中国入境旅游流复杂网络的结构特征与角色定位研究
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摘要
旅游流作为旅游学研究的核心问题之一,一直倍受国内外学者的关注,在理论和实践方面都取得了丰硕的成果。但已有研究主要是从研究对象的属性数据出发,多利用多元回归或者结构方程模型对旅游流的空间结构、动力机制等问题进行研究,而基于关系视角分析探讨旅游流现象和旅游流网络结构的成果尚不多见。本文基于结构关系视角,通过构建旅游流复杂网络模型,深入系统地分析入境旅游流在空间结构、等级结构、拓扑结构上的特征及演化规律,探讨了基于网络结构约束下的目的地角色功能定位以及形成当前网络结构的动因。该研究一方面对于丰富和完善旅游地理学理论体系,特别是旅游流研究的理论和方法具有较好意义；另一方面从实践角度研究我国入境旅游区域联合开发、旅游产品和线路的设计以及旅游流调控,对于辅助管理部门和旅游企业进行科学决策具有实践应用价值。
本文依托国家自然科学基金项目《中国入境旅游流网络结构优化研究》(NO.41071090),根据旅游地理学、复杂系统理论、网络科学等多学科理论,基于社会网络分析、分形分析、地理时空耦合分析等分析方法,运用SPSS、UCINET以及PAJEK等计算机软件,以国家权威部门发布的入境旅游统计数据和抽样调查资料为基础,以入境旅游流的网络结构作为研究主线,系统研究中国入境旅游流复杂网络的结构特征及演化规律、角色定位和动力因素,探索了入境旅游流网络形成、发展的基本规律及其内在机理。
本文主要研究结论：
(1)中国入境旅游流复杂网络是一个典型的“小世界”网络,具有东强西弱的区域结构特征和以京沪粤为核心其它地区为边缘的等级结构特征,网络结构经历了匀质化和中心化两个发展阶段。
(2)中国入境旅游流复杂网络的等级结构、空间结构和角色系统三者高度融合,具有明显的的核心—边缘结构。角色区域化特征逐渐显现,长三角、环渤海、西三角等旅游圈层结构先后涌现,成为入境游客重要的集散中心和中转地。
(3)区域经济发展水平、旅游接待能力、旅游疏导能力和旅游营销水平在入境旅游流复杂网络中具有自相关特征,入境游客倾向于在GDP、星级饭店数量指数、旅行社数量、旅游从业人员指标相差不大的省份间旅行；在人均GDP、对外贸易总额、外贸依存度、航空旅客吞吐量、省级旅游营销水平和主要城市旅游营销水平指标相差较大的省份间旅行；而各省的星级饭店质量指数、铁路运输量、客运总量指标对入境旅游流的影响较小。此外,航空联系频繁的省域间入境旅游流关联很密切。
本研究的主要创新点是：
(1)运用复杂网络理论对入境旅游流系统进行系统的历时性分析,从点、二方关系、三方组和整体网4个认知层面,深入分析入境旅游流复杂网络的结构特征及其演化规律。
(2)将平衡理论和三方谱分析法、基于结构对等性的位置-角色模型和点—关系层次的假设检验方法引入旅游流研究,拓展了复杂网络理论相关方法在旅游流研究领域的应用。
(3)通过对中国入境旅游流复杂网络拓扑结构的研究发现,中国入境旅游流网络是一个具有层次性、核心—边缘空间结构的小世界网络,连接度高的旅游目的地其地位等级也高,它们倾向于相互连接并构成了入境旅游流复杂网络的骨架。
As one of the key issues of study on tourism, tourist flow has drawn attention from scholars at home and abroad. Theoretical research and practice in this area have witnessed fruitful achievements. However, most of existing studies are conducted from the perspective of the attribute data of the research subject and focus on the spatial structure and dynamic factors of tourist flow through multiple regression analysis or by applying structural equation models. Few studies have been done on the phenomenon and network structure of tourist flow from the relation perspective. Through an in-depth analysis of the features and evolutionary trend of the spatial structure, hierarchical organization, and topological structure of inbound tourist flow, from the perspective of structuralism, the thesis constructs a complex network model of tourist flow to explores the roles, functions, and positioning of tourist destinations under the restraint of network structure and the dynamic factors of the existing network structure. On one hand, this thesis helps to enrich the theoretical system of tourism geography, especially the theories and methodology research on tourist flow. On the other hand, this thesis helps management authorities and tourist businesses in their decision-making process by offering references about regional joint development of Chinese inbound tourism, design of tourist products and routes, and control of tourist flow.
