提速客车车体轻量化问题的研究
摘要
随着铁路运输速度的提高，车辆的轻量化显得越来越重要，减轻车辆自重，不仅可以减少原材料的消耗，有利于降低牵引功率，提高列车的运行速度，改善列车的启动和制动性能，而且可以有效的减少轮轨间的动力作用，减少振动和噪音，增加车辆和线路的使用寿命，节约运输成本。在客车的自重中，车体承载结构占有相当大的比重，因此，在车辆轻量化的过程中，车体承载结构的轻量化显得尤为重要。
车体承载的结构轻量化，要保证车体的强度、刚度、动态特性和耐碰撞性等满足提速客车的要求。本文利用ANSYS软件建立了25K硬卧客车车体轻量化前后的有限元模型，计算了车体的强度、刚度和模态，并对轻量化前后的车体作了对比分析；然后，用NUCARS动力学分析软件建立了25K硬卧客车系统的数学模型，分析了弹性振动对平稳性的影响，并对刚性车体和轻量化前后的弹性车体对平稳性和加速度响应的影响作了对比分析；最后用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立了25K硬卧客车车体轻量化前后的动态显式有限元模型，分别在5.8m/s和11.8m/s的速度下碰撞刚性墙，得到了车体的相对位移、速度、加速度和能量的变化过程，并作了对比分析。
本文的研究工作为提速客车车体的轻量化提供了理论基础。
With the speed up of railway transportation, the lightening design of vehicle seems to be more and more important. Reducing the weight of vehicle can not only reduce the consumption of the raw materials and the power of traction, and increase the operation speed and improve the starting and braking performance of trains, but also has the advantageous to reduce the wheel/rail interaction forces, vibration and noise, increase the service life of the vehicle and the track, and economize the cost of transportation. In the dead weight of the passenger car, the car body occupies the most part of the weight. So in the course of lightening of the vehicle, the lightening of car-body structure is very important.
The lightening design of vehicle should guarantee the strength, stiffness, mode and crashworthiness of the car body in the condition of raising train speed. This thesis utilizes ANSYS software to set up two finite element models of type 25K hard berth passenger car body before and after lightening. The strength, stiffness and mode of car body have been calculated and compared for the two models. Then the dynamic model of the passenger car system using NUCARS dynamic software has been set up. The effect of car body elastic vibration on the ride comfort is analyzed. The ride comfort and acceleration responses of the car system with rigid car body model or elastic car body model are studied and compared. Finally by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, the finite element impact models of car body with a rigid wall have been set up, then the displacement, velocity, acceleration and energy variation of the car body are analyzed and compared for before and after lightening cases under the condition of impact speed 5.8m/s and 11.8m/s.
The work of this thesis provides the theoretical foundation for the car body lightening of speed up passenger cars.
车体承载的结构轻量化，要保证车体的强度、刚度、动态特性和耐碰撞性等满足提速客车的要求。本文利用ANSYS软件建立了25K硬卧客车车体轻量化前后的有限元模型，计算了车体的强度、刚度和模态，并对轻量化前后的车体作了对比分析；然后，用NUCARS动力学分析软件建立了25K硬卧客车系统的数学模型，分析了弹性振动对平稳性的影响，并对刚性车体和轻量化前后的弹性车体对平稳性和加速度响应的影响作了对比分析；最后用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立了25K硬卧客车车体轻量化前后的动态显式有限元模型，分别在5.8m/s和11.8m/s的速度下碰撞刚性墙，得到了车体的相对位移、速度、加速度和能量的变化过程，并作了对比分析。
本文的研究工作为提速客车车体的轻量化提供了理论基础。
With the speed up of railway transportation, the lightening design of vehicle seems to be more and more important. Reducing the weight of vehicle can not only reduce the consumption of the raw materials and the power of traction, and increase the operation speed and improve the starting and braking performance of trains, but also has the advantageous to reduce the wheel/rail interaction forces, vibration and noise, increase the service life of the vehicle and the track, and economize the cost of transportation. In the dead weight of the passenger car, the car body occupies the most part of the weight. So in the course of lightening of the vehicle, the lightening of car-body structure is very important.
The lightening design of vehicle should guarantee the strength, stiffness, mode and crashworthiness of the car body in the condition of raising train speed. This thesis utilizes ANSYS software to set up two finite element models of type 25K hard berth passenger car body before and after lightening. The strength, stiffness and mode of car body have been calculated and compared for the two models. Then the dynamic model of the passenger car system using NUCARS dynamic software has been set up. The effect of car body elastic vibration on the ride comfort is analyzed. The ride comfort and acceleration responses of the car system with rigid car body model or elastic car body model are studied and compared. Finally by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, the finite element impact models of car body with a rigid wall have been set up, then the displacement, velocity, acceleration and energy variation of the car body are analyzed and compared for before and after lightening cases under the condition of impact speed 5.8m/s and 11.8m/s.
