青梗菜分子遗传图谱构建及重要农艺性状QTL分析
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摘要
青梗菜是小白菜中的一类叶片亮绿、束腰、品质优良的品种,在我国南北各地广泛种植,也是日本和韩国的主栽小白菜品种类型。青梗菜许多形态性状表现数量性状的遗传特征,分子标记技术的发展为数量遗传学研究提供了有力工具。基于分子标记构建的分子遗传图谱,能有效地应用于数量性状的基因定位和分子标记辅助育种。本项研究利用小孢子培养技术创制青梗菜DH系为作图群体,构建永久性分子遗传图谱,对重要农艺性状进行QTL分析,以期为青梗菜品种改良中重要农艺性状分子标记辅助选择奠定基础。主要研究结果如下：
以18个青梗菜品种为试材进行小孢子培养,分析了胚状体发生和发育、植株再生、再生植株继代及生根的影响因素,探讨了小孢子植株倍性鉴定方法。不同基因型试材间的小孢子胚胎发生能力有很大差异,‘YS07’胚诱导率最高,达到了24.00个／蕾,‘YS12’没有诱导出胚状体；33℃高温预处理对小孢子胚胎发生是必要的,处理时间以24h为宜；不同品种适宜添加浓度和配比有所差异,'0.05mg·L-16-BA+0.1～0.2mg·L-1NAA'效果最好；振荡培养可以改善提高胚状体诱导率,促进小孢子胚状体发育,增加子叶形胚比率,进而提高成苗率,同时振荡培养还加快了胚状体的发育速度,提高胚发育的同步性,使培养时间缩短1-4天；成苗率与胚状体发育时期关系密切,发育成熟的胚状体成苗率远高于发育不完全的胚；琼脂含量为1.0%的培养基既能满足胚状体萌发所需要的干燥环境,又能保证胚萌发所需的水分,还能有效的防止玻璃化问题,是青梗菜小孢子培养较适合成苗的培养基；适当增加培养基中蔗糖的浓度可以降低玻璃化苗的发生率,适宜的蔗糖浓度为3%；培养基中加入一定量的活性炭可以提高小孢子胚的成苗率,适宜的添加浓度为100mg·L-1；小孢子植株生根培养以'1/2MS+NAA0.1mg·L-1+3％蔗糖+1.0%琼脂’培养基为宜,生根率可达到94.33%,移栽成活率可达到83.62%。试验获得的1070株小孢子植株,单倍体占18.22%,双单倍体占59.81%,高倍体占24.95%,嵌合体占3.83%。
利用由青梗菜两个自交系配成的杂交组合YS06(705-1×705-2)进行小孢子培养得到的182个DH系构成的做图群体,应用SSR和SRAP两种标记构建遗传连锁图谱,得到1张分子遗传图谱。该图谱总长度995.3cM,包括10个连锁群、143个多态性分子标记,平均距离7.0cM。通过SSR锚定标记将本图谱与芸薹属A基因组参照连锁图的10条染色体一一对应起来。连锁群数目与染色体数相等,连锁群编号与A基因组参考图谱相对应,从A01到A10。10个连锁群中最长的连锁群为A03(173.5cM),最短为A04(59.9cM)。分子标记在连锁群上的分布比较均匀,构成图谱的标记中,共有43个表现出不同程度的偏分离,在各个连锁群均存在偏分离现象,偏分离标记比率为30.07%。
利用构建的遗传连锁图谱,对群体中分离的青梗菜形态性状进行QTL分析。控制13个形态性状的QTL主要定位在5个连锁群上,共检测到33个QTL。株高的QTL在10个连锁群上检测到2个,开展度的QTL只检测到1个,菜头直径在A03连锁群上检测到1个QTL,菜腰直径也只检测到1个QTL,叶长发现了4个QTL位点,叶柄长检测到7个QTL位点,叶柄宽度的2个QTL,与叶宽相关的3个QTL位点位于A05和A09连锁群上,柄厚在A02连锁群上检测到1个QTL,叶片数检测到3个QTL位点,单株重检测到3个QTL位点,共检测到2个控制叶片重量的QTL,叶柄重量在A02、A03和A09连锁群上分别检测到3个QTL位点。控制形态性状的QTL常常聚集在同一连锁群上同一标记区间或相近的位点上,这与性状间表型性状相关系数很高相一致。
检测到控制叶色和叶柄色的QTL共计28个。利用色差计测量,控制叶片L*值的QTL有5个,控制叶片a*值的QTL有3个,控制叶片b*值的QTL有6个；目测仅发现2个叶色相关QTL。利用色差计对叶柄色泽测量,检测到柄色L*值的QTL有4个,对于柄色a*值检测到的QTL有3个,控制柄色b*值检测到3个QTL；目测叶柄色泽发现2个QTL。分析发现控制色泽相关性状也存在QTL的密集区,标记与QTL位点紧密连锁。上述性状可以用与其连锁的单标记进行辅助选择。
Pakchoi is a subspecies of Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis, and is an important vegetable and widely cultivated in Asia. Its molecular marker-based linkage map construction and QTL mapping will provide an available reference to genomic structural study and genetic breeding in Pakchoi. In this study a DH population of Pakchoi was obtained through isolated microspore culture, and then used for molecular genetic linkage map construction, and QTL analysis for major morphological traits and plant color on the map. The main results of the present study were as follows:
