城镇化对我国食物消费系统氮素流动和农田氮素循环的影响
|
摘要
随着收入的增长以及城市化水平的提高,城乡食品消费结构发生显著变化,必将改变氮素养分流动模式及其农田生态系统的养分循环,进而带来巨大的生态环境压力和严重的污染问题。为此,本研究利用调查数据、文献资料和统计数据,采用物质流分析的方法,就城镇化发展对我国食物消费体系氮素流动特征、循环利用及其环境排放的影响、城镇化对全国、北京及河北不同年代农田氮素循环的影响进行了初步探讨,以期为解决城镇化过程中城镇本身的生态环境问题及农田养分循环中的生态环境问题提供依据。研究结果表明:
2002年我国城镇居民人均消费氮量为4.770kg,高于农村居民(4.314kg)10%。1982年到2002年,随着城镇化率的提高,城镇居民消费的食物氮提高了145.3%,农村减少了8.1%;城镇排入水体环境的氮增加了18.4倍,而氮素循环利用率只有13.0%,降低了40个百分点。情景分析结果表明,如果在人口增加的同时,食物结构达到国家营养纲要要求、日本及欧美的水平,到2010年我国总氮消费量比2002年将增多196.1万吨～419.3万吨,城镇产生的粪尿和垃圾中氮将增加179.7万吨～368.3万吨。因此,伴随城镇化快速发展,在带来食物氮素需求和环境排放氮素大幅度增加的同时,也会对动植物生产带来巨大压力。
城镇居民食用氮与排泄的粪尿氮高于农村居民。人均排入水体氮量,1982年城镇与农村居民大体相当,1992年、2002年城镇居民是农村居民2.8倍;粪尿氮排入水体比率,1982年城镇与农村基本相当,在7.5%左右,但到2002年城镇粪尿氮排入水体比率高达56.7%,比农村要高34个百分点。情景分析结果表明,如果在人口增加的同时还要改善食物结构增加蛋白质摄入量,2020年粪尿氮总产生量将增加121万吨～418万吨,排入水体氮量也将增加41万吨～182万吨。提高粪尿还田率、污水处理率及氮的去除率可以降低粪尿氮排入水体比率。
城市规模也影响食物氮素消费,人均消费氮量大城市最高,中小城市次之,小城镇最低,随着城市规模的提高,城镇居民生活进入大气及水环境中的氮都在增加,尤其是进入水环境中的氮大城市是小城镇居民的1.7倍,还田的氮则减少了3.5倍,大城市氮循环利用率仅为5.0%,比中小城市、小城镇分别低了5.1和12.5个百分点。2002年城镇人口50212万人,如果人口都集中在大城市,比全部集中在中小城市或小城镇向水体排放氮将分别多17.9万吨和53.4万吨;反之,如果人口都集中在中小城市或小城镇要比都集中在大城市多向农田归还17.9万吨和53.4万吨纯氮。城市规模越大,氮素循环利用率越低。可见,目前随着城镇化率提高及人们生活方式的改变,氮循环利用率将大幅度下降。
在全国这个相对封闭大的系统中,城镇化率与全国农田氮素循环的各指标都存在显著正相关关系。总氮投入量越大,土壤养分的盈余量越多。情景分析结果表明,2005年其它条件不变,只是城镇化率提高10个百分点,这就意味着总氮投入量增加167.4万吨;如果在人口增加的同时还要改善食物结构,单位面积氮的投入量还将增加。
北京近郊、远郊各区(县)城镇化率与农田养分循环的各个指标间相关不显著,但市区内各区城镇化率与农田养分循环的各个指标间却相关显著。以供应当地食物消费为主的市区各区农田土壤养分投入随着当地城镇化发展而显著提高。农田养分循环的各个指标都随北京市整体的城镇化率的提高而提高,说明北京各区(县)城镇化率并不直接影响农田养分循环的这些指标,而是通过北京市整体城镇化率的提高,拉动食物需求,进而影响农业产业结构,间接影响农田养分循环。
河北各县当地城镇化率和农田养分循环各指标相关性并不显著,河北各县城镇化率相对较低,最高还不到30%,最低只有2.5%,当地的城镇化率不足以直接影响到农田的养分循环。与全国相对封闭的大系统相比,河北各县的农牧业生产相对开放,如养殖大县、蔬菜大县都是以供应外地为主,城镇化发展对农田养分循环的影响是通过周围地域大中城市城镇化率的提高,拉动食物需求,进而影响农业产业结构,间接影响农田养分循环。
With the growing of income and urbanization,the food consumption structure in urban and rural area of China changes the nitrogen flow model significantly,which has led to tremendous pressure of ecological environment arid serious pollution problems in cities and towns.At the same time,the alternative food consumption structure drives the adjustment of agricultural structure,which Will inevitably affect the nutrient cycling in agro-ecosystem.Therefore,this study preliminarily probed into some impacts of urbanization through survey data,literatures,Statistical data and material flow analysis. The impacts of urbanization on cnaracteristics of nitrogen flow and nitrogen reutilization, nitrogen excretion quantity and its mount emitted to water body in China food consumption system were studies and the relatlonships between urbanization and regional nitrogen balance in agro-ecosystem were analyzed based on the survey of different years in all the country,and companson of various counties with different urbanization rate in Beijing city and Hebei province.The results were shown as follows.
The nitrogen consumption oi urban residents per capita in 2002 was 4.770 kg which was 10%higher than that of rural residents(4.314 kg).With the raising of urbanization rate from1982 to 2002,food nitrogen consumption of urban residents increased by 145.3%, while a decrease of 8.1%in rural areas.Nitrogen discharged from urban into the environment increased by 18.4 times,while the utilization rate by nitrogen recycle was only 13.0 percent,lowered by 40 percentage points.Scenario analysis Showed that,if the food structure met state standards of China Food and Nutrition Programs,Japan,Europe and USA following the population growth,China's total nitrogen consumption in 2010 would increase by 196.1-419.3 million tons more than that in 2002,and nitrogen in waste would increase by 179.7-368.3 million tons.Therefore,rapid development of urbanization not only produced food nitrogen demands and environmental nitrogen emissions,but also brought tremendbus pressure to animal and plant production.
Compared with rural residents,both the consumption and excretion of nitrogen from urban residents were higher than that from rural residents.The per capita nitrogen discharged into the water from urban and rural residents were roughly the Same in 1982 while the amount from urban residents was 2.8 times higher than that from rural residents in 1992 and 2002.In 1982,the ratio of nitrogen discharged into water for rural and urban residents were comparative with the value of 7.5%.However,in 2002,this ratio for urban residents went up to 56.7%which was much higher than that of rural residents with 34%. Scenario analysis showed that,with the population growth,if the food structure was improved to increase protein intake at the same time,nitrogen in waste in 2020 will increase by 121-418 million tons and the nitrogen discharged into the water will also increase by 41-182 million tons.Improving the waste recycling rate,the ratio of sewage treatment and removal rate of nitrogen in waste treatment can reduce nitrogen discharged into the water.