Attached to Research on Optimization of Network Structure of Chinese Inbound Tourist Flow(NO.41071090) funded by NSFC, this thesis, combining tourism geography theory, complex system theory, and network science theory, adopting social network analysis, fractal analysis, and coupling analysis by using such computer software as SPSS、UCINET and PAJEK, and based upon inbound tourist statistics published by relevant authorities and sample investigation, conducts a systematic research on structural features, evolutionary trend, roles, positioning, and dynamic factors of the complex Chinese inbound tourist flow network, exploring the basic rules of its establishment and development and its inherent mechanism.
This thesis reaches several conclusions:
(1) Chinese inbound tourist flow network is a typical "small-world" network, which bears the regional characteristic of "East strong-West weak" and the hierarchical characteristic of "Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou centered-other regions bordered". And the network experiences two stages of homogenization and centralization.
(2) The spatial structure, hierarchical organization, and character system of Chinese inbound tourist flow network are closely related, which forms an obvious "core-edge" structure. And the characteristics of regional roles appear gradually. The tourist areas of Yangtze River Delta, Bohai Rim and West Delta have emerged and became an important distribution center and transit depot of inbound tourist.
(3) The regional economy development level, tourist reception capacity and tourism marketing level are auto-correlated in inbound tourist flow network. The inbound tourists tend to travel in provinces where their GDP, the number of star grade hotels, travel agencies, and travel agents are alike; meanwhile, they choose to travel in provinces where their PGDP, foreign trade volume, foreign trade dependence, air passenger throughput, provincial tourist marketing level and main city marketing level are largely different; nevertheless, the quality of star grade hotels, railway traffic, and total passengers of provinces have less influence on the inbound tourist flow. Besides, provinces whose airlines contact frequently are related closely.
The innovations of this study are:
(1) The thesis conducts a diachronic analysis on the inbound tourist flow system based on complex network theory; the structural characteristics and evolution laws of inbound tourist flow network are also deeply analyzed from four cognitive perspectives, namely, single point, dyad relations, triad and overall network.
(2) The thesis introduces several theories and methods into the tourist flow study, such as the balance theory, three party spectrum analysis methods and hypothesis testing based on models of structural equivalent positioning and roles as well as models of single point relationship. This introduction extends the application of complex network theory in the study of tourist flow.
(3) By studying on the topological structure of Chinese inbound tourist flow network, the author points out that the Chinese inbound tourist flow network is a "small world" network featured with understanding hierarchy and core-edge special structure. The tourist destinations which are closely connected share high status and are inclined to bond and form the basic structure of the inbound tourist flow network.
本文依托国家自然科学基金项目《中国入境旅游流网络结构优化研究》(NO.41071090),根据旅游地理学、复杂系统理论、网络科学等多学科理论,基于社会网络分析、分形分析、地理时空耦合分析等分析方法,运用SPSS、UCINET以及PAJEK等计算机软件,以国家权威部门发布的入境旅游统计数据和抽样调查资料为基础,以入境旅游流的网络结构作为研究主线,系统研究中国入境旅游流复杂网络的结构特征及演化规律、角色定位和动力因素,探索了入境旅游流网络形成、发展的基本规律及其内在机理。
本文主要研究结论：
(1)中国入境旅游流复杂网络是一个典型的“小世界”网络,具有东强西弱的区域结构特征和以京沪粤为核心其它地区为边缘的等级结构特征,网络结构经历了匀质化和中心化两个发展阶段。
(2)中国入境旅游流复杂网络的等级结构、空间结构和角色系统三者高度融合,具有明显的的核心—边缘结构。角色区域化特征逐渐显现,长三角、环渤海、西三角等旅游圈层结构先后涌现,成为入境游客重要的集散中心和中转地。
(3)区域经济发展水平、旅游接待能力、旅游疏导能力和旅游营销水平在入境旅游流复杂网络中具有自相关特征,入境游客倾向于在GDP、星级饭店数量指数、旅行社数量、旅游从业人员指标相差不大的省份间旅行；在人均GDP、对外贸易总额、外贸依存度、航空旅客吞吐量、省级旅游营销水平和主要城市旅游营销水平指标相差较大的省份间旅行；而各省的星级饭店质量指数、铁路运输量、客运总量指标对入境旅游流的影响较小。此外,航空联系频繁的省域间入境旅游流关联很密切。
本研究的主要创新点是：
(1)运用复杂网络理论对入境旅游流系统进行系统的历时性分析,从点、二方关系、三方组和整体网4个认知层面,深入分析入境旅游流复杂网络的结构特征及其演化规律。
(2)将平衡理论和三方谱分析法、基于结构对等性的位置-角色模型和点—关系层次的假设检验方法引入旅游流研究,拓展了复杂网络理论相关方法在旅游流研究领域的应用。
(3)通过对中国入境旅游流复杂网络拓扑结构的研究发现,中国入境旅游流网络是一个具有层次性、核心—边缘空间结构的小世界网络,连接度高的旅游目的地其地位等级也高,它们倾向于相互连接并构成了入境旅游流复杂网络的骨架。
