小兴安岭阔叶红松林林隙特征及其更新研究
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摘要
林隙是森林生态系统长期变化中必不可少的干扰因素之一，其形成和变化构成了森林景观的流动镶嵌结构，对林隙干扰状况的研究是认识森林动态变化机理的基础，同时，林隙更新动态的研究可为森林的可持续经营管理及生物多样性的维持提供必要的科学依据。
本文通过对小兴安岭阔叶红松林林隙基本特征的初步研究得出：林隙密度为22.33个／hm~2，林隙总面积占整个调查区域(9hm~2)的27.69％；林隙的大小变化在25～1，025m~2之间，平均面积为124.01m~2，其中林隙多集中在200m~2以下。共调查到林隙形成木578株，平均每个林隙中有2.88株；形成林隙最主要的方式是干基折断，占林隙形成木总数的46.54％，其次是干中折断方式(26.12％)。林隙形成木主要有红松、冷杉、枫桦、青楷槭、花楷槭、紫椴、红皮云杉；主林层大多树种在胸径达到20～40cm时，形成林隙的可能性最大，且多以风折的形式死亡。应用点格局方法对林隙总体空间分布研究得出，除在尺度小于25m时呈均匀分布，其它尺度均呈随机分布，而且随着林隙面积的增大其随机性越明显。
通过对小兴安岭阔叶红松林林隙与非林隙林分中乔灌木幼苗(H＜1m)、幼树Ⅰ(H≥1m，DBH＜2cm)和幼树Ⅱ(2cm≤DBH＜5cm)的数量特征以及其对林隙大小的更新反应研究得出：林隙的形成提高了乔木幼树Ⅰ和幼树Ⅱ的密度，但差异不显著(p＜0.05)；林隙内灌木幼苗和幼树Ⅰ的总体密度低于非林隙，幼树Ⅱ则正相反，而且林隙内外的幼苗和幼树Ⅰ密度差异显著(p＜0.05)，但幼树Ⅱ没有显著性差异；大部分乔灌木幼苗、幼树Ⅰ和幼树Ⅱ的树种在林隙内外更新密度没有显著性差异(p＜0.05)。乔木幼苗幼树总体密度在401-600m~2的林隙内最高；灌木幼苗和幼树Ⅰ的总体密度在201-400m~2和601-800m~2的林隙内达到最大，而幼树Ⅱ随林隙大小的变化趋势不明显。不同树种在不同发育阶段对林隙大小的更新反应也有所不同，大部分乔木幼苗幼树树种随林隙大小表现出单峰曲线，幼苗和幼树Ⅰ在201-400m~2和601-800m~2的林隙内更新较好，而幼树Ⅱ则在401-600m~2的林隙内更新良好，但针叶树种冷杉幼苗在≤200m~2的林隙内更新较好；大部分灌木幼苗幼树在201-400m~2和601-800m~2的林隙内更新良好。
应用物种多样性的丰富度和Shannon-Wienner多样性指数对小兴安岭阔叶红松林林隙与非林隙内物种多样性及其随林隙大小的变化规律进行了研究，结果表明：林隙内乔木幼苗幼树的物种多样性指数高于非林隙林分，但差异不显著(p＜0.05)；灌木幼苗物种多样性指数高于非林隙，幼树物种多样性则较非林隙低，幼苗和幼树Ⅰ阶段林隙与非林隙之间的物种多样性差异极显著(p＜0.01)，但幼树Ⅱ阶段不显著。乔木幼苗幼树的物种丰富度随林隙面积的增大呈单峰曲线，但其最大值出现在不同区域内；幼苗的Shannon-Wienner多样性指数随林隙大小变化呈双峰曲线，其最大值出现在201-400m~2的林隙内；幼树Ⅰ和幼树Ⅱ的Shannon-Wienner多样性指数均随林隙大小的变化呈现单峰曲线，且分别在401-600m~2和601-800m~2的林隙内达到最大。灌木幼苗幼树的物种丰富度随林隙面积增大的变化趋势不明显，幼苗和幼树Ⅰ阶段Shannon-Wienner多样性指数最大值均出现在＞800m~2的林隙内，而幼树Ⅱ的Shannon-Wienner多样性指数最大值则出现在≤200m~2的林隙内。
Gaps is one of the most important disturbance factors during the long-term change in theforest ecosystem, formation and change of gaps make up of the running setting structure of theforest landscape. The study of gaps disturbance is the basis of recognizing the dynamic changein the forest, simultaneity, understanding the recruitment dynamic of gaps can also provide thenecessary science bases for the continuable management and the keeping of the speciesdiversity.