In order to establish a highly effective system of microspore culture in Pakchoi, we investigated the effect of culture conditions on embryo genesis, embryonic development and plant regeneration. And the methods of ploidy identifieation for microspore-derived plantswere studied. There was a significant variation in the response of the eighteen cultivars to microspore culture.'YS07'(24.00embryos/bud) was the highest responsive accessions studied, while'YS12'was the non-responsive microspore culture genotype. Heat shock treatment at33℃for24h was more beneficial for microspore embryogenesis. The NLN medium supplemented with0.1mg/L6-BA and0.05mg/L NAA showed the best response on microspore embryogenesis. The frequency of embryogenesis on Pachkoi was improved by shaking during isolated microspore culturing. Agar concentration at10g/L was proved to be the most effective for plantlet regenerationand the frequency of other tissues (callus, browing, vitrification) were delined. The best medium was MS+3%sucrose+1.0%agar+0.1g·L-l activated charcoal. Ventilate well sealed film was beneficial to form plantplet.'1/2MS+NAA0.1mg-L"1+3%sucrose+0.8%agar'and'MS+NAA0.1mg·L-1+3%sucrose+0.8%agar'are suitable mediums for rooting.
Totally1070regenerated plants were investigated, in which18.22%were identified as haploids,24.95%were polyploids,3.83%was identified as ploidy mixed. The average spontaneous doubling frequency of the different genotypes of Brassica rapa was59.81%.
A molecular marker based genetic linkage map of Pakchoi was constructed by using the intervarietal mapping population containing182DH lines from'YS06'. There were143molecular markers on the linkage map, comprising78SSR markers and114SRAP markers. The total length of the map was995.3cM including10linkage groups and the average interval distance of the linkage map was7cM. Based on the SSR markers provided anchors to previously published map for genome A of Brassica, we associated the linkage groups to the10chromosomes. A total of30.07%distorted markers were distributed in the map and clustered on some region of the linkage group.
DH poulation and constructed linkage map were employed to map QTL for13morphological traits using composite interval mapping method. Thirty-three putative QTL were identified on5linkage groups, including2QTL for plant height,1QTL for plant dismeter,1QTL for head diameter,1QTL for waist diameter,7QTL for petiole length,2QTL for leaf width,4QTL for leaf length,2QTL for petiole width,2QTL for petiole thickness,3QTL for leaf number,3QTL for plant weight,3QTL for petiole weight, and2QTL for leaf weight. The QTL of associated traits often located on the same loci or near region of a linkage group. It was consistent with the high coefficients between phenotypic traits.