The size of city also affects food consumption of nitrogen.The per capita consumption nitrogen of the major cities was higher than that of medium-sized and small cities with 7.5%and 18.5%respectively.With the increased size of the cities,the nitrogen content of atmosphere and water are increasing continually,and particularly,the nitrogen entering into the water environment in the big cities was 1.7 times as much as small cities. However,the nitrogen returned to the field was with a reduction of 3.5 times than that of the small cities.Compared with the medium and small cities and small towns,the nitrogen cycle utilization of major cities was only 5.0%,lowered by 5.1 and 12.5 percentage points respectively.In 2002,the urban population of China has come to 502.12 million.If such a population is concentrated in large cities,the nitrogen would be excessive of 179,000 tons discharging into water,pure nitrogen 534,000 tons more than that in medium-sized cities and small towns.Instead,if the population is concentrated in small and medium-sized cities or small towns,there would be 179,000 tons or 534,000 tons pure nitrogen returning to farmland.The larger size of the city decreases the lower the utilization rate of nitrogen cycle.With the development of town and the change of the people's life style,the nitrogen cycle utilization will decline significantly.
As for farmland nutrient recycle,according to nationwide indicators,input amount of fertilizer nitrogen per hector was becoming more and more.For example,it increase from 95 kg / ha in 1980 to 258 kg / ha in 2005.The amplitude of organic fertilizer per hector was lower than fertilizer nitrogen,for instance,it increased from 61kg/ha in 1980 to 127 kg / ha in 2005.The input and residues of total fertilizer nitrogen increased greatly.For instance,it increased from 156kg / ha in 1980 to 385kg / ha in 2005,about 2.5 times.The more the input amount of total nitrogen,the higher soil nutrient surplus.Scenario analysis showed that,in 2005 when other conditions remained unchanged,if only urbanization increased by 10 percentage points,the nitrogen demand inputted into farmland would come to 1674000 tons.If the food structure is also improved and the population is still growing,fertilizer nitrogen,organic nitrogen and total nitrogen input per unit area will increase more.
Input amount and surplus of nitrogen per hector in areas of Beijing in 2005 has a substantial increase than that in 1995 with the increase of urbanization rate.The input amount of fertilizer in vegetable,aquaculture and fruit areas which located in suburbs are large,So the rank of average fertilizer nitrogen input amount per unit area is outskirts＞exurb＞urban area.According to the correlation analysis of urbanization rate and farmland nutrient cycling,the relationship in areas of urban in 1995 is significant.However,in suburbs and exurbs,it was not significant.The input amount of nutrient is increasing with the raise of urbanization rate in areas of urban.But in the suburbs and exurb,the significant correlation between the urbanization rate and farmland nutrient cycling indicators was not observed.Total nitrogen input and surplus per hector in area of Beijing is 1.4-2.0 times as much as the average amount of whole country.
Hebei province,which belongs to rural agriculture,lies in the middle-east of China.It doesn't have distinct zoning like urban agriculture.The nutrient cycling of rural agro-ecosystem is mainly affected by agricultural structure.Hebei as the important province of stock raising and planting,the farmland nitrogen flow has been increasing in the whole areas.With the time going on,the input amount of fertilize nitrogen per hector and soil nutrient surplus capacity is still increasing.The input amounts of nutrient in vegetable and fruit areas are large.The relation of urbanization rate and indicators of soil nutrient cycling is not significant.The urbanization rate of Hebei is low,about 2.5%-30%.The changes of local urbanization rate does not affect farmland nutrient cycling directively.
2002年我国城镇居民人均消费氮量为4.770kg,高于农村居民(4.314kg)10%。1982年到2002年,随着城镇化率的提高,城镇居民消费的食物氮提高了145.3%,农村减少了8.1%;城镇排入水体环境的氮增加了18.4倍,而氮素循环利用率只有13.0%,降低了40个百分点。情景分析结果表明,如果在人口增加的同时,食物结构达到国家营养纲要要求、日本及欧美的水平,到2010年我国总氮消费量比2002年将增多196.1万吨～419.3万吨,城镇产生的粪尿和垃圾中氮将增加179.7万吨～368.3万吨。因此,伴随城镇化快速发展,在带来食物氮素需求和环境排放氮素大幅度增加的同时,也会对动植物生产带来巨大压力。
城镇居民食用氮与排泄的粪尿氮高于农村居民。人均排入水体氮量,1982年城镇与农村居民大体相当,1992年、2002年城镇居民是农村居民2.8倍;粪尿氮排入水体比率,1982年城镇与农村基本相当,在7.5%左右,但到2002年城镇粪尿氮排入水体比率高达56.7%,比农村要高34个百分点。情景分析结果表明,如果在人口增加的同时还要改善食物结构增加蛋白质摄入量,2020年粪尿氮总产生量将增加121万吨～418万吨,排入水体氮量也将增加41万吨～182万吨。提高粪尿还田率、污水处理率及氮的去除率可以降低粪尿氮排入水体比率。
城市规模也影响食物氮素消费,人均消费氮量大城市最高,中小城市次之,小城镇最低,随着城市规模的提高,城镇居民生活进入大气及水环境中的氮都在增加,尤其是进入水环境中的氮大城市是小城镇居民的1.7倍,还田的氮则减少了3.5倍,大城市氮循环利用率仅为5.0%,比中小城市、小城镇分别低了5.1和12.5个百分点。2002年城镇人口50212万人,如果人口都集中在大城市,比全部集中在中小城市或小城镇向水体排放氮将分别多17.9万吨和53.4万吨;反之,如果人口都集中在中小城市或小城镇要比都集中在大城市多向农田归还17.9万吨和53.4万吨纯氮。城市规模越大,氮素循环利用率越低。可见,目前随着城镇化率提高及人们生活方式的改变,氮循环利用率将大幅度下降。
在全国这个相对封闭大的系统中,城镇化率与全国农田氮素循环的各指标都存在显著正相关关系。总氮投入量越大,土壤养分的盈余量越多。情景分析结果表明,2005年其它条件不变,只是城镇化率提高10个百分点,这就意味着总氮投入量增加167.4万吨;如果在人口增加的同时还要改善食物结构,单位面积氮的投入量还将增加。
北京近郊、远郊各区(县)城镇化率与农田养分循环的各个指标间相关不显著,但市区内各区城镇化率与农田养分循环的各个指标间却相关显著。以供应当地食物消费为主的市区各区农田土壤养分投入随着当地城镇化发展而显著提高。农田养分循环的各个指标都随北京市整体的城镇化率的提高而提高,说明北京各区(县)城镇化率并不直接影响农田养分循环的这些指标,而是通过北京市整体城镇化率的提高,拉动食物需求,进而影响农业产业结构,间接影响农田养分循环。
河北各县当地城镇化率和农田养分循环各指标相关性并不显著,河北各县城镇化率相对较低,最高还不到30%,最低只有2.5%,当地的城镇化率不足以直接影响到农田的养分循环。与全国相对封闭的大系统相比,河北各县的农牧业生产相对开放,如养殖大县、蔬菜大县都是以供应外地为主,城镇化发展对农田养分循环的影响是通过周围地域大中城市城镇化率的提高,拉动食物需求,进而影响农业产业结构,间接影响农田养分循环。
With the growing of income and urbanization,the food consumption structure in urban and rural area of China changes the nitrogen flow model significantly,which has led to tremendous pressure of ecological environment arid serious pollution problems in cities and towns.At the same time,the alternative food consumption structure drives the adjustment of agricultural structure,which Will inevitably affect the nutrient cycling in agro-ecosystem.Therefore,this study preliminarily probed into some impacts of urbanization through survey data,literatures,Statistical data and material flow analysis. The impacts of urbanization on cnaracteristics of nitrogen flow and nitrogen reutilization, nitrogen excretion quantity and its mount emitted to water body in China food consumption system were studies and the relatlonships between urbanization and regional nitrogen balance in agro-ecosystem were analyzed based on the survey of different years in all the country,and companson of various counties with different urbanization rate in Beijing city and Hebei province.The results were shown as follows.