As one of the key issues of study on tourism, tourist flow has drawn attention from scholars at home and abroad. Theoretical research and practice in this area have witnessed fruitful achievements. However, most of existing studies are conducted from the perspective of the attribute data of the research subject and focus on the spatial structure and dynamic factors of tourist flow through multiple regression analysis or by applying structural equation models. Few studies have been done on the phenomenon and network structure of tourist flow from the relation perspective. Through an in-depth analysis of the features and evolutionary trend of the spatial structure, hierarchical organization, and topological structure of inbound tourist flow, from the perspective of structuralism, the thesis constructs a complex network model of tourist flow to explores the roles, functions, and positioning of tourist destinations under the restraint of network structure and the dynamic factors of the existing network structure. On one hand, this thesis helps to enrich the theoretical system of tourism geography, especially the theories and methodology research on tourist flow. On the other hand, this thesis helps management authorities and tourist businesses in their decision-making process by offering references about regional joint development of Chinese inbound tourism, design of tourist products and routes, and control of tourist flow.
Attached to Research on Optimization of Network Structure of Chinese Inbound Tourist Flow(NO.41071090) funded by NSFC, this thesis, combining tourism geography theory, complex system theory, and network science theory, adopting social network analysis, fractal analysis, and coupling analysis by using such computer software as SPSS、UCINET and PAJEK, and based upon inbound tourist statistics published by relevant authorities and sample investigation, conducts a systematic research on structural features, evolutionary trend, roles, positioning, and dynamic factors of the complex Chinese inbound tourist flow network, exploring the basic rules of its establishment and development and its inherent mechanism.
This thesis reaches several conclusions:
(1) Chinese inbound tourist flow network is a typical "small-world" network, which bears the regional characteristic of "East strong-West weak" and the hierarchical characteristic of "Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou centered-other regions bordered". And the network experiences two stages of homogenization and centralization.
(2) The spatial structure, hierarchical organization, and character system of Chinese inbound tourist flow network are closely related, which forms an obvious "core-edge" structure. And the characteristics of regional roles appear gradually. The tourist areas of Yangtze River Delta, Bohai Rim and West Delta have emerged and became an important distribution center and transit depot of inbound tourist.
(3) The regional economy development level, tourist reception capacity and tourism marketing level are auto-correlated in inbound tourist flow network. The inbound tourists tend to travel in provinces where their GDP, the number of star grade hotels, travel agencies, and travel agents are alike; meanwhile, they choose to travel in provinces where their PGDP, foreign trade volume, foreign trade dependence, air passenger throughput, provincial tourist marketing level and main city marketing level are largely different; nevertheless, the quality of star grade hotels, railway traffic, and total passengers of provinces have less influence on the inbound tourist flow. Besides, provinces whose airlines contact frequently are related closely.
The innovations of this study are:
(1) The thesis conducts a diachronic analysis on the inbound tourist flow system based on complex network theory; the structural characteristics and evolution laws of inbound tourist flow network are also deeply analyzed from four cognitive perspectives, namely, single point, dyad relations, triad and overall network.
(2) The thesis introduces several theories and methods into the tourist flow study, such as the balance theory, three party spectrum analysis methods and hypothesis testing based on models of structural equivalent positioning and roles as well as models of single point relationship. This introduction extends the application of complex network theory in the study of tourist flow.
(3) By studying on the topological structure of Chinese inbound tourist flow network, the author points out that the Chinese inbound tourist flow network is a "small world" network featured with understanding hierarchy and core-edge special structure. The tourist destinations which are closely connected share high status and are inclined to bond and form the basic structure of the inbound tourist flow network.
引文
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