低脉动齿轮泵的机理分析与优化设计
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摘要
齿轮泵的结构和工艺在各类液压泵中最简单，并在价格、可靠性、寿命、抗污染以及自吸能力等方面都有很强的优势，因此在液压传动与控制技术中，齿轮泵的应用占很大的比重，它广泛应用于机床、轻工、农林、冶金、矿山、建筑、船舶、飞机、汽车、石化机械等机械产品的液压系统中。但齿轮泵也有不少缺点，主要是流量和压力脉动较大，动态性能差，噪声较大，排量不可变，高温效率较低。其中流量脉动问题显得尤其突出，它严重制约着齿轮泵的应用，因为泵的流量脉动大，不仅会使液压缸运动的平稳性、液压马达回转的均匀性性变差，而且会引起压力脉动，进而使管道、阀门乃至整个系统振动(特别是在共振时)，并发出很强的噪声，这对轴、轴承、管接头及密封都有破坏性影响。如何减小齿轮泵的脉动，已成为各国学者深入研究的课题。
本论文针对如何降低齿轮泵的输出流量脉动并力求在保持直齿轮泵的结构和工艺在各类液压泵中最简单，在价格、可靠性、寿命、抗污染和自吸能力强的优势上开展了对低脉动齿轮泵的机理分析与研究。其基本方法是以斜齿轮替代原来常见齿轮泵中的直齿轮，其理论根据是同等脉动周期曲线错过一定的相位角叠加使脉动下降的原理，这样便能在很大程度上保持了齿轮泵的原有优势。
本论文在对齿轮泵工作原理和流量脉动机理分析的基础上，首先探讨了斜齿齿轮泵的输出流量脉动与斜齿轮各结构参数之间的关系，以及由于斜齿轮替代直齿轮带来的相关问题并提出解决办法，为斜齿齿轮泵的结构设计奠定基础。
在此基础上进行了斜齿齿轮泵的结构设计，通过建立斜齿齿轮泵齿轮的优化数学模型，优化计算出使输出流量脉动最小的斜齿轮参数，制造出斜齿齿轮泵样机。
根据齿轮泵流量脉动的检测要求，采用新的测试方法和手段，建立了中高压齿轮泵性能测试装置，并对样机进行了性能测试。一方面对理论分析结果进行验证，另一方面为产品化设计提供了依据。结果表明其理论分析是正确的。
本论文研究的斜齿啮合式低脉动齿轮泵可代替现广泛存于市场上的直齿轮泵，并能在很大程度和范围内替代其它形式液压泵的作用，这对于促进机械装备的技术进步、降低机械装备的制造成本具有十分重要的意义，其应用前景将十分广阔。
The structure and craftwork of gear pump is the most simple among the other hydraulic pump, and the aspects of its price, dependability, life-span, anti-contaminativity, self-absorb ability have more strong advantage too, so gear pump are used widely in fluid drive and cybernetic technology, such as lathe machine, light industry, agriculture, metallurgy, mining, building, ships, airplanes , cars , petrochemical machine and soon on .But gear pump also have some defects ,the strong flow and press pulse ,the low of dynamic capability, the high noise ,the unchangeable output. Among them the flow pulse is more standing-out, which is the main reason of its not more widely used .because high flow pulse will lead to the worse of the smooth movement of hydraulic motor and pipe , also cause pressure pulse which lead to a high noise ,and give the destructive damage to the axial ,bearing ,valve, the connect of pipe etc. How to make the flow pulse low has become the research of scholars of many country.
On base of the cases above , how to reduce the flow pulse of gear pump and preserve its good characters are presented in the paper .The primary method to solve the problem is to replace the spur gear with helical gear in the pump ,which is base on the theory that the swing of a periodical cure will decrease on the case of the add of the same cure with some phase difference. Through the way the goals of reducing the flow pulse of gear pump and preserving the good characters can be achieved at the same time .
At first, on the base of the analysis of the mechanism of the helical gear pump,the paper try to find the relationship of the helical gear pump flow pulse with its corresponding parameters , give the solution of the problems brought by the replace of spur gear to lay the firm basis for the structural design of helical gear pump .
The following is the detail design of the pump, and a optimum mathematical model are presented to mostly reduce the helical gear pump flow pulse .
And at last the measurement of helical gear pump flow pulse has been presented , which include how to measure the flow pulse and the validating the theory mentioned before and to try to the solve the problems happened during the process . And the results have been shown that the theory is right.
