基于Sagnac效应的新型腔衰荡气体浓度测量系统的研究
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摘要
石油化工、矿山开采、能源开发、生物工程等过程中产生的有毒有害、易燃易爆气体严重影响了大气环境质量,威胁人类生存和削弱了可持续发展的能力。因此,对这些气体进行实时检测具有十分重要的意义。传统的气体浓度测量方法在一定程度上能满足目前实际应用中气体监测的基本需求,但这些测量方法的检测精度比较低,已经不能满足当前的需要。本论文针对这一问题设计了一种高精度气体浓度测量系统。具体内容包括:
首先,对气体吸收原理、腔衰荡测量技术原理、谐振腔的多光束干涉原理以及CRDS的灵敏度计算进行理论研究和分析。
其次,提出了一种新型的连续波腔衰荡微量气体浓度测量系统。系统中利用环形光路的Sagnac效应,将光纤环作为一个等效反射镜,与高反射率镜形成衰荡腔,实现衰荡腔的反射率可调。在此基础上,对环形光路Sagnac效应和腔衰荡测量技术原理进行理论分析及推导,得到连续波腔衰荡微量气体浓度测量公式以及光纤环转速对微量气体浓度测量系统的影响。
最后,通过实验仿真得到反射率与光纤环路转速、反射率与腔衰荡曲线关系图和不同光开启时间和关断时间下的腔出射光强度,并通过实验测得不同浓度的CO2衰荡时间,得到当气体浓度越高吸收能力越强,衰荡时间越短的结论,验证了本系统的有效性。针对系统中外部环境和光电探测器带来的噪声,设计了数学形态学滤波器滤除噪声,效果比较理想。
结果表明,该测量系统的研究方法和思路对实际应用中气体浓度的测量有一定的参考价值。
The poisonous, harmful, combustible and explosive gases generated during the process of petrochemical industry, mineral exploitation, energy development and biotechnology have a strong impact on the environment of atmosphere, living condition and sustainable development ability. Therefore, the real-time concentration detection of these gases is very important. Traditional gas concentration measurement methods complete the real gas concentration detection mission to some extent,but the detecting precision of those methods is low,it can not meet the current needs.In this paper,a novel high accuracy gas concentration measurement system is proposed and studied.The main content includes:
First, the principles of gas absorption, the measurement principle of cavity ring-down and multiple beam interference is researched.
Secondly, a new trace gas concentration measurement system of continuous wave(cw) cavity ring-down spectroscopy(CRDS) is proposed. In this system, the fiber loop based on the Sagnac effects served as a reflector and formed a resonator with a high-reflectivity reflector. It can achieve the reflectivity of the resonator tunable. On this basis, the theoretical analysis and derivation of fiber loop’s Sagnac effect and the measurement principle of cavity ring-down are proposed, meanwhile we can obtain the formula of measurement of the trace gas concentration based on CWCRDS and influence of fiber loop rotational speed to the trace gas concentration measurement system.
Finally, the relationship between reflectivity and fiber loop rotational speed is obtained via the experimental simulation, and so the reflectivity and cavity ring-down graphs. the ring down time of CO2 with different concentration was obtained via experiment, and the results show that with the higher concentration, the stronger absorption and the shorter ring-down time. The system filter the noise of photoelectric detector by using mathematical morphology filtering method and the excellent effect can be achieved.
The results show that the proposed system can provide a certain applcation value to the gas concentration measurement.
首先,对气体吸收原理、腔衰荡测量技术原理、谐振腔的多光束干涉原理以及CRDS的灵敏度计算进行理论研究和分析。
其次,提出了一种新型的连续波腔衰荡微量气体浓度测量系统。系统中利用环形光路的Sagnac效应,将光纤环作为一个等效反射镜,与高反射率镜形成衰荡腔,实现衰荡腔的反射率可调。在此基础上,对环形光路Sagnac效应和腔衰荡测量技术原理进行理论分析及推导,得到连续波腔衰荡微量气体浓度测量公式以及光纤环转速对微量气体浓度测量系统的影响。
最后,通过实验仿真得到反射率与光纤环路转速、反射率与腔衰荡曲线关系图和不同光开启时间和关断时间下的腔出射光强度,并通过实验测得不同浓度的CO2衰荡时间,得到当气体浓度越高吸收能力越强,衰荡时间越短的结论,验证了本系统的有效性。针对系统中外部环境和光电探测器带来的噪声,设计了数学形态学滤波器滤除噪声,效果比较理想。
结果表明,该测量系统的研究方法和思路对实际应用中气体浓度的测量有一定的参考价值。
The poisonous, harmful, combustible and explosive gases generated during the process of petrochemical industry, mineral exploitation, energy development and biotechnology have a strong impact on the environment of atmosphere, living condition and sustainable development ability. Therefore, the real-time concentration detection of these gases is very important. Traditional gas concentration measurement methods complete the real gas concentration detection mission to some extent,but the detecting precision of those methods is low,it can not meet the current needs.In this paper,a novel high accuracy gas concentration measurement system is proposed and studied.The main content includes:
First, the principles of gas absorption, the measurement principle of cavity ring-down and multiple beam interference is researched.