The nitrogen consumption oi urban residents per capita in 2002 was 4.770 kg which was 10%higher than that of rural residents(4.314 kg).With the raising of urbanization rate from1982 to 2002,food nitrogen consumption of urban residents increased by 145.3%, while a decrease of 8.1%in rural areas.Nitrogen discharged from urban into the environment increased by 18.4 times,while the utilization rate by nitrogen recycle was only 13.0 percent,lowered by 40 percentage points.Scenario analysis Showed that,if the food structure met state standards of China Food and Nutrition Programs,Japan,Europe and USA following the population growth,China's total nitrogen consumption in 2010 would increase by 196.1-419.3 million tons more than that in 2002,and nitrogen in waste would increase by 179.7-368.3 million tons.Therefore,rapid development of urbanization not only produced food nitrogen demands and environmental nitrogen emissions,but also brought tremendbus pressure to animal and plant production.
Compared with rural residents,both the consumption and excretion of nitrogen from urban residents were higher than that from rural residents.The per capita nitrogen discharged into the water from urban and rural residents were roughly the Same in 1982 while the amount from urban residents was 2.8 times higher than that from rural residents in 1992 and 2002.In 1982,the ratio of nitrogen discharged into water for rural and urban residents were comparative with the value of 7.5%.However,in 2002,this ratio for urban residents went up to 56.7%which was much higher than that of rural residents with 34%. Scenario analysis showed that,with the population growth,if the food structure was improved to increase protein intake at the same time,nitrogen in waste in 2020 will increase by 121-418 million tons and the nitrogen discharged into the water will also increase by 41-182 million tons.Improving the waste recycling rate,the ratio of sewage treatment and removal rate of nitrogen in waste treatment can reduce nitrogen discharged into the water.
The size of city also affects food consumption of nitrogen.The per capita consumption nitrogen of the major cities was higher than that of medium-sized and small cities with 7.5%and 18.5%respectively.With the increased size of the cities,the nitrogen content of atmosphere and water are increasing continually,and particularly,the nitrogen entering into the water environment in the big cities was 1.7 times as much as small cities. However,the nitrogen returned to the field was with a reduction of 3.5 times than that of the small cities.Compared with the medium and small cities and small towns,the nitrogen cycle utilization of major cities was only 5.0%,lowered by 5.1 and 12.5 percentage points respectively.In 2002,the urban population of China has come to 502.12 million.If such a population is concentrated in large cities,the nitrogen would be excessive of 179,000 tons discharging into water,pure nitrogen 534,000 tons more than that in medium-sized cities and small towns.Instead,if the population is concentrated in small and medium-sized cities or small towns,there would be 179,000 tons or 534,000 tons pure nitrogen returning to farmland.The larger size of the city decreases the lower the utilization rate of nitrogen cycle.With the development of town and the change of the people's life style,the nitrogen cycle utilization will decline significantly.
As for farmland nutrient recycle,according to nationwide indicators,input amount of fertilizer nitrogen per hector was becoming more and more.For example,it increase from 95 kg / ha in 1980 to 258 kg / ha in 2005.The amplitude of organic fertilizer per hector was lower than fertilizer nitrogen,for instance,it increased from 61kg/ha in 1980 to 127 kg / ha in 2005.The input and residues of total fertilizer nitrogen increased greatly.For instance,it increased from 156kg / ha in 1980 to 385kg / ha in 2005,about 2.5 times.The more the input amount of total nitrogen,the higher soil nutrient surplus.Scenario analysis showed that,in 2005 when other conditions remained unchanged,if only urbanization increased by 10 percentage points,the nitrogen demand inputted into farmland would come to 1674000 tons.If the food structure is also improved and the population is still growing,fertilizer nitrogen,organic nitrogen and total nitrogen input per unit area will increase more.
Input amount and surplus of nitrogen per hector in areas of Beijing in 2005 has a substantial increase than that in 1995 with the increase of urbanization rate.The input amount of fertilizer in vegetable,aquaculture and fruit areas which located in suburbs are large,So the rank of average fertilizer nitrogen input amount per unit area is outskirts＞exurb＞urban area.According to the correlation analysis of urbanization rate and farmland nutrient cycling,the relationship in areas of urban in 1995 is significant.However,in suburbs and exurbs,it was not significant.The input amount of nutrient is increasing with the raise of urbanization rate in areas of urban.But in the suburbs and exurb,the significant correlation between the urbanization rate and farmland nutrient cycling indicators was not observed.Total nitrogen input and surplus per hector in area of Beijing is 1.4-2.0 times as much as the average amount of whole country.
Hebei province,which belongs to rural agriculture,lies in the middle-east of China.It doesn't have distinct zoning like urban agriculture.The nutrient cycling of rural agro-ecosystem is mainly affected by agricultural structure.Hebei as the important province of stock raising and planting,the farmland nitrogen flow has been increasing in the whole areas.With the time going on,the input amount of fertilize nitrogen per hector and soil nutrient surplus capacity is still increasing.The input amounts of nutrient in vegetable and fruit areas are large.The relation of urbanization rate and indicators of soil nutrient cycling is not significant.The urbanization rate of Hebei is low,about 2.5%-30%.The changes of local urbanization rate does not affect farmland nutrient cycling directively.
引文
[1]我国城镇化道路建设现状及建议[EB/OL].http://www.fwsou.com/lunwenzhongxin/xingzhenglunwen/2008-03-12/77077.shtml.
[2]Barry M.P.The shifiin stages of the nutrition transition in the developing world differs from past experiences[J].Public Health Nutr,2002,51A:223-229.
[3]翟凤英,何宇纳.中国城乡居民食物消费现状及变化趋势[J].中华流行病学杂志,2005,26(7):485-488.
[4]黄季.社会发展、城市化和食物消费[J].中国社会科学,1999,(4):102-116.