The work of this thesis provides the theoretical foundation for the car body lightening of speed up passenger cars.
引文
[1] 陈喜红，辛成瑶 200 Km/h高速动力车车体结构轻量化设计和静、动强度计算．铁道学报，2000，4：25-30
[2] 胡小伟．高速动力车碰撞模拟研究．硕士学位论文，成都：西南交通大学，2001
[3] 提速客车车体轻量化研究报告，唐山机车车辆厂，2002年8月
[4] 吴鸿庆，任侠．结构有限元分析．北京．中国铁道出版社，2000年
[5] 余同希．塑性力学．高等教育出版社，1991年
[6] 田红旗，卢执中．列车碰撞动力学建模研究，铁道车辆，1997，4：8-11
[7] 魏晓东．铰接式高速客车车体钢结构动态特性研究．硕士学位论文，成都：西南交通大学，1999年
[8] 倪振华．振动力学．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1987年
[9] 吴家龙．弹性力学．上海：报同济大学出版社，1987年
[10] 唐伟．机车车体的优化及动力响应分析．硕士学位论文，成都：西南交通大学，1999年
[11] 姜晋庆，张铎．结构弹塑性有限元分析法．北京：宇航出版社，1990年
[12] 严隽耄．车辆工程．北京：中国铁道出版社，1993年
[13] 王福天．车辆系统动力学．北京：中国铁道出版社，1994年
[14] David C. Tyrell, U.S. Rail Equipment Crashworthiness Standards Paper Presented at 'What Can We Realistically Expect From Crash Worthiness? Improving Train Design to Withstand Future Accidents' , Institute of Mechanical Engineers Headquarters, London, England , May 2 ,2001.
[15] J.W. Simons and S.W. Kirkpatrick. High-Speed Passenger Train Crashworthiness and Occupant Survivability,International Journal of Crashworthiness, IJCrash Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 121-132, 1999.
[16] S.W. Kirkpatrick, M. Schroeder and J. W. Simons.Evaluation of Passenger Rail Vehicle Crashworthiness, IJCrash 2001, International Journal of Crashworthiness,Vol. 6, No.l, PP. 95-106,2001.
[17] J.H. Lewis, W.G. Rasaiah and A. Scholes. Validation of measures to improve rail vehicle crashworthiness ,Journal of Rail and Rapid Tranit, August 1996, pp. 73-85.
[18] 谭建国．使用ANSYS6.0进行有限元分析．北京：北京大学出版社，2002年
[19] Alexander Scholes．侯卫星 译．欧洲铁路碰撞技术的开发，国外铁道车辆，1998，1：23-26
[20] 谢素明，兆文忠，闫雪冬．高速车辆大变形碰撞仿真基本原理及应用研究，铁道车辆，2001，8：1-4
[21] John Lewis．于学辉 译．铁路客车冲击试验研究，国外铁道车辆，1999，4：31-32
[22] 铃木康文．车体弹性振动的理论分析，国外铁道车辆，1991，5：35-39
[23] 铃木康文．轻量车体的弯曲振动分析，国外铁道车辆，1992，6：39-41
[24] 李玉家，赵洪伦．基于频率约束的高速客车车体承载结构优化，铁道车辆，2000，1：9-11
[25] 魏晓东．广深线准高速客车车体钢结构静强度、刚度试验研究，铁道车辆，1995，12：22-29
[26] 铁道车辆强度设计及试验鉴定规范，北京：中华人民共和国铁道部，1997年
[27] 任启麟．关于客车车体扭转载荷问题的探讨，铁道车辆，1997，3：5-8
[28] 王丹，李强．高速客车车体钢结构弹性模态分析研究，北方交通大学学报，2001，8：94-96
[29] 尚铁良，郝晋豫，等．客车提速后出现的问题和对策，铁道车辆，1997，10：19-22
[30] 李世亮．计及车体弹性效应的车辆动力学振动方程、振型函数
和频率方程解析，铁道车辆，1998，7：9-12
[31] 沃德．海伦，斯蒂芬．拉门兹，波尔．萨斯，白化同 郭继忠 译．模态分析理论与试验，北京：北京理工大学出版社，2001年
[32] 王国强．实用工程数值模拟技术及其在州SYS上的实践，西安：西北工业大学出版社，2000年
[33] 李裕奇．随机过程，成都：西南交通大学出版社，2002年
[34] 李世亮，王卫东．考虑车体弹性的铰接式高速车辆模型及响应计算，中国铁道科学，1997，6：77-85
[35] 铃木康文．日本既有线路提高车辆速度的技术措施，国外铁道车辆，1995，4：18-21
[36] 刘岩．我国高速铁路客车轻量化车体最优结构研究，铝合余加工技术，2002，5：41-43
[37] 仲听，杨汝清．刚弹耦合建模在汽车转向轮摆振问题的应用．机械设计与研究，2000，(4)：63-65
[38] Shawn P. McGuan, Steven C. Pintar. Modeling Vehicle Suspension Structural Compliance at Ford Motor Company Using a COUpling Of ADAMS Theory and MSC/NASTRAN. SAE Paper, 1994.