With the research in the paper succeeded it would be certain that the helical gear pump would replace the spur gear pump now widely existed in the market and also could replace the other type of hydraulic pump in some areas , which surely greatly decrease the cost of manufacture and advance the development of technology .The importance is undisputable.
本论文针对如何降低齿轮泵的输出流量脉动并力求在保持直齿轮泵的结构和工艺在各类液压泵中最简单，在价格、可靠性、寿命、抗污染和自吸能力强的优势上开展了对低脉动齿轮泵的机理分析与研究。其基本方法是以斜齿轮替代原来常见齿轮泵中的直齿轮，其理论根据是同等脉动周期曲线错过一定的相位角叠加使脉动下降的原理，这样便能在很大程度上保持了齿轮泵的原有优势。
本论文在对齿轮泵工作原理和流量脉动机理分析的基础上，首先探讨了斜齿齿轮泵的输出流量脉动与斜齿轮各结构参数之间的关系，以及由于斜齿轮替代直齿轮带来的相关问题并提出解决办法，为斜齿齿轮泵的结构设计奠定基础。
在此基础上进行了斜齿齿轮泵的结构设计，通过建立斜齿齿轮泵齿轮的优化数学模型，优化计算出使输出流量脉动最小的斜齿轮参数，制造出斜齿齿轮泵样机。
根据齿轮泵流量脉动的检测要求，采用新的测试方法和手段，建立了中高压齿轮泵性能测试装置，并对样机进行了性能测试。一方面对理论分析结果进行验证，另一方面为产品化设计提供了依据。结果表明其理论分析是正确的。
本论文研究的斜齿啮合式低脉动齿轮泵可代替现广泛存于市场上的直齿轮泵，并能在很大程度和范围内替代其它形式液压泵的作用，这对于促进机械装备的技术进步、降低机械装备的制造成本具有十分重要的意义，其应用前景将十分广阔。
The structure and craftwork of gear pump is the most simple among the other hydraulic pump, and the aspects of its price, dependability, life-span, anti-contaminativity, self-absorb ability have more strong advantage too, so gear pump are used widely in fluid drive and cybernetic technology, such as lathe machine, light industry, agriculture, metallurgy, mining, building, ships, airplanes , cars , petrochemical machine and soon on .But gear pump also have some defects ,the strong flow and press pulse ,the low of dynamic capability, the high noise ,the unchangeable output. Among them the flow pulse is more standing-out, which is the main reason of its not more widely used .because high flow pulse will lead to the worse of the smooth movement of hydraulic motor and pipe , also cause pressure pulse which lead to a high noise ,and give the destructive damage to the axial ,bearing ,valve, the connect of pipe etc. How to make the flow pulse low has become the research of scholars of many country.
On base of the cases above , how to reduce the flow pulse of gear pump and preserve its good characters are presented in the paper .The primary method to solve the problem is to replace the spur gear with helical gear in the pump ,which is base on the theory that the swing of a periodical cure will decrease on the case of the add of the same cure with some phase difference. Through the way the goals of reducing the flow pulse of gear pump and preserving the good characters can be achieved at the same time .
At first, on the base of the analysis of the mechanism of the helical gear pump,the paper try to find the relationship of the helical gear pump flow pulse with its corresponding parameters , give the solution of the problems brought by the replace of spur gear to lay the firm basis for the structural design of helical gear pump .
The following is the detail design of the pump, and a optimum mathematical model are presented to mostly reduce the helical gear pump flow pulse .
And at last the measurement of helical gear pump flow pulse has been presented , which include how to measure the flow pulse and the validating the theory mentioned before and to try to the solve the problems happened during the process . And the results have been shown that the theory is right.
With the research in the paper succeeded it would be certain that the helical gear pump would replace the spur gear pump now widely existed in the market and also could replace the other type of hydraulic pump in some areas , which surely greatly decrease the cost of manufacture and advance the development of technology .The importance is undisputable.
