运用社会认知论对北京地区大学生体育锻炼行为的研究
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摘要
大学生作为未来社会的主力军,是祖国建设的未来栋梁,在大学阶段形成对体育锻炼积极的态度和行为,养成良好的锻炼习惯,对今后走上工作岗位后维持身体健康乃至坚持终身体育锻炼都有积极的影响。然而大学生的体质现状令人堪忧。国家对大学生体质健康的提高相当重视,出台了一系列相应措施。因此,关注和重视高校大学生体育锻炼和健康问题,加强大学生体育锻炼,增强大学生体质,全面提高大学生的身心健康水平,是十分重要而迫切的问题。本研究以Bandura的社会认知理论为理论模型,以北京市6所大学的708名非体育专业大学生为研究对象,采用文献资料法、调查问卷法、数理统计法、专家访谈法等研究方法,调查了非体育专业大学生的体育锻炼情况及其影响因素。初步得出了以下结论:
1、非体育专业大学生的体育锻炼行为不容乐观。本调查结果显示,23.9%的大学生体育锻炼不足。男生锻炼整体情况略好于女生。其中,男生锻炼不足的比例是17.7%,女生锻炼不足的比例为27.5%。40.2%的大四女生,体育锻炼不足。更加值得注意的是,由10.7%的大学生报告在填写问卷的前7天内,他们没有参与任何体育锻炼。
2、不同年级的非体育专业大学生体育锻炼特征有所不同。男生的体育锻炼行为随着年级而波动,二、四年级的锻炼情况好于一、三年级。女生的体育锻炼行为随着年级升高而降低。
3、非体育专业大学生参与体育锻炼的自我效能感。无论男生还是女生都属于低自我效能感。大学生对克服障碍参与体育锻炼的信心不高。
4、非体育专业男大学生的体育锻炼自我调整行为高于女生。男生和女生在体育锻炼的目标设定方面做的并不好,而在体育锻炼的计划按排方面是做得比较好的。
5、非体育专业大学生对体育锻炼的生理结果预期,无论男生还是女生都是积极的,而对体育锻炼的心理结果预期,男生还是积极的,女生却是消极的。
6、在感知到的障碍方面,对于男生来说,排在前五位的障碍分别是:认为其他娱乐活动更有趣、担心自己的运动表现、上课时间紧张、没有足够的精力和父母对学习成绩的重视超过体育。对女生来说,排在前五名的障碍分别是:认为其他娱乐活动更有趣、上课时间紧张、没有足够的精力、担心自己的运动表现和体育活动太难太累人。
7、社会认知理论四个变量与非体育专业大学生体育锻炼行为的关系中,自我效能感和结果预期对大学生的体育锻炼行为的关系更为紧密。
As the future main social force,university students are the spinal of the future society.The attitudes and behaviors of physical activity(PA) which university students get in the university is crucial for their health,and have the continuous affect on their future lifestyle.However, the fitness and health condition of Chinese university students is not optimistic.The continuous decline of university students' fitness and health condition caused the government' s attention.The Chinese government established a series of regulations to stimulate university students to participate more PA and promote their fitness and health conditions.Therefore,it is an urgent issue to do some research on the university students' PA behavior,help them built the healthy lifestyle The present research based on Bandura' s Social Cognitive Theory investigated 708 university students whose major was not PA from 6 univerisities in Beijing.The meta-analysis,questionnaire investigation,statistics and experts interview were used to analysis university students' PA behavior and the determinants.The major results are the following:
1、The PA behavior of university students is very concerned.The inversitigation shows that 23.9%Chinese university students were physically inactive.The situation of male students(17.7%) are little bit better than female(27.5%).There are 10.7%students reported that they were totally sedentary in the last 7 days.40.2%fourth year female students are physically inactive.
2、There are differences among university students PA according to the year in university.For male students,the second year and fourth year were better than first and third yeas.For female students,their PA was decline as the year increase.
