joint source/channel coding for multicast packet video, Image Processing, 1995. Proceedings.. International Conference on, Volume: 1, 23-26 Oct. 1995 Pages: 25-28 vol. 1
[31] J. Danskin G. Davis and X.Song, Fast lossy Internet image transmission, Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, 1995. 11
[32] J.G.Apostolopoulos, Error-resilient video compression via multiple state streams,Proc.International Workshop on Very Low Bitrate Video Coding(VLBV'99), pp168-171,1999.10
[33] Raj Talluri and Texas Instruments, Error-Resilient Video Coding in the ISO MPEG-4 Standard, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1998.6
[34] J. Rosenberg and Columbia University, An RTP Payload Format for Generic Forward Error Correction, Request for Comments: 2733, 1999.12
[35] Koichi Yano等, RTP Profile for RTCP-based Retransmission Request for Unicast session, draft-ietf-avt-rtprx-00.txt,2000.7
[36] Shudong Jin等, TCP-friendly SIMD Congestion Control and Its Convergence Behavior, In Proceedings of The 9th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, Riverside, CA, 2001.11
[37] Y. Richard Yang和Simon S. Lam, General AIMD Congestion Control, Technical Report TR-2000-09, 2000.5
[38] D. Bansal and H. Balakrishnan, Binomial congestion control algorithms, In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, Volume: 2,22-26 April 2001 Pages: 631-640 vol.2.2001.4
[39] TEAR: TCP Emulation At Receivers-flow control for multimedia streaming. Technical report, Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, 2000.4
[40] Deepak Bansal和Hari Balakrishnan, TCP-friendly Congestion Control for Real-time Applications, MIT Technical Report MIT-LCS-TR-806, 2000.5
[41] J. Padhye等, A model based TCP-friendly rate control protocol, In Proceedings ofNOSSDAV, 1999.6
[42] W.-T. Tan an和A. Zakhor, Real-time Internet video using error resilient scalable compression and TCP-friendly transport, IEEE Trans. Multimedia, 1(2): 172-186, 1999.6
[43] Sally Floyd等, Equation Based Congestion Control for Unicast Applications, In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, 2000.8
[44] Sally Floyd等, TCP Friendly Rate Control(TFRC): Protocol Specification, Request for Comments: 3448, 2003.1
[45] Sally Floyd等, A Comparison of Equation-Based and AIMD Congestion Control, http://www.icir.org/tfrc/, 2000.5
[46] Robert Cohen and Hayder Radha, Streaming Fine-Grained Scalable video over Packet-Based Networks, IEEE, 2000.12
[47] Philippe de Cuetos等, Implementation of adaptive streaming of stored MPEG-4 FGS video over tcp, IEEE, 2002.8
[48] 王福豹等，分布式视频点播系统设计与实现，现代电视技术，2002．4
[49] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document N4270-1, ISO Media File format specification. ISO/IEC 14496-1: 2001/Amd 3, 2001. 7
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