引文
[1] 何存兴．液压元件．机械工业出版社．1982
[2] 胡开文，徐金榜．齿轮泵工作原理的探讨．农业机械学报，2000(3)
[3] 李九华．外啮合齿轮泵齿轮参数最佳值的研究．机械工程学报，1982(3)
[4] 彭玉洁，潘桂华．齿轮泵参数化设计及其可视化仿真实现．液压气动与密封，2000(6)
[5] 李志华，刘小思，顾广华．齿轮泵齿轮基本参数的优化设计．江西农业大学学报，1997f3)
[6] 曹文钢，余新阳．外啮合齿轮泵卸荷措施中卸荷面积的计算．流体机械，1995(12)
[7] 扬兴胜．齿轮泵噪声故障的排除方法．机械工程师，2001(3)
[8] 刘国庆，孙国民．齿轮泵的异常噪声问题．工程机械，1997(9)
[9] 黎新．低噪声齿轮传动系统的结构设计方法．机械研究与应用，1998(2)
[10] 曲秀全，戴恒震，宋学勇．降低沥青齿轮泵噪声的方法．流体机械，2001(7)
[11] 丁万荣等．B C B -B型变量齿轮泵研制．机床与液压，1998(1)
[12] 丁万荣等．B C B -B型变量齿轮泵的变量范围．机床与液压，1998(2)
[13] 吴限．关于一种新流量调节方式的齿轮泵之设想．机械设计．1996(8)
[14] 祝海林，陈权邹．改变齿轮泵输出流量的途径．机械工程师，1999(2)
[15] 朱寿和．变量齿轮泵．机械设计，1995(4)
[16] 张军，栾振辉．新型多齿轮复合齿轮泵的理论研究．机械工程师，1997(4)
[17] 唐兵，栾振辉．平衡式复合齿轮泵(马达)的配流原理．煤矿机械，1998(2)
[18] 李尚义刘军低流量脉动的齿轮泵——二级并联齿轮泵的研究 组合机床与自动化加工技术1987(6)
[19] 吴百海等三人．小脉动齿轮泵的理论和结构探索．机床与液压，1988
[20] Morozumi: Development of pumps for two-phase fluid loops. SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Transactions v 99 n Sect 1 1990 699-708
[21] 余宏．非对称外齿轮泵啮合点位移分析．煤矿机械，1999(9)
[22] 刘元伟等五人．非对称齿齿轮泵设计研究．大连铁道学院学报．1999(9)
[23] 曹秉刚、史维祥．液压滤波器．机床与液压，1985
[24] 郑容．一种齿轮泵用液压滤波器的研制及应用．液压工业，1991
[25] 陈佩琳等．降低齿轮泵压力脉动与噪声的研宄．西安交通大学学报，1989(4)
[26] 许贤良等四人．复合齿轮泵的几何流量特性．淮南工业学院学报，1999{3)
[27] 赵连春等四人．齿轮变位对第一类复合齿轮泵流量特性的影响．中国矿业大学学报，1998(12)
[28] Duke K.Improving Gear Pump Relief Groove Design.Prec.Natl. Conf.Fluid power.1976,30
[29] David Gerrard: Very Low Flows in Sharp Focus.Control & Instrum, 24(2), 1992
[30] Bowns D E.Methods For charactering The Fluidborne Noise Generated By Diplacement Pumps.1985
[31] Szering SF. Rating Pump Fluidborne Noise. S A E 75839
[32] 市川常雄．齿轮泵的设计．机械译丛1964(4)
[33] 李培滋，柏华 泵源脉动特性的实验研究。液压与气动 1986(3)
[34] 唐兵，栾振辉．齿轮泵的发展趋势 流体机械，1999(5)
[35] 祝海林．管道流量非接触测量——方法与技术．气象出版社，1999
[36] Washio, Seiichi;Yamaguchi, Satoshi;Takahashi, Satoshi: Measurement of pulsating flowrate from a gear pump.Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu,B Hen/Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,Part B v 59 n 565 Sep 1993. p2855-2862
[37] 肖金陵等三人．一种新型的瞬态流量测量方法．机床与液压，1994(2)
[38] 杨可桢 程光蕴．机械设计基础．高等教育出版社，1997
[39] 材料力学．孙训方等．高等教育出版社，1994
[40] 黄锡恺，郑文纬．机械原理．高等教育出版社，1989
[41] 张英会．机械零件．机械工业出版社，1986
[42] 机械设计手册．化学工业出版社，1987
[43] 机械设计材料手册．原子能出版社，1979
[44] 谭尹耕．液压实验设备与测试技术．北京理工大学出版社，1989
[45] 郑叔芳，吴晓琳．机械工程测量学．科学出版社，1999
[46] 左健民．液压与气压传动．机械工业出版社，1998