[5]何忠伟.农村城镇化与农业结构调整协调发展的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2004,(11):72-76.
[6]岳正华.农村城镇化产生的生态环境危害及成因分析[J].农村经济,2004,8:73-75.
[7]陈柳钦,卢卉.农村城镇化进程中的环境保护问题探讨[J].当代经济管理,2005,27(3):81-85.
[8]李树琮.中国城市化与小城镇发展[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2002.
[9]林创彬.试论我国农村城镇化的现状、原因及对策[J].中山大学学报论丛,2005,25(6):262-265.
[10]姜爱林.论对中国城镇化水平的基本判断[J].江苏社会科学,2002,(06):56-60.
[11]刘新卫.中国城镇化发展现状及特点[J].国土资源情报,2007,(04):40-46.
[12]武洁,黄荣清.世界城市化水平迅速提高[N].中国信息报2007-12-17
[13]梁立新.城镇化·人口·资源.挑战现代城市建设与管理[J].广西城镇建设,2005,28-29.
[14]周干峙.走具有自己特色的城市化道路[J].城市发展研究,2006,(04):13-14.
[15]韩俊.农业和农村经济发展需确立的重大政策思路[J].人民论坛,2005,(3):13-14.
[16]周干峙.2020年我国城镇化率将达到50%至55%[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2005～09/25/content_3540548.htm
[17]周一星.关于中国城镇化速度的思考[J].城市规划,2006,30(增刊):32-36.
[18]付晓东.中国城市化与可持续发展[M].北京:新华出版社,2005.3-4.
[19]连玉明.未来中国城市的四大核心理念[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2OO4-09/15/content.
[20]朱丕荣.世界城市化发展与我国城镇化建设[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2003,(3):29-31.
[21]世界银行.1994年世界银行发展报告[M].北京,中国财政经济出版社,1994.222-223.
[22]The World Bank.World Development Report 1998/1999,Knowledge for Development.Oxfor d University Press,1998,192-193.
[23]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(1999)[M].北京:统计出版社,2000.111
[24]陈仁惇.世界三大膳食结构模式的比较[J].膳食指南,2002(3):50-51.
[25]Smil V,Nitrogen and food production:proteins for human diets[J].AMBIO,2002,31(2):126-
[26]马文奇,张福锁.食物链养分管理——中国可持续发展面临的挑战[J].科技导报,2008,26(1):68-73.
[27]封志明,史登峰.近20年来中国食物消费变化与膳食营养状况评价[J].资源科学,2006,28(1):2-7.
[28]翟凤英,何宇娜,王志宏.中国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势[J].营养学报,2005,27(3):181-184.
[29]周津春,秦富.我国城乡居民食物消费的影响因素及启示[J].调研世界,2006,(7):42-44.
[30]马冠生,胡小琪,崔朝辉.我国居民食物消费现状与特点[J].中国食物与营养,2007,(7):4-6.
[31]卢良恕.中国农业新发展与食物安全[EB/OL].http://yzcp.agri.gov.cn/yztscp/lyt/t20070429_779772.htm
[32]杨仕康.试论城镇化的生态环境保护与建设[J].国土经济,2002,(8):13-14.
[33]张耀军.我国农村城镇化过程中的制约因素与对策探讨[J].生产力研究,2005,(5):36-38.
[34]李文强,刘文荣,马小明.城镇发展中的污染转移问题[J].四川环境,2005,24(4):99-102.
[35]刘德绍,赵绪云,吕俊强.重庆市城镇化进程中的环境问题及其对策[J].重庆环境科学,2003,25(12):76-78.
[36]张峰.污染沉重的家园之患[J].建设科技,2004,(4):3-5.
[37]张录强.我国农业生态系统营养循环链的断裂与重建[J].生态经济.2006,(2):2-5.
[38]彭近新.以科学发展观为指南推进生态县、生态市、生态省建设[J].生态省建设简报,2006,(16):3-4.
[39]李文强,刘文荣,马小明.城镇发展中的污染转移问题[J].四川环境,2005,24(4):99-102.
[40]张小青,黄秋如.农村城镇化进程中的环境问题及对策选择[J].生产力研究,2004,(10):97-98.
[41]岳正华.农村城镇化产生的生态环境危害及成因分析[J].农村经济,2004(8):73-75.
[42]Kaiser,Jocelyn,The Other Global Pollutant:Nitrogen Proves Tough to Curb[J].Science,294:1268-1269.
[43]Vitousek,Peter M,Harold A.Mooney,Jane Lubchenco,Jerry M.Melillo,Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems[J].Science,1997,277:494-499.
[44]Tilman,D.,J.Fargione,B.Wolff,C.D'Antonio,A.Dobson,R.W.Howarth,D.Schindler,W.H.Schlesinge r,D.Simberloff,and D.Swackhamer.Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change[J].Science,2001,292:281-284.
[45]Galloway,J.N.,F.J.Dentener,D.G.Capone,E.W.Boyer,R.W.Howarth,S.P.Seitzinger,G.P.Asner,C.C.Cleveland,P.A.Green,E.A.Holland,D.M.Karl,A.F.Michaels,J.H.Porter,A.R.Townsend And C.J.Vo" Ro" Smarty,2004 Nitrogen cycles:past,present,and future[J].Biogeochemistry 70:153-226.
[46]张福锁,马文奇.肥料投入水平与养分资源高效利用的关系[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(2):154-157.
[47]Nosengo,N,2003 Fertilized to death[J].Nature 425:894-895.
[48]Galloway J N and Ellis B Cowling,Reactive Nitrogen and the world:200 years of change[J].AMBIO,2002,31(2):64-71.
[49]Galloway,James N.,John D.Aber,Jan Willem Erisman,Sybil P.Seitzinger,Robert W. Howarth,EllisB.Cowling,And B.Jack Cosby,The Nitrogen Cascade Bioscience[J].2003,53(4):341-356.
[50]Howarth R W,E.W.Boyer,W.J.Pabich and J.N.Galloway,Nitrogen use in the United State from 1961-2000 and potential future trends[J].AMBIO,2002,31(2):88-96.
[51]Smil V.Nitrogen and food production:proteins for human diets[J].AMBIO,2002,31(2):126-131.
[52]田共之,杨居荣,王华东.1998日本与中国农业系统氮素循环的比较[J].中国环境科其所长学,1998,18(Suppl):79-82.
[53]Isermarm K.and Isermarm R.1998 food production and consumption in Germany:N flows and N emissions[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 52:289-301.
[54]靳贞来.我国肉类生产量与消费量数据不一致的分析[J].安徽农学通报,2003,9(3):78-80.
[55]张福锁,马文奇,陈新平等著.养分资源综合管理理论与技术概论[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.
[56]孙明谟.农村社会学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[57]苏筠,成升魁,谢高地.大城市居民生活消费的生态占用初探-对北京、上海的案例研究[J].资源与科学,2001,23(6):24-28.