Secondly, a new trace gas concentration measurement system of continuous wave(cw) cavity ring-down spectroscopy(CRDS) is proposed. In this system, the fiber loop based on the Sagnac effects served as a reflector and formed a resonator with a high-reflectivity reflector. It can achieve the reflectivity of the resonator tunable. On this basis, the theoretical analysis and derivation of fiber loop’s Sagnac effect and the measurement principle of cavity ring-down are proposed, meanwhile we can obtain the formula of measurement of the trace gas concentration based on CWCRDS and influence of fiber loop rotational speed to the trace gas concentration measurement system.
Finally, the relationship between reflectivity and fiber loop rotational speed is obtained via the experimental simulation, and so the reflectivity and cavity ring-down graphs. the ring down time of CO2 with different concentration was obtained via experiment, and the results show that with the higher concentration, the stronger absorption and the shorter ring-down time. The system filter the noise of photoelectric detector by using mathematical morphology filtering method and the excellent effect can be achieved.
The results show that the proposed system can provide a certain applcation value to the gas concentration measurement.
引文
1谢望.气体传感器技术的现状和发展趋势.仪器仪表用户, 2006, 13(5):1-2
2黄和,徐刚,于汉成,等.国内外天燃气流量计检测技术现状及进展.天然气和石油, 2009, 27(2): 43-47
3 A. O’Keefe, D.A.G. Decon. Cavity Ring-Down Optical Spectrometer for Absorption Measurements Using Pulsed Laser Sources. Rev. Sci. Instrurn, 1988, 59(12): 2544-2550
4 Perter Verle, Franz Slemr, Karl Maurer, et al.. Near and Mid Infrared Laser Optical Sensors for Gas Analysis. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2002, 37(3):101-114
5赵爱萍.基于气相色谱技术的采空区有害气体分析.科技情报开发与经济, 2008, 18(4): 141-142
6阮俊,李春瑛.用于气体分析的气相色谱技术.计量与测试技术, 2008, 35(11): 14-15
7梁汉昌,孙传忠,李先波.工业气体分析中的气相色谱分析技术进展.计测技术, 2005, 25(5): 6-7
8蒋明,宁平,师雁.废气中硫化氢的气相色谱测定法.环境与健康, 2008, 25(12): 1088-1090
9黄和,徐刚,于汉成,等.国内外天燃气流量计检测技术现状及进展.天然气和石油, 2009, 27(2): 43-47
10郑龙江,李鹏,秦瑞峰,等.气体浓度检测光学技术的研究现状和发展趋势.激光与光电子学进展, 2008, 45(8): 24-32
11 G.Stewart, G.Whitenett, B.Culshaw, et al.. Design of Fiber Laser and Sensor Systems for Gas Spectroscopy in the Near-IR. Proceedings of SPIE, 2004, 5272(1):172-180
12 K. Chan, H. Inaba. 10 km Long Fiber Optical Remote Sensing of CH4 Gas by Near Infrared Absorption. Applied Physics, 1985, 38: 11-15
13李宁,王飞,严建华等.利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术对气体浓度的测量.中国电机工程学报, 2004, 25(15):121-125
14王玉田.光电子学与光纤传感器技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2003: 220-221
15王鸿雷.光干涉型与催化型瓦斯检定器应用对比分析.煤炭技术, 2008, 27(2): 29-30
16 Harri, GW. , Winer, A.M., J. N. , Platt, U.Perner, D.Optical and Laser Remote sensing. SPringer-verlag, Berlin, 1983
17 D.E.Burch and R.L.Alt, Continuum absorption by H2 O in the 700-1200㎝-1 and 2400-2800㎝-1 windows, AFGL-TR-94-0128, AFGL, HanseomAFB, MA, 1984.
18 P. Spmg, H.w. Qin, S.x. Huang, et al.. Characteristics and Sensing Properties of La0.8Pb0.2Fe1-xNixO3 System for CO Gas Sensors. Materials Science and Engineering B, 2007, 138(1):193-197
19 R.S. Brown, I. Kozin. Fiber-Loop Ring-Down Spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys, 2002, 117(23): 10444-10447
20 Jackson DA.The Spherical Fabry-Perot Interferometer as an Instrument of High Resolving Power for use with External or with Internal Atomic Beams.Proc.of Royal Soc.London, Ser.A, 1961, 263:289—308
21 Kastler A.Transmission d’une impulsion lumineuse par un interfkromhtre de Fabry-Perot. Nouv. Rev. Optique(Paris). 1974, 5(1):133-139.