[2] 胡开文，徐金榜．齿轮泵工作原理的探讨．农业机械学报，2000(3)
[3] 李九华．外啮合齿轮泵齿轮参数最佳值的研究．机械工程学报，1982(3)
[4] 彭玉洁，潘桂华．齿轮泵参数化设计及其可视化仿真实现．液压气动与密封，2000(6)
[5] 李志华，刘小思，顾广华．齿轮泵齿轮基本参数的优化设计．江西农业大学学报，1997f3)
[6] 曹文钢，余新阳．外啮合齿轮泵卸荷措施中卸荷面积的计算．流体机械，1995(12)
[7] 扬兴胜．齿轮泵噪声故障的排除方法．机械工程师，2001(3)
[8] 刘国庆，孙国民．齿轮泵的异常噪声问题．工程机械，1997(9)
[9] 黎新．低噪声齿轮传动系统的结构设计方法．机械研究与应用，1998(2)
[10] 曲秀全，戴恒震，宋学勇．降低沥青齿轮泵噪声的方法．流体机械，2001(7)
[11] 丁万荣等．B C B -B型变量齿轮泵研制．机床与液压，1998(1)
[12] 丁万荣等．B C B -B型变量齿轮泵的变量范围．机床与液压，1998(2)
[13] 吴限．关于一种新流量调节方式的齿轮泵之设想．机械设计．1996(8)
[14] 祝海林，陈权邹．改变齿轮泵输出流量的途径．机械工程师，1999(2)
[15] 朱寿和．变量齿轮泵．机械设计，1995(4)
[16] 张军，栾振辉．新型多齿轮复合齿轮泵的理论研究．机械工程师，1997(4)
[17] 唐兵，栾振辉．平衡式复合齿轮泵(马达)的配流原理．煤矿机械，1998(2)
[18] 李尚义刘军低流量脉动的齿轮泵——二级并联齿轮泵的研究 组合机床与自动化加工技术1987(6)
[19] 吴百海等三人．小脉动齿轮泵的理论和结构探索．机床与液压，1988
[20] Morozumi: Development of pumps for two-phase fluid loops. SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Transactions v 99 n Sect 1 1990 699-708
[21] 余宏．非对称外齿轮泵啮合点位移分析．煤矿机械，1999(9)
[22] 刘元伟等五人．非对称齿齿轮泵设计研究．大连铁道学院学报．1999(9)
[23] 曹秉刚、史维祥．液压滤波器．机床与液压，1985
[24] 郑容．一种齿轮泵用液压滤波器的研制及应用．液压工业，1991
[25] 陈佩琳等．降低齿轮泵压力脉动与噪声的研宄．西安交通大学学报，1989(4)
[26] 许贤良等四人．复合齿轮泵的几何流量特性．淮南工业学院学报，1999{3)
[27] 赵连春等四人．齿轮变位对第一类复合齿轮泵流量特性的影响．中国矿业大学学报，1998(12)
[28] Duke K.Improving Gear Pump Relief Groove Design.Prec.Natl. Conf.Fluid power.1976,30
[29] David Gerrard: Very Low Flows in Sharp Focus.Control & Instrum, 24(2), 1992
[30] Bowns D E.Methods For charactering The Fluidborne Noise Generated By Diplacement Pumps.1985
[31] Szering SF. Rating Pump Fluidborne Noise. S A E 75839
[32] 市川常雄．齿轮泵的设计．机械译丛1964(4)
[33] 李培滋，柏华 泵源脉动特性的实验研究。液压与气动 1986(3)
[34] 唐兵，栾振辉．齿轮泵的发展趋势 流体机械，1999(5)
[35] 祝海林．管道流量非接触测量——方法与技术．气象出版社，1999
[36] Washio, Seiichi;Yamaguchi, Satoshi;Takahashi, Satoshi: Measurement of pulsating flowrate from a gear pump.Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu,B Hen/Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,Part B v 59 n 565 Sep 1993. p2855-2862
[37] 肖金陵等三人．一种新型的瞬态流量测量方法．机床与液压，1994(2)
[38] 杨可桢 程光蕴．机械设计基础．高等教育出版社，1997
[39] 材料力学．孙训方等．高等教育出版社，1994
[40] 黄锡恺，郑文纬．机械原理．高等教育出版社，1989
[41] 张英会．机械零件．机械工业出版社，1986
[42] 机械设计手册．化学工业出版社，1987
[43] 机械设计材料手册．原子能出版社，1979
[44] 谭尹耕．液压实验设备与测试技术．北京理工大学出版社，1989
[45] 郑叔芳，吴晓琳．机械工程测量学．科学出版社，1999
[46] 左健民．液压与气压传动．机械工业出版社，1998
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