[39] 刘延柱等．多刚体系统动力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1989
[40] 王勋成，劭敏．有限元基本原理和数值方法．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[41] Thomas J. Trella. Finite element model of a moving deformable barrier for federal motor vehicle safety standard 214 side impact collision, Crashworthiness, Occupant Protection and Biomechanics in Transportation Systems American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Applied Mechanics Division, AMD v 210 1995. ASME, Fairfield, NJ, U.S.A. P89-112
[42] P. Thomas. The definition of crash parameters for an advanced frontal crash test based on real-world crashes, Int. J. of Vehicle Design,Vol. 16, No82/3, 1995 p179-193
[43] C. A. Krauss, D. H. Lananen. A parametric study of crush initiators for a thin-walled tube, Int. J. of Vehicle design, Vol. 15,Nos 3/4/5, 1994 P385-397
[44] A. G. Mamalis, W. Johnson. The quasi-static crumpling of
thin-walled circular cylinder and frusta under axial compression, Int. J.Mech. Sci. Vol. 25, No.9-10, 1983 p 713-732
[45] I. Hagiwara, Y. Satoh and M. Tsuda, Study of an analytical technique and system for conducting vehicle crash simulation, Int. J. of Vehicle Design, Vol. 11,no.6, 1990. Printed in UK p 564-577
[46] P. Drazetic, E. Markiewicz, P. Level and Y. Ravalard. Application of the generalized mixing kinematic model to the calculation of crushing response of complex prismatic sections, Int. J. Impact Engineering Vol. 16, No.2, 1995 p 217-235
[47] Duan Kecman .Bending collapse of rectangular and square section tubes, Int. J.Mech. Sci. Vol.25,No.9-10,1983p623-636
[48] ANSYS/LS-DYNA3D Theoretical Manual
[49] Hallquist J.O. LS-DYNA3D User's Manual. Livermore Software Technology Corporation,Livermore, 1997
[50] Hallquist J.O. LS-DYNA3D Theoretical Manual. Livermore Software Technology Corporation,Livermore, 1997
[2] 胡小伟．高速动力车碰撞模拟研究．硕士学位论文，成都：西南交通大学，2001
[3] 提速客车车体轻量化研究报告，唐山机车车辆厂，2002年8月
[4] 吴鸿庆，任侠．结构有限元分析．北京．中国铁道出版社，2000年
[5] 余同希．塑性力学．高等教育出版社，1991年
[6] 田红旗，卢执中．列车碰撞动力学建模研究，铁道车辆，1997，4：8-11
[7] 魏晓东．铰接式高速客车车体钢结构动态特性研究．硕士学位论文，成都：西南交通大学，1999年
[8] 倪振华．振动力学．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1987年
[9] 吴家龙．弹性力学．上海：报同济大学出版社，1987年
[10] 唐伟．机车车体的优化及动力响应分析．硕士学位论文，成都：西南交通大学，1999年
[11] 姜晋庆，张铎．结构弹塑性有限元分析法．北京：宇航出版社，1990年
[12] 严隽耄．车辆工程．北京：中国铁道出版社，1993年
[13] 王福天．车辆系统动力学．北京：中国铁道出版社，1994年
[14] David C. Tyrell, U.S. Rail Equipment Crashworthiness Standards Paper Presented at 'What Can We Realistically Expect From Crash Worthiness? Improving Train Design to Withstand Future Accidents' , Institute of Mechanical Engineers Headquarters, London, England , May 2 ,2001.
[15] J.W. Simons and S.W. Kirkpatrick. High-Speed Passenger Train Crashworthiness and Occupant Survivability,International Journal of Crashworthiness, IJCrash Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 121-132, 1999.
[16] S.W. Kirkpatrick, M. Schroeder and J. W. Simons.Evaluation of Passenger Rail Vehicle Crashworthiness, IJCrash 2001, International Journal of Crashworthiness,Vol. 6, No.l, PP. 95-106,2001.
[17] J.H. Lewis, W.G. Rasaiah and A. Scholes. Validation of measures to improve rail vehicle crashworthiness ,Journal of Rail and Rapid Tranit, August 1996, pp. 73-85.