22 Hebelin J.M., Mckay J.A.,et al., Appl., 1980, 19:1
23 Herbelin J M, McKay J A, M A.Sensitive measurement of photon lifetime and true reflectances in an optical cavity by a phase—shift method. Appl. Opt. 1980, 19(1),144-147
24 Anderson D Z, Frisch J C, Masser C S. Mirror reflectometer based on optical cavity decay time. Appl. Opt. 1984, 23(8), 1238-1245.
25 Crawford T M. Error sources in the ring down optical cavity decay time mirror reflectometer. Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. 1985, 540:295-302.
26 Mejer G, Boogaarte M G H, Wodtk A M. Coherent cavity ring down spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1994, 217(1-2):112-116.
27 D. Romanino, A.A. Kachanov, et al. Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy: Broadband Absolute Absorption Measurement, Chem. Phys. Lett, 1997, 270: 546-550
28 M. Hippler, M. Quack. CW Cavity Ringdown Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy in Pulsed Supersonic Jets: Nitrous Oxide and Methane. Chem. Phys. Lett, 1997, 314: 273-281
29 H. Yabai, O.B.J. Ringdown and Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy Using a Continuous-Wave Tunable Diode Laser and a Rapidly Swept Optical Cavity. Chem. Phys. Lett, 2000, 319: 131-137
30 Y. He, G.W. Baxter et al. Locking the Cavity of a Pulsed PPLN Optical Parametric Oscillator to the Wavelength of a CW Injection-Seeder by Intensity-Dip Method. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 1999, 70: 3203-3213
31 Z.M. Rittersma, A. Splinter, A Bodecker, et al.. A Novel Surface-Micromachined Capacitive Porous Silicon Humidity Sensor. Sensor and Actuators, 2000, 68(1):210- 217
32戴东旭,孙福革,康路,等.高重复频率实时采集的光腔衰荡光谱.化学物理学报, 1997, 6: 481-486
33马辉,董国轩,何秋荣,等.腔衰荡吸收多指数模型研究.光谱学与光谱分析, 1998, 18(2): 135-138
34赵宏太,柳晓军,王瑾,等.用光腔衰荡测定腔镜及镜片的反射率.光电子·激光, 2001,12(1):71-73
35赵宏太,柳晓军,詹明生.衰荡法四腔镜反射率及腔内吸收测量.量子电子学报, 2001, 18(3): 213-216
36孙宏波,熊胜明,高丽峰.基于光腔衰荡的反射率测量技术的研究.光学仪器, 2004,26(2): 174-177
37李利平,刘涛,李刚等.超高精细度光学腔中低损耗的测量.物理学报2004,53(5):1401-1405.
38龚元,李斌成.宽谱连续波复合衰荡光腔技术测量高反射率.中国激光2007, 34(6):857-860
39谭中奇,龙兴武.连续波腔衰荡技术原理推导及实验研究.应用激光2006,26(6):452-456
40谭中奇,龙兴武.模式失配对连续波腔衰荡技术测量的影响.中国激光2007, 34(7):962-966
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2黄和,徐刚,于汉成,等.国内外天燃气流量计检测技术现状及进展.天然气和石油, 2009, 27(2): 43-47
3 A. O’Keefe, D.A.G. Decon. Cavity Ring-Down Optical Spectrometer for Absorption Measurements Using Pulsed Laser Sources. Rev. Sci. Instrurn, 1988, 59(12): 2544-2550
4 Perter Verle, Franz Slemr, Karl Maurer, et al.. Near and Mid Infrared Laser Optical Sensors for Gas Analysis. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2002, 37(3):101-114
5赵爱萍.基于气相色谱技术的采空区有害气体分析.科技情报开发与经济, 2008, 18(4): 141-142
6阮俊,李春瑛.用于气体分析的气相色谱技术.计量与测试技术, 2008, 35(11): 14-15
7梁汉昌,孙传忠,李先波.工业气体分析中的气相色谱分析技术进展.计测技术, 2005, 25(5): 6-7
8蒋明,宁平,师雁.废气中硫化氢的气相色谱测定法.环境与健康, 2008, 25(12): 1088-1090
9黄和,徐刚,于汉成,等.国内外天燃气流量计检测技术现状及进展.天然气和石油, 2009, 27(2): 43-47
10郑龙江,李鹏,秦瑞峰,等.气体浓度检测光学技术的研究现状和发展趋势.激光与光电子学进展, 2008, 45(8): 24-32
11 G.Stewart, G.Whitenett, B.Culshaw, et al.. Design of Fiber Laser and Sensor Systems for Gas Spectroscopy in the Near-IR. Proceedings of SPIE, 2004, 5272(1):172-180
12 K. Chan, H. Inaba. 10 km Long Fiber Optical Remote Sensing of CH4 Gas by Near Infrared Absorption. Applied Physics, 1985, 38: 11-15
13李宁,王飞,严建华等.利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术对气体浓度的测量.中国电机工程学报, 2004, 25(15):121-125
14王玉田.光电子学与光纤传感器技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2003: 220-221
15王鸿雷.光干涉型与催化型瓦斯检定器应用对比分析.煤炭技术, 2008, 27(2): 29-30
16 Harri, GW. , Winer, A.M., J. N. , Platt, U.Perner, D.Optical and Laser Remote sensing. SPringer-verlag, Berlin, 1983
17 D.E.Burch and R.L.Alt, Continuum absorption by H2 O in the 700-1200㎝-1 and 2400-2800㎝-1 windows, AFGL-TR-94-0128, AFGL, HanseomAFB, MA, 1984.