The basis characters of gaps were studied on the Broad leaved-Korean pine forest ofXiaoXingan Mountains. According to field survey data, the density of gaps was 22.33/hm~2,the total area of gaps was 27.69% of total survey area (9 hm~2), among which gaps with canopygap area of 25～1,025m~2, most of the gaps area were below 200m~2 and with the median of124.01m~2. There were 578 gap makers in the study, the mean was 2.88 in each gap; The maingap makers were breakage at rootstock and breakage at trunk, they made up of 45.54% and26.12% of the total gap makers. The species of gap makers were Pinus koraiensis, Abiesnephrolepis, Betula costata, Acer tegmentosum, Acer ukurunduense, Tilia amurense, Piceakoraiensis; When the diameter of canopy trees reach 20～40cm, these trees were likely to formthe gap by wind. Use point pattern to study the spatial distribution of gaps, the gaps showsuniformity when the scale under 25m, and other scales show randomly distributed, and therandom was stronger with the increasing of the gaps size.
The quantitative characters and the responds were also investigated for the gap area ofseedlings (H＜1m), saplingⅠ(H≥1m, DBH＜2cm)and saplingⅡ(2cm≤DBH＜5cm)betweengaps and non-gaps in the Broad leaved-Korean pine forest of XiaoXingan Mountains. Theformation of gaps increased density of saplingⅠand saplingⅡin the arbor layer, but notsignificant (P＜0.05); The total density of seedlings and saplingⅠwhich grown in the shrublayer in gaps were lower than non-gaps, but the saplingⅡshowed the opposite result,significant differences(P＜0.05) in seedlings and saplingⅠbetween gaps and non-gaps, but notsignificant (P＜0.05) in saplingⅡ; Most of the densities of seedlings, saplingⅠand saplingⅡbetween species were not significant(P＜0.05). The total densities of seedlings and young treesin the arbor layer were highest between gaps whose size ranged from 401-600m~2; The totaldensities of seedlings and saplingⅠin the arbor layer were highest between gaps whose sizeranged from 201-400m~2 and 601-800m~2, but the trend of saplingⅡwas not significant.Different species had different regeneration responses in different development phases, most ofthe seedlings and young trees species in the arbor layer appears the single-apices distribution,the regeneration of seedling and saplingⅠwas better in the gaps whose size ranged from 201- 400m~2 and 601-800m~2, however the regeneration of saplingⅡwas better in the gaps whosesize ranged from 401-600m~2, in contrast, fir seedling was better in the gaps whose size≤200m~2;Most of the seedlings and young trees in the shrub layer grown better in the gaps whose sizeranged from 201-400m~2 and 601-800m~2.
Species richness and Shannon-Wienner index were used to analyse the species diversitybetween gaps and non-gaps on the Broad leaved Korean pine forest of XiaoXingan Mountains.The results were listed following: tree species diversity index of seedlings and young trees inthe gaps was higher than non-gaps, not significant (P＜0.05); The shrub species diversity indexof seedlings in the gaps was a little higher than non-gaps, but the sapling was object, thediscern of species diversity of seedling and saplingⅠbetween gaps and non-gaps wassignificant (P＜0.05); but saplingⅡwas not significant. Species richness of seedlings andsapling showed the trend of single-apices with the increased of gaps area, but the biggest valueappeared in different areas; The Shannon-Wienner index of seedlings showed the trend ofdouble-apices with the increased of gaps area, and the biggest value appeared in the gapswhose size ranged from 201-400m~2; The Shannon-Wienner indexes of saplingⅠand saplingⅡwere both showed the trend of single-apices with the increased of gaps area, and the biggestvalue were appeared in the gaps whose size ranged from 401-600m~2 and 601-800m~2. Thenumber of shrub species of seedlings and sapling was not increased with the increasing of thegaps area, the biggest Shannon-Wienner indexes of seedlings and saplingⅠwere bothappeared in the gaps whose size＞800m~2, but the biggest Shannon-Wienner index saplingⅡwas appeared in the gaps whose size≤200m~2.
