论中国人民银行金融监管
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摘要
中国人民银行金融监管是指中国人民银行(以下简称“人行”)作为国家金融行政主管机关，根据法律赋予的权力，依法对金融机构及其运营情况实施监督和管理的行为，以此维护正常的金融秩序，保护存款人和投资者的利益，保障金融体系安全、健康、高效运行。人行金融监管体制实行的是集中单一的银行监管模式。人行作为国家金融行政主管机关是金融监管主体，其监管行为具有法定性，且大多是单向行为；其对象是特定的人或特定的事。人行金融监管是国家组织管理金融的一种重要形式，它的最终目的是为了维护金融业的合法、稳健运行。金融监管是依法治金融的重要手段，这是由金融法本身的内容和它的作用所决定的。人行金融监管是我国金融监管的重要组成部分，人行金融监管必须遵循合法性原则与合理性原则。
人行行政执法是指人行作为国家金融行政主管机关，依法定职权和法定程序执行和实施金融法律、法规和规章的活动的总称。人行金融监管与人行行政执法的内涵是一致的，二者的区别就在于各自概念表述的立足点不同。
人行金融监管现存的主要问题有：执法力度不够；监管成本增加；风险控制不力；关系尚未理顺等。这是因为：第一，金融体制改革滞后于经济改革，缺乏对人行金融监管的外在迫切要求；第二，人行金融监管体制不科学，影响了人行金融监管的绩效；第三，人行金融监管机制不完善；第四，人行金融监管环境不理想；第五，人行金融监管队伍不整齐。
人行金融监管中存在的诸多问题归根结底是一个系统性问题，因此须综合施治，从多方面来加强金融监管。第一，完善中国人民银行金融监管的法律法规。第二，改革人行金融监管体制。第三，健全人行金融监管机制。第四，优化人行金融监管环境。第五，提高人行金融监管队伍素质。
The financial supervision of The People's Bank of China (the PBC) means the PBC working as the chief organization of the nation's financial policy, legally supervises and manages the financial institutes and their operation in the power bestowed by law to maintain the normal economic order, protects the interest of the depositors and investors, ensuresa secure, healthy, efficient operation of the financial system. The People's Bank of China, as a government responsible offices of financial administration, is the main body for financial supervision, and its act of supervision is deemed lawful, most of which is one-way behavior, its objects being specific people and events. What the system of the financial supervision of the PBC adopt is a concentrating and individual models of bank supervision.The financial supervision of the PBC is an important form for the financial management of national organizations. Its ultimate aim is to ensure that, the financial business is operated legally and smoothly. The financia
l supervision is an important way to control finance with legitimacy, and this is determined by the content and effect of the financial law per se. The PBC's financial supervision is an important part of the financial supervision, which must observe the principle of legitimacy and reasonability.
Administrative enforcement of law of the PBC is a sum of the actions which include dispensing and enforcing the financial laws, regulations and rules, according to its legitimate authority of office and legal procedures, taken by the PBC as a state organ responsible for financial administration. The intension of Financial supervision and Administrative enforcement of law of the PBC is identical,while the difference between them lies on the footings of their respective concept expression.
At present, the main problems of the financial supervision of the PBC can be read as follows: the enforcement of laws is still insufficient; supervision cost has risen; the risks are not effectively controlled; the inner and outer relations of the PBC have not been smoothed. The main reason s for those are read as: first, the reforming of financial system falls behind the reforming of economy, lacking in the urgent exterior requirement for financial supervision; second, the system of financial supervision is unscientific and has brought an ill impact on the results of financial supervision of the PBC; third, the mechanism of financial supervision of the PBC is not consummate; fourth, the environment for the financial supervision of the PBC is not ideal; fifth, the contingent of financial supervision is not yet of high caliber.
In the final analysis, all problems existing in the financial supervision of the PBC belongs to the systematization. Therefore, it should be administered in a comprehensive way to strengthen the financial supervision. First, perfect the laws and regulations of financial supervision of the PBC. Second, reform the system of financial supervision. Third, improve the financial supervision mechanism of the PBC. Fourth, optimize the financial supervision environment. Fifth, promote the competence of staff working in the financial system.