[58]韩俊.调控粮食别忘了中餐的菜食特色[N].中国经济导报,2005-8-22.
[59]梁书民.城镇化背景下的耕地资源[N].经济参考报,2006-02-08.
[60]封志明,刘宝勤,杨艳昭.中国耕地资源数量变化的趋势分析与数据重建:1949-2003[J].自然资源学报,2005,(1):35-43.
[61]彭琳.中国化肥施用与粮食生产的进程、前景与布局[J].农业现代化研究.2000,21(1):14-17.
[62]曾希柏,陈同斌.中国粮食生产潜力和化肥增产效率的区域分异[J].地理学报,2002,57(5):539-546
[63]徐浪,贾静.化肥施用量对粮食产量的贡献率分析[J].四川粮油科技,2003(1).10-13
[64]张福锁等.协调作物高产和环境保护的养分资源综合管理技术研究与示范[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2008.
[65]Tilman.etal.TilmanD,K.G.Cassman,P.A.Matson,R.Naylor,S.Polasky.2002.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices[J].Nature,2002,418:671-678.
[66]张玉玲.中国城镇化问题专家访谈:城镇化不是越快越好[N].光明日报,2006-3-27.
[67]沈清基.城市环境.见沈清基主编:城市生态与城市环境[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1998,234-238.
[68]姜爱林.城镇化发展与城镇生态环境建设研究[J].中国地质矿产经济,2001,(5):14-20.
[69]陈昌笃,鲍世行.中国城市化及其发展趋势[J].生态学报,1994,4(1):84-90.
[70]Valiela I and Bowen J L.Nitrogen sources to watersheds and estuaries:role of land cover mosaics and losses within watersheds[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,118:239-248.
[71]Vaalgamaa S.The effect of urbanisation on Laajalahti Bay,Helsinki city,as reflected by sediment geoehemistry[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:650-662.
[72]Liu J G,Daily G C,Ehrlich P R et al.Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversity[J].Nature,2003,421(30:530-532.
[73]阎水玉.城市生态学学科定义、研究内容、研究方法的分析与探索[J].生态科学,2001,20(11):96-105.
[74]吴琼,王如松,李宏卿,等.生态城市指标体系与评价方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(8):2090-2095.
[75]熊正琴,邢光熹,沈光裕,等.太湖地区湖、河和井水中氮污染状况的研究[J].农村生态环境,2002,18(2):29-33.
[76]翟凤英.中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告2002[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2006,101-104.
[77]杨月欣,何梅,潘兴昌,等.食物成分表.见杨月欣主编:中国食物成分表2004[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2005,75-217.
[78]许世卫.中国食物消费与浪费分析[J].中国食物与营养,2005,(11):4-8.
[79]李晶,华珞,王学江.国内外城市生活垃圾处理的分析与比较[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,(3):73-80.
[80]刘晓利,许俊香,王方浩,等.畜牧系统中氮素平衡计算参数的探讨[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(3):417-423.
[81]陈朱蕾,唐赢中.中国城市粪便的可持续利用研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(2):42-49.
[82]国家环境保护总局.城镇生活污水处理情况.见:国家环境保护总局主编:中国环境统计年报[M].2002.北京:环境科学出版社,2003,15-20.
[83]国家环境保护总局.环境状况.见:国家环境保护总局主编:中国环境状况公报[M].2002.北京:环境科学出版社,2003,30-32.
[84]陈能汪,张珞平,洪华生,等.九龙江流域农村生活污水污染定量研究[J].厦门大学学报,2004,8(43):249-252.
[85]王俊起,王友斌,薛金荣,等.乡镇生活垃圾与生活污水排放及处理现状[J].中国卫生工程学,2004,(4):202-204.
[86]乐晓虬,张延毅.城市生活垃圾生态去向的探讨[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),1994,16(2):220-224.
[87]杜吴鹏,高庆先,张恩琛,等.中国城市生活垃圾处理及趋势分析[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(5):115-120.
[88]国务院办公厅.中国食物与营养发展纲要[J].营养学报,2002,24(4):337-341.
[89]White IR.The level of alcohol consumption at which all cause mortality is least[J].J Clin Epidemiol,1999,52:967-975.
[90]任雪琴.浅析我国的粮食安全问题[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,(1):44-48.
[91]魏静,马林,路光,等.城镇化对我国食物消费系统氮素流动及循环利用影响初探[J].生态学报,2008,28(3):1016-1025.
[92]莫重文.蛋白质化学与工艺学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007,114-128.
[93]S.K.Baidoo,顾宪红,李琍.猪禽营养对环境的影响[J].国外畜牧科技,2001,28(1):6-9.
[94]乔岩瑞.养殖业的氮污染及其营养学调控[J],饲料广角,2005,22:18-22.
[95]喻泽斌,王敦球,张学洪.城市污水处理技术发展回顾与展望[J].广西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,22(2):81-87.
[96]国家食物与营养咨询委员会.未来30年食物安全发展目标[N].中国食品报,2003-11-05.
[97]马勇,彭永臻,于德爽.A/O生物脱氮工艺处理生活污水中系统性能和SND现象的研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(5):710-715.
[98]张红晶,龙腾锐,何强,等.新型侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水[J],环境工程学报,2007,1(10):27-31.
[99]卢姗,季民,王景峰,等.颗粒污泥SBR处理生活污水同步除磷脱氮的研究[J].环境科学,2007.28(8):1687-1692.
[100]Population Division of United Nation.Online database of world population prospects:The 2006revision[DB/OL].http://esa.un.org/unpp/,2007-04-18.
[101]宋昌平.人粪尿的利用--值得研发的产业[J].生物学通报,2003,38(4):22-23.
[102]马文奇,张福锁.食物链养分管理--中国可持续发展面临的挑战[J].科技导报,2008,26(1):68-73.
[103]刘志飞,颜进.从居民消费角度看城市化道路的选择[J].城市问题.2004,119(3),36-39.
[104]蔡继明.以大城市为依托加快城市化进程[N].人民政协报,2005,2005-07-18.
[105]朱铁臻,城市规模多大为好[EB/OL].http://tz.gov.cn/cnforums2/forums/200/ShowPost.aspx
[106]张在元,城市并非越大越好[EB/OL].http://www.ddyuanlin.com/html/news/2007～10/09/2311.html
[107]周一星.城镇化不是越快越好[EB/OL].http://cn.chinagate.com.cn/news/2006～03/27/content_2344790.htm
[108]何宇纳,马冠生.中国城乡居民食物消费现状及变化趋势[J].中华流行病学,2005,26(7):485-488.
[109]程国强.我国农业增长与结构变化[EB/OL].中国经济信息网2005-08-29 13:46:33.来源:国务院发展研究中心.
[110]国家统计局 中国统计年鉴1980,1985,1990,1995,2000,2005[M].北京:统计年鉴出版社,1981,1986,1991,1996,2001,2006.
[111]中国农业统计资料 1980,1985,1990,1995,2000,2005[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1981,1986,1991,1996,2001,2006.