本文通过对小兴安岭阔叶红松林林隙基本特征的初步研究得出：林隙密度为22.33个／hm~2，林隙总面积占整个调查区域(9hm~2)的27.69％；林隙的大小变化在25～1，025m~2之间，平均面积为124.01m~2，其中林隙多集中在200m~2以下。共调查到林隙形成木578株，平均每个林隙中有2.88株；形成林隙最主要的方式是干基折断，占林隙形成木总数的46.54％，其次是干中折断方式(26.12％)。林隙形成木主要有红松、冷杉、枫桦、青楷槭、花楷槭、紫椴、红皮云杉；主林层大多树种在胸径达到20～40cm时，形成林隙的可能性最大，且多以风折的形式死亡。应用点格局方法对林隙总体空间分布研究得出，除在尺度小于25m时呈均匀分布，其它尺度均呈随机分布，而且随着林隙面积的增大其随机性越明显。
通过对小兴安岭阔叶红松林林隙与非林隙林分中乔灌木幼苗(H＜1m)、幼树Ⅰ(H≥1m，DBH＜2cm)和幼树Ⅱ(2cm≤DBH＜5cm)的数量特征以及其对林隙大小的更新反应研究得出：林隙的形成提高了乔木幼树Ⅰ和幼树Ⅱ的密度，但差异不显著(p＜0.05)；林隙内灌木幼苗和幼树Ⅰ的总体密度低于非林隙，幼树Ⅱ则正相反，而且林隙内外的幼苗和幼树Ⅰ密度差异显著(p＜0.05)，但幼树Ⅱ没有显著性差异；大部分乔灌木幼苗、幼树Ⅰ和幼树Ⅱ的树种在林隙内外更新密度没有显著性差异(p＜0.05)。乔木幼苗幼树总体密度在401-600m~2的林隙内最高；灌木幼苗和幼树Ⅰ的总体密度在201-400m~2和601-800m~2的林隙内达到最大，而幼树Ⅱ随林隙大小的变化趋势不明显。不同树种在不同发育阶段对林隙大小的更新反应也有所不同，大部分乔木幼苗幼树树种随林隙大小表现出单峰曲线，幼苗和幼树Ⅰ在201-400m~2和601-800m~2的林隙内更新较好，而幼树Ⅱ则在401-600m~2的林隙内更新良好，但针叶树种冷杉幼苗在≤200m~2的林隙内更新较好；大部分灌木幼苗幼树在201-400m~2和601-800m~2的林隙内更新良好。
应用物种多样性的丰富度和Shannon-Wienner多样性指数对小兴安岭阔叶红松林林隙与非林隙内物种多样性及其随林隙大小的变化规律进行了研究，结果表明：林隙内乔木幼苗幼树的物种多样性指数高于非林隙林分，但差异不显著(p＜0.05)；灌木幼苗物种多样性指数高于非林隙，幼树物种多样性则较非林隙低，幼苗和幼树Ⅰ阶段林隙与非林隙之间的物种多样性差异极显著(p＜0.01)，但幼树Ⅱ阶段不显著。乔木幼苗幼树的物种丰富度随林隙面积的增大呈单峰曲线，但其最大值出现在不同区域内；幼苗的Shannon-Wienner多样性指数随林隙大小变化呈双峰曲线，其最大值出现在201-400m~2的林隙内；幼树Ⅰ和幼树Ⅱ的Shannon-Wienner多样性指数均随林隙大小的变化呈现单峰曲线，且分别在401-600m~2和601-800m~2的林隙内达到最大。灌木幼苗幼树的物种丰富度随林隙面积增大的变化趋势不明显，幼苗和幼树Ⅰ阶段Shannon-Wienner多样性指数最大值均出现在＞800m~2的林隙内，而幼树Ⅱ的Shannon-Wienner多样性指数最大值则出现在≤200m~2的林隙内。
Gaps is one of the most important disturbance factors during the long-term change in theforest ecosystem, formation and change of gaps make up of the running setting structure of theforest landscape. The study of gaps disturbance is the basis of recognizing the dynamic changein the forest, simultaneity, understanding the recruitment dynamic of gaps can also provide thenecessary science bases for the continuable management and the keeping of the speciesdiversity.