3、Both male and female students were reported low self-efficacy of PA.There are significant differences between male and female students
4、The male students' self-regulatory behavior is high than female.Both male and female are scored higher in goal setting sub-category,but low in the planning.There are significant differences between male and female students
5、About the outcome expectations,in the physical sub-category,both male and female students are hold positive expectations,but come to psychological expectation,male students have positive expectation,while female are negative.There are significant differences between male and female students
6、The first five perceived barriers from male students are I've been thinking about other recreational activities with my friends are more entertaining than exercise;I've been worried about my looks when I exercise;I have no leisure time for exercise because of my busy lesson schedule;I have never energy as much as to able to do exercise;and my parents give academic success priority over exercise.The first five perceived barriers from female students are I've been thinking about other recreational activities with my friends are more entertaining than exercise;I have no leisure time for exercise because of my busy lesson schedule;I have never energy as much as to able to do exercise;I've been worried about my looks when I exercise;and I've been thinking about exercise is difficult and too tiring.
7、the four variables of social cognitive theory,the self-efficacy and outcome expectation are positively correlated to university students' PA.
1、非体育专业大学生的体育锻炼行为不容乐观。本调查结果显示,23.9%的大学生体育锻炼不足。男生锻炼整体情况略好于女生。其中,男生锻炼不足的比例是17.7%,女生锻炼不足的比例为27.5%。40.2%的大四女生,体育锻炼不足。更加值得注意的是,由10.7%的大学生报告在填写问卷的前7天内,他们没有参与任何体育锻炼。
2、不同年级的非体育专业大学生体育锻炼特征有所不同。男生的体育锻炼行为随着年级而波动,二、四年级的锻炼情况好于一、三年级。女生的体育锻炼行为随着年级升高而降低。
3、非体育专业大学生参与体育锻炼的自我效能感。无论男生还是女生都属于低自我效能感。大学生对克服障碍参与体育锻炼的信心不高。
4、非体育专业男大学生的体育锻炼自我调整行为高于女生。男生和女生在体育锻炼的目标设定方面做的并不好,而在体育锻炼的计划按排方面是做得比较好的。
5、非体育专业大学生对体育锻炼的生理结果预期,无论男生还是女生都是积极的,而对体育锻炼的心理结果预期,男生还是积极的,女生却是消极的。
6、在感知到的障碍方面,对于男生来说,排在前五位的障碍分别是:认为其他娱乐活动更有趣、担心自己的运动表现、上课时间紧张、没有足够的精力和父母对学习成绩的重视超过体育。对女生来说,排在前五名的障碍分别是:认为其他娱乐活动更有趣、上课时间紧张、没有足够的精力、担心自己的运动表现和体育活动太难太累人。
7、社会认知理论四个变量与非体育专业大学生体育锻炼行为的关系中,自我效能感和结果预期对大学生的体育锻炼行为的关系更为紧密。
As the future main social force,university students are the spinal of the future society.The attitudes and behaviors of physical activity(PA) which university students get in the university is crucial for their health,and have the continuous affect on their future lifestyle.However, the fitness and health condition of Chinese university students is not optimistic.The continuous decline of university students' fitness and health condition caused the government' s attention.The Chinese government established a series of regulations to stimulate university students to participate more PA and promote their fitness and health conditions.Therefore,it is an urgent issue to do some research on the university students' PA behavior,help them built the healthy lifestyle The present research based on Bandura' s Social Cognitive Theory investigated 708 university students whose major was not PA from 6 univerisities in Beijing.The meta-analysis,questionnaire investigation,statistics and experts interview were used to analysis university students' PA behavior and the determinants.The major results are the following:
1、The PA behavior of university students is very concerned.The inversitigation shows that 23.9%Chinese university students were physically inactive.The situation of male students(17.7%) are little bit better than female(27.5%).There are 10.7%students reported that they were totally sedentary in the last 7 days.40.2%fourth year female students are physically inactive.
2、There are differences among university students PA according to the year in university.For male students,the second year and fourth year were better than first and third yeas.For female students,their PA was decline as the year increase.