[18] 谭建国．使用ANSYS6.0进行有限元分析．北京：北京大学出版社，2002年
[19] Alexander Scholes．侯卫星 译．欧洲铁路碰撞技术的开发，国外铁道车辆，1998，1：23-26
[20] 谢素明，兆文忠，闫雪冬．高速车辆大变形碰撞仿真基本原理及应用研究，铁道车辆，2001，8：1-4
[21] John Lewis．于学辉 译．铁路客车冲击试验研究，国外铁道车辆，1999，4：31-32
[22] 铃木康文．车体弹性振动的理论分析，国外铁道车辆，1991，5：35-39
[23] 铃木康文．轻量车体的弯曲振动分析，国外铁道车辆，1992，6：39-41
[24] 李玉家，赵洪伦．基于频率约束的高速客车车体承载结构优化，铁道车辆，2000，1：9-11
[25] 魏晓东．广深线准高速客车车体钢结构静强度、刚度试验研究，铁道车辆，1995，12：22-29
[26] 铁道车辆强度设计及试验鉴定规范，北京：中华人民共和国铁道部，1997年
[27] 任启麟．关于客车车体扭转载荷问题的探讨，铁道车辆，1997，3：5-8
[28] 王丹，李强．高速客车车体钢结构弹性模态分析研究，北方交通大学学报，2001，8：94-96
[29] 尚铁良，郝晋豫，等．客车提速后出现的问题和对策，铁道车辆，1997，10：19-22
[30] 李世亮．计及车体弹性效应的车辆动力学振动方程、振型函数
和频率方程解析，铁道车辆，1998，7：9-12
[31] 沃德．海伦，斯蒂芬．拉门兹，波尔．萨斯，白化同 郭继忠 译．模态分析理论与试验，北京：北京理工大学出版社，2001年
[32] 王国强．实用工程数值模拟技术及其在州SYS上的实践，西安：西北工业大学出版社，2000年
[33] 李裕奇．随机过程，成都：西南交通大学出版社，2002年
[34] 李世亮，王卫东．考虑车体弹性的铰接式高速车辆模型及响应计算，中国铁道科学，1997，6：77-85
[35] 铃木康文．日本既有线路提高车辆速度的技术措施，国外铁道车辆，1995，4：18-21
[36] 刘岩．我国高速铁路客车轻量化车体最优结构研究，铝合余加工技术，2002，5：41-43
[37] 仲听，杨汝清．刚弹耦合建模在汽车转向轮摆振问题的应用．机械设计与研究，2000，(4)：63-65
[38] Shawn P. McGuan, Steven C. Pintar. Modeling Vehicle Suspension Structural Compliance at Ford Motor Company Using a COUpling Of ADAMS Theory and MSC/NASTRAN. SAE Paper, 1994.
[39] 刘延柱等．多刚体系统动力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1989
[40] 王勋成，劭敏．有限元基本原理和数值方法．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[41] Thomas J. Trella. Finite element model of a moving deformable barrier for federal motor vehicle safety standard 214 side impact collision, Crashworthiness, Occupant Protection and Biomechanics in Transportation Systems American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Applied Mechanics Division, AMD v 210 1995. ASME, Fairfield, NJ, U.S.A. P89-112
[42] P. Thomas. The definition of crash parameters for an advanced frontal crash test based on real-world crashes, Int. J. of Vehicle Design,Vol. 16, No82/3, 1995 p179-193
[43] C. A. Krauss, D. H. Lananen. A parametric study of crush initiators for a thin-walled tube, Int. J. of Vehicle design, Vol. 15,Nos 3/4/5, 1994 P385-397
[44] A. G. Mamalis, W. Johnson. The quasi-static crumpling of
thin-walled circular cylinder and frusta under axial compression, Int. J.Mech. Sci. Vol. 25, No.9-10, 1983 p 713-732
[45] I. Hagiwara, Y. Satoh and M. Tsuda, Study of an analytical technique and system for conducting vehicle crash simulation, Int. J. of Vehicle Design, Vol. 11,no.6, 1990. Printed in UK p 564-577
[46] P. Drazetic, E. Markiewicz, P. Level and Y. Ravalard. Application of the generalized mixing kinematic model to the calculation of crushing response of complex prismatic sections, Int. J. Impact Engineering Vol. 16, No.2, 1995 p 217-235
[47] Duan Kecman .Bending collapse of rectangular and square section tubes, Int. J.Mech. Sci. Vol.25,No.9-10,1983p623-636
[48] ANSYS/LS-DYNA3D Theoretical Manual
[49] Hallquist J.O. LS-DYNA3D User's Manual. Livermore Software Technology Corporation,Livermore, 1997
[50] Hallquist J.O. LS-DYNA3D Theoretical Manual. Livermore Software Technology Corporation,Livermore, 1997
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