18 P. Spmg, H.w. Qin, S.x. Huang, et al.. Characteristics and Sensing Properties of La0.8Pb0.2Fe1-xNixO3 System for CO Gas Sensors. Materials Science and Engineering B, 2007, 138(1):193-197
19 R.S. Brown, I. Kozin. Fiber-Loop Ring-Down Spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys, 2002, 117(23): 10444-10447
20 Jackson DA.The Spherical Fabry-Perot Interferometer as an Instrument of High Resolving Power for use with External or with Internal Atomic Beams.Proc.of Royal Soc.London, Ser.A, 1961, 263:289—308
21 Kastler A.Transmission d’une impulsion lumineuse par un interfkromhtre de Fabry-Perot. Nouv. Rev. Optique(Paris). 1974, 5(1):133-139.
22 Hebelin J.M., Mckay J.A.,et al., Appl., 1980, 19:1
23 Herbelin J M, McKay J A, M A.Sensitive measurement of photon lifetime and true reflectances in an optical cavity by a phase—shift method. Appl. Opt. 1980, 19(1),144-147
24 Anderson D Z, Frisch J C, Masser C S. Mirror reflectometer based on optical cavity decay time. Appl. Opt. 1984, 23(8), 1238-1245.
25 Crawford T M. Error sources in the ring down optical cavity decay time mirror reflectometer. Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. 1985, 540:295-302.
26 Mejer G, Boogaarte M G H, Wodtk A M. Coherent cavity ring down spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1994, 217(1-2):112-116.
27 D. Romanino, A.A. Kachanov, et al. Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy: Broadband Absolute Absorption Measurement, Chem. Phys. Lett, 1997, 270: 546-550
28 M. Hippler, M. Quack. CW Cavity Ringdown Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy in Pulsed Supersonic Jets: Nitrous Oxide and Methane. Chem. Phys. Lett, 1997, 314: 273-281
29 H. Yabai, O.B.J. Ringdown and Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy Using a Continuous-Wave Tunable Diode Laser and a Rapidly Swept Optical Cavity. Chem. Phys. Lett, 2000, 319: 131-137
30 Y. He, G.W. Baxter et al. Locking the Cavity of a Pulsed PPLN Optical Parametric Oscillator to the Wavelength of a CW Injection-Seeder by Intensity-Dip Method. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 1999, 70: 3203-3213
31 Z.M. Rittersma, A. Splinter, A Bodecker, et al.. A Novel Surface-Micromachined Capacitive Porous Silicon Humidity Sensor. Sensor and Actuators, 2000, 68(1):210- 217
32戴东旭,孙福革,康路,等.高重复频率实时采集的光腔衰荡光谱.化学物理学报, 1997, 6: 481-486
33马辉,董国轩,何秋荣,等.腔衰荡吸收多指数模型研究.光谱学与光谱分析, 1998, 18(2): 135-138
34赵宏太,柳晓军,王瑾,等.用光腔衰荡测定腔镜及镜片的反射率.光电子·激光, 2001,12(1):71-73
35赵宏太,柳晓军,詹明生.衰荡法四腔镜反射率及腔内吸收测量.量子电子学报, 2001, 18(3): 213-216
36孙宏波,熊胜明,高丽峰.基于光腔衰荡的反射率测量技术的研究.光学仪器, 2004,26(2): 174-177
37李利平,刘涛,李刚等.超高精细度光学腔中低损耗的测量.物理学报2004,53(5):1401-1405.
38龚元,李斌成.宽谱连续波复合衰荡光腔技术测量高反射率.中国激光2007, 34(6):857-860
39谭中奇,龙兴武.连续波腔衰荡技术原理推导及实验研究.应用激光2006,26(6):452-456
40谭中奇,龙兴武.模式失配对连续波腔衰荡技术测量的影响.中国激光2007, 34(7):962-966
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