DH poulation and constructed linkage map were employed to map QTL related to leaf color and petiole color. Tristimulus colorimeter and ocula measurement were used to measure the traits related to leaf color and petiole color. A total of28QTL were detected on7linkage groups, including5QTL for CLL*,3QTL for CLa*,6QTL for CLb*,2QTL for CLO,4QTL for CPL*,3QTL for CPa*,3QTL for CPb*, and2QTL for CPO. The QTL of associated traits often located on the same loci or near region of a linkage group. These mapped QTL could be used to develop a marker assisted selection program for leaf color and petiole color in Brassica rapa crops.
以18个青梗菜品种为试材进行小孢子培养,分析了胚状体发生和发育、植株再生、再生植株继代及生根的影响因素,探讨了小孢子植株倍性鉴定方法。不同基因型试材间的小孢子胚胎发生能力有很大差异,‘YS07’胚诱导率最高,达到了24.00个／蕾,‘YS12’没有诱导出胚状体；33℃高温预处理对小孢子胚胎发生是必要的,处理时间以24h为宜；不同品种适宜添加浓度和配比有所差异,'0.05mg·L-16-BA+0.1～0.2mg·L-1NAA'效果最好；振荡培养可以改善提高胚状体诱导率,促进小孢子胚状体发育,增加子叶形胚比率,进而提高成苗率,同时振荡培养还加快了胚状体的发育速度,提高胚发育的同步性,使培养时间缩短1-4天；成苗率与胚状体发育时期关系密切,发育成熟的胚状体成苗率远高于发育不完全的胚；琼脂含量为1.0%的培养基既能满足胚状体萌发所需要的干燥环境,又能保证胚萌发所需的水分,还能有效的防止玻璃化问题,是青梗菜小孢子培养较适合成苗的培养基；适当增加培养基中蔗糖的浓度可以降低玻璃化苗的发生率,适宜的蔗糖浓度为3%；培养基中加入一定量的活性炭可以提高小孢子胚的成苗率,适宜的添加浓度为100mg·L-1；小孢子植株生根培养以'1/2MS+NAA0.1mg·L-1+3％蔗糖+1.0%琼脂’培养基为宜,生根率可达到94.33%,移栽成活率可达到83.62%。试验获得的1070株小孢子植株,单倍体占18.22%,双单倍体占59.81%,高倍体占24.95%,嵌合体占3.83%。
利用由青梗菜两个自交系配成的杂交组合YS06(705-1×705-2)进行小孢子培养得到的182个DH系构成的做图群体,应用SSR和SRAP两种标记构建遗传连锁图谱,得到1张分子遗传图谱。该图谱总长度995.3cM,包括10个连锁群、143个多态性分子标记,平均距离7.0cM。通过SSR锚定标记将本图谱与芸薹属A基因组参照连锁图的10条染色体一一对应起来。连锁群数目与染色体数相等,连锁群编号与A基因组参考图谱相对应,从A01到A10。10个连锁群中最长的连锁群为A03(173.5cM),最短为A04(59.9cM)。分子标记在连锁群上的分布比较均匀,构成图谱的标记中,共有43个表现出不同程度的偏分离,在各个连锁群均存在偏分离现象,偏分离标记比率为30.07%。
利用构建的遗传连锁图谱,对群体中分离的青梗菜形态性状进行QTL分析。控制13个形态性状的QTL主要定位在5个连锁群上,共检测到33个QTL。株高的QTL在10个连锁群上检测到2个,开展度的QTL只检测到1个,菜头直径在A03连锁群上检测到1个QTL,菜腰直径也只检测到1个QTL,叶长发现了4个QTL位点,叶柄长检测到7个QTL位点,叶柄宽度的2个QTL,与叶宽相关的3个QTL位点位于A05和A09连锁群上,柄厚在A02连锁群上检测到1个QTL,叶片数检测到3个QTL位点,单株重检测到3个QTL位点,共检测到2个控制叶片重量的QTL,叶柄重量在A02、A03和A09连锁群上分别检测到3个QTL位点。控制形态性状的QTL常常聚集在同一连锁群上同一标记区间或相近的位点上,这与性状间表型性状相关系数很高相一致。
检测到控制叶色和叶柄色的QTL共计28个。利用色差计测量,控制叶片L*值的QTL有5个,控制叶片a*值的QTL有3个,控制叶片b*值的QTL有6个；目测仅发现2个叶色相关QTL。利用色差计对叶柄色泽测量,检测到柄色L*值的QTL有4个,对于柄色a*值检测到的QTL有3个,控制柄色b*值检测到3个QTL；目测叶柄色泽发现2个QTL。分析发现控制色泽相关性状也存在QTL的密集区,标记与QTL位点紧密连锁。上述性状可以用与其连锁的单标记进行辅助选择。
Pakchoi is a subspecies of Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis, and is an important vegetable and widely cultivated in Asia. Its molecular marker-based linkage map construction and QTL mapping will provide an available reference to genomic structural study and genetic breeding in Pakchoi. In this study a DH population of Pakchoi was obtained through isolated microspore culture, and then used for molecular genetic linkage map construction, and QTL analysis for major morphological traits and plant color on the map. The main results of the present study were as follows:
In order to establish a highly effective system of microspore culture in Pakchoi, we investigated the effect of culture conditions on embryo genesis, embryonic development and plant regeneration. And the methods of ploidy identifieation for microspore-derived plantswere studied. There was a significant variation in the response of the eighteen cultivars to microspore culture.'YS07'(24.00embryos/bud) was the highest responsive accessions studied, while'YS12'was the non-responsive microspore culture genotype. Heat shock treatment at33℃for24h was more beneficial for microspore embryogenesis. The NLN medium supplemented with0.1mg/L6-BA and0.05mg/L NAA showed the best response on microspore embryogenesis. The frequency of embryogenesis on Pachkoi was improved by shaking during isolated microspore culturing. Agar concentration at10g/L was proved to be the most effective for plantlet regenerationand the frequency of other tissues (callus, browing, vitrification) were delined. The best medium was MS+3%sucrose+1.0%agar+0.1g·L-l activated charcoal. Ventilate well sealed film was beneficial to form plantplet.'1/2MS+NAA0.1mg-L"1+3%sucrose+0.8%agar'and'MS+NAA0.1mg·L-1+3%sucrose+0.8%agar'are suitable mediums for rooting.
Totally1070regenerated plants were investigated, in which18.22%were identified as haploids,24.95%were polyploids,3.83%was identified as ploidy mixed. The average spontaneous doubling frequency of the different genotypes of Brassica rapa was59.81%.
A molecular marker based genetic linkage map of Pakchoi was constructed by using the intervarietal mapping population containing182DH lines from'YS06'. There were143molecular markers on the linkage map, comprising78SSR markers and114SRAP markers. The total length of the map was995.3cM including10linkage groups and the average interval distance of the linkage map was7cM. Based on the SSR markers provided anchors to previously published map for genome A of Brassica, we associated the linkage groups to the10chromosomes. A total of30.07%distorted markers were distributed in the map and clustered on some region of the linkage group.
DH poulation and constructed linkage map were employed to map QTL for13morphological traits using composite interval mapping method. Thirty-three putative QTL were identified on5linkage groups, including2QTL for plant height,1QTL for plant dismeter,1QTL for head diameter,1QTL for waist diameter,7QTL for petiole length,2QTL for leaf width,4QTL for leaf length,2QTL for petiole width,2QTL for petiole thickness,3QTL for leaf number,3QTL for plant weight,3QTL for petiole weight, and2QTL for leaf weight. The QTL of associated traits often located on the same loci or near region of a linkage group. It was consistent with the high coefficients between phenotypic traits.
DH poulation and constructed linkage map were employed to map QTL related to leaf color and petiole color. Tristimulus colorimeter and ocula measurement were used to measure the traits related to leaf color and petiole color. A total of28QTL were detected on7linkage groups, including5QTL for CLL*,3QTL for CLa*,6QTL for CLb*,2QTL for CLO,4QTL for CPL*,3QTL for CPa*,3QTL for CPb*, and2QTL for CPO. The QTL of associated traits often located on the same loci or near region of a linkage group. These mapped QTL could be used to develop a marker assisted selection program for leaf color and petiole color in Brassica rapa crops.
引文
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