人行行政执法是指人行作为国家金融行政主管机关，依法定职权和法定程序执行和实施金融法律、法规和规章的活动的总称。人行金融监管与人行行政执法的内涵是一致的，二者的区别就在于各自概念表述的立足点不同。
人行金融监管现存的主要问题有：执法力度不够；监管成本增加；风险控制不力；关系尚未理顺等。这是因为：第一，金融体制改革滞后于经济改革，缺乏对人行金融监管的外在迫切要求；第二，人行金融监管体制不科学，影响了人行金融监管的绩效；第三，人行金融监管机制不完善；第四，人行金融监管环境不理想；第五，人行金融监管队伍不整齐。
人行金融监管中存在的诸多问题归根结底是一个系统性问题，因此须综合施治，从多方面来加强金融监管。第一，完善中国人民银行金融监管的法律法规。第二，改革人行金融监管体制。第三，健全人行金融监管机制。第四，优化人行金融监管环境。第五，提高人行金融监管队伍素质。
The financial supervision of The People's Bank of China (the PBC) means the PBC working as the chief organization of the nation's financial policy, legally supervises and manages the financial institutes and their operation in the power bestowed by law to maintain the normal economic order, protects the interest of the depositors and investors, ensuresa secure, healthy, efficient operation of the financial system. The People's Bank of China, as a government responsible offices of financial administration, is the main body for financial supervision, and its act of supervision is deemed lawful, most of which is one-way behavior, its objects being specific people and events. What the system of the financial supervision of the PBC adopt is a concentrating and individual models of bank supervision.The financial supervision of the PBC is an important form for the financial management of national organizations. Its ultimate aim is to ensure that, the financial business is operated legally and smoothly. The financia
l supervision is an important way to control finance with legitimacy, and this is determined by the content and effect of the financial law per se. The PBC's financial supervision is an important part of the financial supervision, which must observe the principle of legitimacy and reasonability.
Administrative enforcement of law of the PBC is a sum of the actions which include dispensing and enforcing the financial laws, regulations and rules, according to its legitimate authority of office and legal procedures, taken by the PBC as a state organ responsible for financial administration. The intension of Financial supervision and Administrative enforcement of law of the PBC is identical,while the difference between them lies on the footings of their respective concept expression.
At present, the main problems of the financial supervision of the PBC can be read as follows: the enforcement of laws is still insufficient; supervision cost has risen; the risks are not effectively controlled; the inner and outer relations of the PBC have not been smoothed. The main reason s for those are read as: first, the reforming of financial system falls behind the reforming of economy, lacking in the urgent exterior requirement for financial supervision; second, the system of financial supervision is unscientific and has brought an ill impact on the results of financial supervision of the PBC; third, the mechanism of financial supervision of the PBC is not consummate; fourth, the environment for the financial supervision of the PBC is not ideal; fifth, the contingent of financial supervision is not yet of high caliber.
In the final analysis, all problems existing in the financial supervision of the PBC belongs to the systematization. Therefore, it should be administered in a comprehensive way to strengthen the financial supervision. First, perfect the laws and regulations of financial supervision of the PBC. Second, reform the system of financial supervision. Third, improve the financial supervision mechanism of the PBC. Fourth, optimize the financial supervision environment. Fifth, promote the competence of staff working in the financial system.