3、Both male and female students were reported low self-efficacy of PA.There are significant differences between male and female students
4、The male students' self-regulatory behavior is high than female.Both male and female are scored higher in goal setting sub-category,but low in the planning.There are significant differences between male and female students
5、About the outcome expectations,in the physical sub-category,both male and female students are hold positive expectations,but come to psychological expectation,male students have positive expectation,while female are negative.There are significant differences between male and female students
6、The first five perceived barriers from male students are I've been thinking about other recreational activities with my friends are more entertaining than exercise;I've been worried about my looks when I exercise;I have no leisure time for exercise because of my busy lesson schedule;I have never energy as much as to able to do exercise;and my parents give academic success priority over exercise.The first five perceived barriers from female students are I've been thinking about other recreational activities with my friends are more entertaining than exercise;I have no leisure time for exercise because of my busy lesson schedule;I have never energy as much as to able to do exercise;I've been worried about my looks when I exercise;and I've been thinking about exercise is difficult and too tiring.
7、the four variables of social cognitive theory,the self-efficacy and outcome expectation are positively correlated to university students' PA.
引文
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[2]Bandura,A.(2004).Health promotion by social cognitive means.Health Education and Behavior,31,143-164.
[3]Bandura,A.(1997).Self-efficacy:The efficacy of control.New York:W.H.Freeman and Company.
[4]Bandura,A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action:A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,Inc.
[5]Bandura,A.,& Jourden,F.J.(1991).Self-regulatory mechanisms governing the impact of social comparison on complex decision making.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60,941-951.
[6]Rosenstock,I.M.(1974).Historical origins of the health belief model.Health Education Monographs,2,328-335.
[7]Ajzen,I.,& Fishbein,M.(1980).Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall.
[8]Rogers,R.W.(1983).Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change:A revised theory of protection motivation.In J.T.Cacioppo & R.E.Petty (Eds.),Social Psychophysiology (pp.153-176).New York:Guilford.
[9]Harrison,J.A.,Mullen,P.D.,& Green,L.W.(1992).A meta-analysis of studies of the health belief model with adults.Health Education Research,7,107-116.
[10]Janz,N.,& Becker,M.H.(1984).The health belief model:A decade later.Health Education Quarterly,11,1-47.
[11]Weinstein,N.D.(1993).Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior.Health Psychology,12,324-333.
[12]Ajzen,I.(1985).From intentions to actions:A theory of planned behavior.In J.Kugl & J.Beckman (Eds.),Action-control:From cognition to behavior (pp.11-39).Heidelberg:Springer.
[13]Netz,Y.,& Raviv,S.(2004).Age differences in motivational orientation toward physical activity:An application of social-cognitive theory.Journal of Psychology,138,35-48.
[14]Resnick,B.,Palmer,M.H.,Jenkins,& Spellbring,A.M.(2000).Path analysis of efficacy expectations and exercise behaviour in older adults.Journal of Advanced Nursing,31,1309-1315.
[15]Rogers,L.Q.,Shah,P.,Dunnington,G.,Greive,A.,Shanmugham,A.,Dawson,B.,& Courneya,K.S.(2005).Social cognitive theory and physical activity during breast cancer treatment.Oncology Nursing Forum,32,807-815.
[16]Sherwood,N.E.,& Jeffery,R.W.(2000).The behavioral determinants of exercise:Implications for physical activity interventions.Annual Review of Nutrition,20,21-44.
[17]Maes,S.,& Karoly,P.(2005).Self-regulation assessment and intervention in physical health and illness:A review.Applied Psychology:An International Review,54,245-277.
[18]Gillis,D.E.,Grossman,M.D.,McLellan,B.Y.,King,A.C.,& Stewart,A.L.(2002).Participants ' evaluations of components of a physical-activity-promotion program for seniors (CHAMPS Ⅱ).Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,10,336-353.
[19]Sallis,J.F.,Haskell,W.L.,Wood,P.D.,Fortmann,S.P.,Rogers,T.,Blair,S.N.,& Paffenbarger,R.S.(1985).Physical activity assessment methodology in the five-city project.American Journal of Epidemiology,121,91-106.
[20]Anderson,E.S.,Winett,R.A.,Wojcik,J.R.,Winett,S.G.,& Bowden,T.(2001).A computerized social cognitive intervention for nutrition behavior:Direct and mediated effects on fat,fiber,fruits,and vegetables,self-efficacy,and outcome expectations among food shoppers.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,23,88-100.
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