[112]新中国50年农业统计资料[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[113]王激清.我国主要粮食作物施肥增产效应和养分利用效率的分析与评价[D].北京:中国农业大学资环学院,2007.
[114]朱兆良.农田生态系统中化肥的去向和氮素管理.见:朱兆良和文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科技出版社,1992.228-245.
[115]尤崇杓.生物固氮译丛(三)[M].北京:农业出版社,1988.87-89.
[116]鲁如坤主编.土壤-植物营养原理和施肥[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1998.
[117]范茂攀,郑毅,李少明,等.保山市农田生态系统养分循环与平衡研究[J].云南农业大学学报,2005.20(3):415-418.
[118]奚振邦.农田生态系统中氮素循环的简析.见:中国土壤学会土壤农化专业委员会、土壤生物和生物化学专业委员会编.我国土壤氮素研究工作的现状与展望[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.217-227.
[119]樊庆笙.1986.共生固氮和土壤肥力[C].见:我国土壤氮素研究工作的现状与展望,中国土壤学会土壤氮素工作会议论文集.北京:科学出版社,212-216.
[120]马俊哲.对北京发展都市型现代农业若干问题的思考[J].北京农业职业学院学报,2006,20(5):32-35.
[121]田洁,刘晓虹,贾进等.都市农业与城市绿色空间的有机契合--城乡空间统筹的规划探索[J].城市规划,2006,(10):32-35.
[122]马俊哲.都市农业与京郊农业产业结构调整[J].北京农业,2005,(05):1-2.
[123]张禄祥,郑业鲁,万忠.我国都市农业研究概述[J].广东农业科学,2005,(03):85-87.
[124]张玉铭.华北太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田氮素循环与平衡研究[D].北京:中国农业大学资环学院,2005.
[125]申建波,张福锁主编.水稻养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.
[126]Holland E.A.,Dentener EJ.,Braswell B.H.and J.M.Sulzman.1999.Comtemporary and preindustrial global reactive nitrogen budgets[J].Biogeoehemistry.46:7-43.
[127]Galloway J.N.,Dentener J.E Capone G.D.,Boyer E.W.,Howarth R.W.,Seitzinger S.P.,Asner G.P.C.,Cleveland,C.,Green P.,Holland E.,Karl D.M.,Michaels A.F.,Porter J.H.,Townsend A.and C.Vorosmarty.Nitrogen cycles:past,preaent and future[J].Biogeoehemistry,2004,70:153-226.
[128]张颖,何春娥,刘学军,等.华北平原大气氮素沉降的时空变异研究[J].生态学报,2006.26(6):1633-1639.
[129]庞庆,王益谦.农田生态系统养分平衡及其面源污染研究-以四川省为例[J].中国环保产业,2004,6:16-19.
[130]阎占定.当前我国农业结构调整的动力因素分析[J].学术论坛,2005,168(1):93-96.
[131]马兰,张曦.农业区位论及其现实意义[J].云南农业科技,2003(3):3-5.
[132]叶长卫,李雪松.浅谈杜能农业区位论对我国农业发展的作用与启示[J].华中农业大学学报.社会科学版,2002,46(4):1-4.
[133]石虹,曹钢跃.浅谈杜能农业区位论对现代土地利用的影响[J].山西教育学院学报,2000(2).
[2]Barry M.P.The shifiin stages of the nutrition transition in the developing world differs from past experiences[J].Public Health Nutr,2002,51A:223-229.
[3]翟凤英,何宇纳.中国城乡居民食物消费现状及变化趋势[J].中华流行病学杂志,2005,26(7):485-488.
[4]黄季.社会发展、城市化和食物消费[J].中国社会科学,1999,(4):102-116.
[5]何忠伟.农村城镇化与农业结构调整协调发展的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2004,(11):72-76.
[6]岳正华.农村城镇化产生的生态环境危害及成因分析[J].农村经济,2004,8:73-75.
[7]陈柳钦,卢卉.农村城镇化进程中的环境保护问题探讨[J].当代经济管理,2005,27(3):81-85.
[8]李树琮.中国城市化与小城镇发展[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2002.
[9]林创彬.试论我国农村城镇化的现状、原因及对策[J].中山大学学报论丛,2005,25(6):262-265.
[10]姜爱林.论对中国城镇化水平的基本判断[J].江苏社会科学,2002,(06):56-60.
[11]刘新卫.中国城镇化发展现状及特点[J].国土资源情报,2007,(04):40-46.
[12]武洁,黄荣清.世界城市化水平迅速提高[N].中国信息报2007-12-17
[13]梁立新.城镇化·人口·资源.挑战现代城市建设与管理[J].广西城镇建设,2005,28-29.
[14]周干峙.走具有自己特色的城市化道路[J].城市发展研究,2006,(04):13-14.
[15]韩俊.农业和农村经济发展需确立的重大政策思路[J].人民论坛,2005,(3):13-14.
[16]周干峙.2020年我国城镇化率将达到50%至55%[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2005～09/25/content_3540548.htm
[17]周一星.关于中国城镇化速度的思考[J].城市规划,2006,30(增刊):32-36.
[18]付晓东.中国城市化与可持续发展[M].北京:新华出版社,2005.3-4.
[19]连玉明.未来中国城市的四大核心理念[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2OO4-09/15/content.
[20]朱丕荣.世界城市化发展与我国城镇化建设[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2003,(3):29-31.
[21]世界银行.1994年世界银行发展报告[M].北京,中国财政经济出版社,1994.222-223.
[22]The World Bank.World Development Report 1998/1999,Knowledge for Development.Oxfor d University Press,1998,192-193.
[23]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(1999)[M].北京:统计出版社,2000.111
[24]陈仁惇.世界三大膳食结构模式的比较[J].膳食指南,2002(3):50-51.
[25]Smil V,Nitrogen and food production:proteins for human diets[J].AMBIO,2002,31(2):126-
[26]马文奇,张福锁.食物链养分管理——中国可持续发展面临的挑战[J].科技导报,2008,26(1):68-73.
[27]封志明,史登峰.近20年来中国食物消费变化与膳食营养状况评价[J].资源科学,2006,28(1):2-7.
[28]翟凤英,何宇娜,王志宏.中国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势[J].营养学报,2005,27(3):181-184.
[29]周津春,秦富.我国城乡居民食物消费的影响因素及启示[J].调研世界,2006,(7):42-44.
[30]马冠生,胡小琪,崔朝辉.我国居民食物消费现状与特点[J].中国食物与营养,2007,(7):4-6.
[31]卢良恕.中国农业新发展与食物安全[EB/OL].http://yzcp.agri.gov.cn/yztscp/lyt/t20070429_779772.htm
[32]杨仕康.试论城镇化的生态环境保护与建设[J].国土经济,2002,(8):13-14.
[33]张耀军.我国农村城镇化过程中的制约因素与对策探讨[J].生产力研究,2005,(5):36-38.