引文
(1) 《邓小平文选》第3卷，人民出版社1993年版
(2) 梁治平译：《法律与宗教》，北京三联书店1991年版
(3) 史纪良：《金融法律法规知识读本》，中国金融出版社1999年版
(4) 戴相龙、桂世镛：《中国金融改革与发展》，中国金融出版社1997年版
(5) 吴志攀：《我国金融法制改革面临的几个问题》，《中国金融》2001年第2期
(6) 邱跃民、戴玉明、蔡友才：《对我国目前金融监管问题的现实思考》，《金融参考》2001年第4期
(7) 江其务：《论中国转轨时期的金融风险》，《金融研究》1999年第3期
(8) 王维安：《经济发展中的金融安全》，中国社会科学出版社2000年版
(9) 周洪生：《当前基层金融行政执法中存在的问题及其综合治理》，《上海金融》2000年第2期
(10) 常青、孔迅：《关于我国金融立法与执法中存在问题的思考》，《金融研究》2000年第11期
(11) 陈元：《美国银行监管》，中国金融出版社1998年版
(12) 陶涛：《论日本的金融行政—日本型金融管制的成败》，北京大学出版社2000年版
(13) 李早航：《现代金融监管》，中国金融出版社1999年版
(14) 彭玉馏：《英国金融监管制度的改革及对我国的启示》，《武汉金融》2001年第3期
(15) 张桂华：《美国金融经营体制演变与我国金融经营体制改革》，《金融科学》2001年第1期
(16) 周道许：《现代金融监管体制研究》，中国金融出版社2000年版
(17) 姜明安：《行政法与行政诉讼法》，高等教育出版社1999年版
(18) 王勇飞：《中国行政监督机制》，中国方正出版社1998年版
(19) 曹风歧：《中国金融改革、发展与国际化》，经济科学出版社1999年版
(20) 李雄文：《整肃社会信用的紧迫性》，《浙江金融》2001年第6期
(21) Henry Campbell Black: Black's Law Dictionary(Fifth Edition)，P1290．转引自张忠军《金融监管法论》，法律出版社1998年版
(22) Barkere David, "The Causes of Bank Failures in the 1980s.Federal Reserve Bank of New York", Research Paper, 1993.
(23) Claude E Barfield, International Financial Markets-Harmonization versus Competition, Cambridge: The AET Press, 1996.
(24) Peter Dombrowski, Policy Responses to the Globalization of American Banking, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.
(25) Wolfgang H Reinicde, Banking, politics and Global Finance-American Commercial Banks and Regulatory Change 1980-1990, Edward: Edward Elger, 1995.
(26) Aoki, The Japanese Mare Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
(2) 梁治平译：《法律与宗教》，北京三联书店1991年版
(3) 史纪良：《金融法律法规知识读本》，中国金融出版社1999年版
(4) 戴相龙、桂世镛：《中国金融改革与发展》，中国金融出版社1997年版
(5) 吴志攀：《我国金融法制改革面临的几个问题》，《中国金融》2001年第2期
(6) 邱跃民、戴玉明、蔡友才：《对我国目前金融监管问题的现实思考》，《金融参考》2001年第4期
(7) 江其务：《论中国转轨时期的金融风险》，《金融研究》1999年第3期
(8) 王维安：《经济发展中的金融安全》，中国社会科学出版社2000年版
(9) 周洪生：《当前基层金融行政执法中存在的问题及其综合治理》，《上海金融》2000年第2期
(10) 常青、孔迅：《关于我国金融立法与执法中存在问题的思考》，《金融研究》2000年第11期
(11) 陈元：《美国银行监管》，中国金融出版社1998年版
(12) 陶涛：《论日本的金融行政—日本型金融管制的成败》，北京大学出版社2000年版
(13) 李早航：《现代金融监管》，中国金融出版社1999年版
(14) 彭玉馏：《英国金融监管制度的改革及对我国的启示》，《武汉金融》2001年第3期
(15) 张桂华：《美国金融经营体制演变与我国金融经营体制改革》，《金融科学》2001年第1期
(16) 周道许：《现代金融监管体制研究》，中国金融出版社2000年版
(17) 姜明安：《行政法与行政诉讼法》，高等教育出版社1999年版
(18) 王勇飞：《中国行政监督机制》，中国方正出版社1998年版
(19) 曹风歧：《中国金融改革、发展与国际化》，经济科学出版社1999年版
(20) 李雄文：《整肃社会信用的紧迫性》，《浙江金融》2001年第6期
(21) Henry Campbell Black: Black's Law Dictionary(Fifth Edition)，P1290．转引自张忠军《金融监管法论》，法律出版社1998年版
(22) Barkere David, "The Causes of Bank Failures in the 1980s.Federal Reserve Bank of New York", Research Paper, 1993.
(23) Claude E Barfield, International Financial Markets-Harmonization versus Competition, Cambridge: The AET Press, 1996.
(24) Peter Dombrowski, Policy Responses to the Globalization of American Banking, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.
(25) Wolfgang H Reinicde, Banking, politics and Global Finance-American Commercial Banks and Regulatory Change 1980-1990, Edward: Edward Elger, 1995.
(26) Aoki, The Japanese Mare Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.