The basis characters of gaps were studied on the Broad leaved-Korean pine forest ofXiaoXingan Mountains. According to field survey data, the density of gaps was 22.33/hm~2,the total area of gaps was 27.69% of total survey area (9 hm~2), among which gaps with canopygap area of 25～1,025m~2, most of the gaps area were below 200m~2 and with the median of124.01m~2. There were 578 gap makers in the study, the mean was 2.88 in each gap; The maingap makers were breakage at rootstock and breakage at trunk, they made up of 45.54% and26.12% of the total gap makers. The species of gap makers were Pinus koraiensis, Abiesnephrolepis, Betula costata, Acer tegmentosum, Acer ukurunduense, Tilia amurense, Piceakoraiensis; When the diameter of canopy trees reach 20～40cm, these trees were likely to formthe gap by wind. Use point pattern to study the spatial distribution of gaps, the gaps showsuniformity when the scale under 25m, and other scales show randomly distributed, and therandom was stronger with the increasing of the gaps size.
The quantitative characters and the responds were also investigated for the gap area ofseedlings (H＜1m), saplingⅠ(H≥1m, DBH＜2cm)and saplingⅡ(2cm≤DBH＜5cm)betweengaps and non-gaps in the Broad leaved-Korean pine forest of XiaoXingan Mountains. Theformation of gaps increased density of saplingⅠand saplingⅡin the arbor layer, but notsignificant (P＜0.05); The total density of seedlings and saplingⅠwhich grown in the shrublayer in gaps were lower than non-gaps, but the saplingⅡshowed the opposite result,significant differences(P＜0.05) in seedlings and saplingⅠbetween gaps and non-gaps, but notsignificant (P＜0.05) in saplingⅡ; Most of the densities of seedlings, saplingⅠand saplingⅡbetween species were not significant(P＜0.05). The total densities of seedlings and young treesin the arbor layer were highest between gaps whose size ranged from 401-600m~2; The totaldensities of seedlings and saplingⅠin the arbor layer were highest between gaps whose sizeranged from 201-400m~2 and 601-800m~2, but the trend of saplingⅡwas not significant.Different species had different regeneration responses in different development phases, most ofthe seedlings and young trees species in the arbor layer appears the single-apices distribution,the regeneration of seedling and saplingⅠwas better in the gaps whose size ranged from 201- 400m~2 and 601-800m~2, however the regeneration of saplingⅡwas better in the gaps whosesize ranged from 401-600m~2, in contrast, fir seedling was better in the gaps whose size≤200m~2;Most of the seedlings and young trees in the shrub layer grown better in the gaps whose sizeranged from 201-400m~2 and 601-800m~2.
Species richness and Shannon-Wienner index were used to analyse the species diversitybetween gaps and non-gaps on the Broad leaved Korean pine forest of XiaoXingan Mountains.The results were listed following: tree species diversity index of seedlings and young trees inthe gaps was higher than non-gaps, not significant (P＜0.05); The shrub species diversity indexof seedlings in the gaps was a little higher than non-gaps, but the sapling was object, thediscern of species diversity of seedling and saplingⅠbetween gaps and non-gaps wassignificant (P＜0.05); but saplingⅡwas not significant. Species richness of seedlings andsapling showed the trend of single-apices with the increased of gaps area, but the biggest valueappeared in different areas; The Shannon-Wienner index of seedlings showed the trend ofdouble-apices with the increased of gaps area, and the biggest value appeared in the gapswhose size ranged from 201-400m~2; The Shannon-Wienner indexes of saplingⅠand saplingⅡwere both showed the trend of single-apices with the increased of gaps area, and the biggestvalue were appeared in the gaps whose size ranged from 401-600m~2 and 601-800m~2. Thenumber of shrub species of seedlings and sapling was not increased with the increasing of thegaps area, the biggest Shannon-Wienner indexes of seedlings and saplingⅠwere bothappeared in the gaps whose size＞800m~2, but the biggest Shannon-Wienner index saplingⅡwas appeared in the gaps whose size≤200m~2.
引文
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