[34]李文强,刘文荣,马小明.城镇发展中的污染转移问题[J].四川环境,2005,24(4):99-102.
[35]刘德绍,赵绪云,吕俊强.重庆市城镇化进程中的环境问题及其对策[J].重庆环境科学,2003,25(12):76-78.
[36]张峰.污染沉重的家园之患[J].建设科技,2004,(4):3-5.
[37]张录强.我国农业生态系统营养循环链的断裂与重建[J].生态经济.2006,(2):2-5.
[38]彭近新.以科学发展观为指南推进生态县、生态市、生态省建设[J].生态省建设简报,2006,(16):3-4.
[39]李文强,刘文荣,马小明.城镇发展中的污染转移问题[J].四川环境,2005,24(4):99-102.
[40]张小青,黄秋如.农村城镇化进程中的环境问题及对策选择[J].生产力研究,2004,(10):97-98.
[41]岳正华.农村城镇化产生的生态环境危害及成因分析[J].农村经济,2004(8):73-75.
[42]Kaiser,Jocelyn,The Other Global Pollutant:Nitrogen Proves Tough to Curb[J].Science,294:1268-1269.
[43]Vitousek,Peter M,Harold A.Mooney,Jane Lubchenco,Jerry M.Melillo,Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems[J].Science,1997,277:494-499.
[44]Tilman,D.,J.Fargione,B.Wolff,C.D'Antonio,A.Dobson,R.W.Howarth,D.Schindler,W.H.Schlesinge r,D.Simberloff,and D.Swackhamer.Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change[J].Science,2001,292:281-284.
[45]Galloway,J.N.,F.J.Dentener,D.G.Capone,E.W.Boyer,R.W.Howarth,S.P.Seitzinger,G.P.Asner,C.C.Cleveland,P.A.Green,E.A.Holland,D.M.Karl,A.F.Michaels,J.H.Porter,A.R.Townsend And C.J.Vo" Ro" Smarty,2004 Nitrogen cycles:past,present,and future[J].Biogeochemistry 70:153-226.
[46]张福锁,马文奇.肥料投入水平与养分资源高效利用的关系[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(2):154-157.
[47]Nosengo,N,2003 Fertilized to death[J].Nature 425:894-895.
[48]Galloway J N and Ellis B Cowling,Reactive Nitrogen and the world:200 years of change[J].AMBIO,2002,31(2):64-71.
[49]Galloway,James N.,John D.Aber,Jan Willem Erisman,Sybil P.Seitzinger,Robert W. Howarth,EllisB.Cowling,And B.Jack Cosby,The Nitrogen Cascade Bioscience[J].2003,53(4):341-356.
[50]Howarth R W,E.W.Boyer,W.J.Pabich and J.N.Galloway,Nitrogen use in the United State from 1961-2000 and potential future trends[J].AMBIO,2002,31(2):88-96.
[51]Smil V.Nitrogen and food production:proteins for human diets[J].AMBIO,2002,31(2):126-131.
[52]田共之,杨居荣,王华东.1998日本与中国农业系统氮素循环的比较[J].中国环境科其所长学,1998,18(Suppl):79-82.
[53]Isermarm K.and Isermarm R.1998 food production and consumption in Germany:N flows and N emissions[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 52:289-301.
[54]靳贞来.我国肉类生产量与消费量数据不一致的分析[J].安徽农学通报,2003,9(3):78-80.
[55]张福锁,马文奇,陈新平等著.养分资源综合管理理论与技术概论[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.
[56]孙明谟.农村社会学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[57]苏筠,成升魁,谢高地.大城市居民生活消费的生态占用初探-对北京、上海的案例研究[J].资源与科学,2001,23(6):24-28.
[58]韩俊.调控粮食别忘了中餐的菜食特色[N].中国经济导报,2005-8-22.
[59]梁书民.城镇化背景下的耕地资源[N].经济参考报,2006-02-08.
[60]封志明,刘宝勤,杨艳昭.中国耕地资源数量变化的趋势分析与数据重建:1949-2003[J].自然资源学报,2005,(1):35-43.
[61]彭琳.中国化肥施用与粮食生产的进程、前景与布局[J].农业现代化研究.2000,21(1):14-17.
[62]曾希柏,陈同斌.中国粮食生产潜力和化肥增产效率的区域分异[J].地理学报,2002,57(5):539-546
[63]徐浪,贾静.化肥施用量对粮食产量的贡献率分析[J].四川粮油科技,2003(1).10-13
[64]张福锁等.协调作物高产和环境保护的养分资源综合管理技术研究与示范[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2008.
[65]Tilman.etal.TilmanD,K.G.Cassman,P.A.Matson,R.Naylor,S.Polasky.2002.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices[J].Nature,2002,418:671-678.
[66]张玉玲.中国城镇化问题专家访谈:城镇化不是越快越好[N].光明日报,2006-3-27.
[67]沈清基.城市环境.见沈清基主编:城市生态与城市环境[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1998,234-238.
[68]姜爱林.城镇化发展与城镇生态环境建设研究[J].中国地质矿产经济,2001,(5):14-20.
[69]陈昌笃,鲍世行.中国城市化及其发展趋势[J].生态学报,1994,4(1):84-90.
[70]Valiela I and Bowen J L.Nitrogen sources to watersheds and estuaries:role of land cover mosaics and losses within watersheds[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,118:239-248.
[71]Vaalgamaa S.The effect of urbanisation on Laajalahti Bay,Helsinki city,as reflected by sediment geoehemistry[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:650-662.
[72]Liu J G,Daily G C,Ehrlich P R et al.Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversity[J].Nature,2003,421(30:530-532.
[73]阎水玉.城市生态学学科定义、研究内容、研究方法的分析与探索[J].生态科学,2001,20(11):96-105.
[74]吴琼,王如松,李宏卿,等.生态城市指标体系与评价方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(8):2090-2095.
[75]熊正琴,邢光熹,沈光裕,等.太湖地区湖、河和井水中氮污染状况的研究[J].农村生态环境,2002,18(2):29-33.
[76]翟凤英.中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告2002[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2006,101-104.
[77]杨月欣,何梅,潘兴昌,等.食物成分表.见杨月欣主编:中国食物成分表2004[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2005,75-217.
[78]许世卫.中国食物消费与浪费分析[J].中国食物与营养,2005,(11):4-8.
[79]李晶,华珞,王学江.国内外城市生活垃圾处理的分析与比较[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,(3):73-80.
[80]刘晓利,许俊香,王方浩,等.畜牧系统中氮素平衡计算参数的探讨[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(3):417-423.
[81]陈朱蕾,唐赢中.中国城市粪便的可持续利用研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(2):42-49.
[82]国家环境保护总局.城镇生活污水处理情况.见:国家环境保护总局主编:中国环境统计年报[M].2002.北京:环境科学出版社,2003,15-20.
[83]国家环境保护总局.环境状况.见:国家环境保护总局主编:中国环境状况公报[M].2002.北京:环境科学出版社,2003,30-32.
[84]陈能汪,张珞平,洪华生,等.九龙江流域农村生活污水污染定量研究[J].厦门大学学报,2004,8(43):249-252.
[85]王俊起,王友斌,薛金荣,等.乡镇生活垃圾与生活污水排放及处理现状[J].中国卫生工程学,2004,(4):202-204.
[86]乐晓虬,张延毅.城市生活垃圾生态去向的探讨[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),1994,16(2):220-224.
[87]杜吴鹏,高庆先,张恩琛,等.中国城市生活垃圾处理及趋势分析[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(5):115-120.
[88]国务院办公厅.中国食物与营养发展纲要[J].营养学报,2002,24(4):337-341.
[89]White IR.The level of alcohol consumption at which all cause mortality is least[J].J Clin Epidemiol,1999,52:967-975.
[90]任雪琴.浅析我国的粮食安全问题[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,(1):44-48.
[91]魏静,马林,路光,等.城镇化对我国食物消费系统氮素流动及循环利用影响初探[J].生态学报,2008,28(3):1016-1025.
[92]莫重文.蛋白质化学与工艺学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007,114-128.
[93]S.K.Baidoo,顾宪红,李琍.猪禽营养对环境的影响[J].国外畜牧科技,2001,28(1):6-9.
[94]乔岩瑞.养殖业的氮污染及其营养学调控[J],饲料广角,2005,22:18-22.
[95]喻泽斌,王敦球,张学洪.城市污水处理技术发展回顾与展望[J].广西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,22(2):81-87.
[96]国家食物与营养咨询委员会.未来30年食物安全发展目标[N].中国食品报,2003-11-05.
[97]马勇,彭永臻,于德爽.A/O生物脱氮工艺处理生活污水中系统性能和SND现象的研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(5):710-715.
[98]张红晶,龙腾锐,何强,等.新型侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水[J],环境工程学报,2007,1(10):27-31.
[99]卢姗,季民,王景峰,等.颗粒污泥SBR处理生活污水同步除磷脱氮的研究[J].环境科学,2007.28(8):1687-1692.
[100]Population Division of United Nation.Online database of world population prospects:The 2006revision[DB/OL].http://esa.un.org/unpp/,2007-04-18.
[101]宋昌平.人粪尿的利用--值得研发的产业[J].生物学通报,2003,38(4):22-23.
[102]马文奇,张福锁.食物链养分管理--中国可持续发展面临的挑战[J].科技导报,2008,26(1):68-73.
[103]刘志飞,颜进.从居民消费角度看城市化道路的选择[J].城市问题.2004,119(3),36-39.
[104]蔡继明.以大城市为依托加快城市化进程[N].人民政协报,2005,2005-07-18.
[105]朱铁臻,城市规模多大为好[EB/OL].http://tz.gov.cn/cnforums2/forums/200/ShowPost.aspx
[106]张在元,城市并非越大越好[EB/OL].http://www.ddyuanlin.com/html/news/2007～10/09/2311.html
[107]周一星.城镇化不是越快越好[EB/OL].http://cn.chinagate.com.cn/news/2006～03/27/content_2344790.htm
[108]何宇纳,马冠生.中国城乡居民食物消费现状及变化趋势[J].中华流行病学,2005,26(7):485-488.
[109]程国强.我国农业增长与结构变化[EB/OL].中国经济信息网2005-08-29 13:46:33.来源:国务院发展研究中心.
[110]国家统计局 中国统计年鉴1980,1985,1990,1995,2000,2005[M].北京:统计年鉴出版社,1981,1986,1991,1996,2001,2006.
[111]中国农业统计资料 1980,1985,1990,1995,2000,2005[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1981,1986,1991,1996,2001,2006.
[112]新中国50年农业统计资料[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[113]王激清.我国主要粮食作物施肥增产效应和养分利用效率的分析与评价[D].北京:中国农业大学资环学院,2007.
[114]朱兆良.农田生态系统中化肥的去向和氮素管理.见:朱兆良和文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科技出版社,1992.228-245.
[115]尤崇杓.生物固氮译丛(三)[M].北京:农业出版社,1988.87-89.
[116]鲁如坤主编.土壤-植物营养原理和施肥[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1998.
[117]范茂攀,郑毅,李少明,等.保山市农田生态系统养分循环与平衡研究[J].云南农业大学学报,2005.20(3):415-418.
[118]奚振邦.农田生态系统中氮素循环的简析.见:中国土壤学会土壤农化专业委员会、土壤生物和生物化学专业委员会编.我国土壤氮素研究工作的现状与展望[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.217-227.
[119]樊庆笙.1986.共生固氮和土壤肥力[C].见:我国土壤氮素研究工作的现状与展望,中国土壤学会土壤氮素工作会议论文集.北京:科学出版社,212-216.
[120]马俊哲.对北京发展都市型现代农业若干问题的思考[J].北京农业职业学院学报,2006,20(5):32-35.
[121]田洁,刘晓虹,贾进等.都市农业与城市绿色空间的有机契合--城乡空间统筹的规划探索[J].城市规划,2006,(10):32-35.
[122]马俊哲.都市农业与京郊农业产业结构调整[J].北京农业,2005,(05):1-2.
[123]张禄祥,郑业鲁,万忠.我国都市农业研究概述[J].广东农业科学,2005,(03):85-87.
[124]张玉铭.华北太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田氮素循环与平衡研究[D].北京:中国农业大学资环学院,2005.
[125]申建波,张福锁主编.水稻养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.
[126]Holland E.A.,Dentener EJ.,Braswell B.H.and J.M.Sulzman.1999.Comtemporary and preindustrial global reactive nitrogen budgets[J].Biogeoehemistry.46:7-43.
[127]Galloway J.N.,Dentener J.E Capone G.D.,Boyer E.W.,Howarth R.W.,Seitzinger S.P.,Asner G.P.C.,Cleveland,C.,Green P.,Holland E.,Karl D.M.,Michaels A.F.,Porter J.H.,Townsend A.and C.Vorosmarty.Nitrogen cycles:past,preaent and future[J].Biogeoehemistry,2004,70:153-226.
[128]张颖,何春娥,刘学军,等.华北平原大气氮素沉降的时空变异研究[J].生态学报,2006.26(6):1633-1639.
[129]庞庆,王益谦.农田生态系统养分平衡及其面源污染研究-以四川省为例[J].中国环保产业,2004,6:16-19.
[130]阎占定.当前我国农业结构调整的动力因素分析[J].学术论坛,2005,168(1):93-96.
[131]马兰,张曦.农业区位论及其现实意义[J].云南农业科技,2003(3):3-5.
[132]叶长卫,李雪松.浅谈杜能农业区位论对我国农业发展的作用与启示[J].华中农业大学学报.社会科学版,2002,46(4):1-4.
[133]石虹,曹钢跃.浅谈杜能农业区位论对现代土地利用的影响[J].山西教育学院学报,2000(2).