YG8硬质合金钎焊工艺及其接头性能的试验研究
|
摘要
本文概述了硬质合金的性能特点及其在工业领域中的应用前景,分析了硬质合金焊接过程中存在的主要问题,阐述了有可能应用于硬质合金焊接的各种焊接方法、工艺要素及相关研究现状,其中包括钎焊、扩散焊、钨极惰性气体保护焊、激光焊、电子束焊等,提出了有待进一步研究的相关问题。
本课题针对YG8型硬质合金与45号钢的钎焊工艺与接头问题开展研究,内容包括燃气(氧-丙烷)火焰钎焊与炉中钎焊工艺试验,钎料、钎剂的选择及焊后热处理工艺的影响等。利用金相显微镜、显微硬度计、万能拉伸试验机、扫描电子显微镜等测试手段,对自制钎焊试样的接头区和国外进口的同类实物产品接头区的微观组织结构、维氏硬度、接头剪切强度、断口形貌特征及接头区的物相成份等进行考察分析,探讨硬质合金钎焊接头中产生宏观缺陷和微观缺陷的原因,同时希望揭示自制产品与国外进口产品质量差异的原因。
研究结果表明:在合适的工艺条件下,钎焊YG8型硬质合金与45号钢基体可以得到成形良好的焊接接头;钎焊接头区的显微结构中靠硬质合金一侧的界面平整,靠基体金属一侧的界面线出现咬错结合;硬质合金中的元素除C外基本不向钎缝处扩散,钎料中的合金元素也只有少量或微量向两侧母材扩散,焊后主要分布在钎缝中,而且分布比较均匀。热处理对钎焊接头的组织及钎缝硬度影响较小,但可以有效地消除残余应力;接头的剪切强度普遍低于200MPa,可能的原因是残余应力的作用和拉伸剪切时有其它外力存在,没能测出真实的接头强度;接头剪切断裂多发生在硬质合金一侧,断口呈韧-脆混合断裂形貌,且有的试样断口附近有裂纹存在,说明焊接时产生的应力较大;接头中的常见缺陷有氧化物夹渣、η相、裂纹等;国内产品使用性能较差的主要原因之一可能是产品的钎缝结构设计不尽合理,在通常的钎焊生产中容易造成未钎透、夹渣等缺陷,削弱了接头的实际承载能力。此外,国外产品所用的钎料可能是特制的铜基钎料,强度较高。
The characteristics and industrial applications of cemented carbide were summerized in this paper, and the main problems in cemented carbide welding were analyzed, some welding methods that may be used on cemented carbide, its procedure factors as well as its updated research results were reviewed, including brazing,diffusion welding,gas tungsten arc welding, laser welding, electron beam welding and so on, the forwarding problems to be researched were pointed out as well.
The brazing process and joint of cemented carbide and 45 steel were investigated,including the compare of gas brazing and furnace brazing,the choice of brazing alloy and flux and the influence of heat treatment. To find out the quality difference between domestic and import product, the microstructure of joints was investigated with optical microscopy, Vickers-hardness was measured by Vickers ,mechanical properties were tested by standard tensile tests on small-scale specimens, fractography characteristics were observed and analized,chemical components were analized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Meanwhile, the reasons that causing macroscopical and microcosmic defects, and the prevention measures in the braze welding process of cemented carbide were discussed.
The results show that good surface welded joints can be got under proper matching of welding parameters.The interface between brazing seam and cemented carbide is smoother than the other side in the microstructure of joints.Elements of cemented carbide barely diffuse into brazing seam except C during the brazing process.The brazing alloys diffuse little into the base metal and mainly distribute in the seam.Heat treatment has a little influence on the microstructure and hardness of the joints,but can release the residual stress effectively.The shearing stength of the joints are lower than 200 MPa,it could be the effect of residual stress and any other force during the experiment. Tensile fracture of joints usually occurs near the cemented carbide.The morphology of fracture is ductile and brittle mode.Some cracks occur in the fracture which showed high residual stress in the welding. The common welded defects in the joints are oxide slag,ηphase, cracks, etc.The main cause of the poor performance of domestic product could be the unreasonable design of the brazing seam,which easily result in some welded defects such as incomplete fusion and oxide slag during the manufacture and reduce the practical carrying capacity of the joints.Moreover,the brazing alloy used in the import product could be some kind of tailor-made high strength Cu-based brazing fillier metal.
本课题针对YG8型硬质合金与45号钢的钎焊工艺与接头问题开展研究,内容包括燃气(氧-丙烷)火焰钎焊与炉中钎焊工艺试验,钎料、钎剂的选择及焊后热处理工艺的影响等。利用金相显微镜、显微硬度计、万能拉伸试验机、扫描电子显微镜等测试手段,对自制钎焊试样的接头区和国外进口的同类实物产品接头区的微观组织结构、维氏硬度、接头剪切强度、断口形貌特征及接头区的物相成份等进行考察分析,探讨硬质合金钎焊接头中产生宏观缺陷和微观缺陷的原因,同时希望揭示自制产品与国外进口产品质量差异的原因。
研究结果表明:在合适的工艺条件下,钎焊YG8型硬质合金与45号钢基体可以得到成形良好的焊接接头;钎焊接头区的显微结构中靠硬质合金一侧的界面平整,靠基体金属一侧的界面线出现咬错结合;硬质合金中的元素除C外基本不向钎缝处扩散,钎料中的合金元素也只有少量或微量向两侧母材扩散,焊后主要分布在钎缝中,而且分布比较均匀。热处理对钎焊接头的组织及钎缝硬度影响较小,但可以有效地消除残余应力;接头的剪切强度普遍低于200MPa,可能的原因是残余应力的作用和拉伸剪切时有其它外力存在,没能测出真实的接头强度;接头剪切断裂多发生在硬质合金一侧,断口呈韧-脆混合断裂形貌,且有的试样断口附近有裂纹存在,说明焊接时产生的应力较大;接头中的常见缺陷有氧化物夹渣、η相、裂纹等;国内产品使用性能较差的主要原因之一可能是产品的钎缝结构设计不尽合理,在通常的钎焊生产中容易造成未钎透、夹渣等缺陷,削弱了接头的实际承载能力。此外,国外产品所用的钎料可能是特制的铜基钎料,强度较高。
The characteristics and industrial applications of cemented carbide were summerized in this paper, and the main problems in cemented carbide welding were analyzed, some welding methods that may be used on cemented carbide, its procedure factors as well as its updated research results were reviewed, including brazing,diffusion welding,gas tungsten arc welding, laser welding, electron beam welding and so on, the forwarding problems to be researched were pointed out as well.
The brazing process and joint of cemented carbide and 45 steel were investigated,including the compare of gas brazing and furnace brazing,the choice of brazing alloy and flux and the influence of heat treatment. To find out the quality difference between domestic and import product, the microstructure of joints was investigated with optical microscopy, Vickers-hardness was measured by Vickers ,mechanical properties were tested by standard tensile tests on small-scale specimens, fractography characteristics were observed and analized,chemical components were analized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Meanwhile, the reasons that causing macroscopical and microcosmic defects, and the prevention measures in the braze welding process of cemented carbide were discussed.
The results show that good surface welded joints can be got under proper matching of welding parameters.The interface between brazing seam and cemented carbide is smoother than the other side in the microstructure of joints.Elements of cemented carbide barely diffuse into brazing seam except C during the brazing process.The brazing alloys diffuse little into the base metal and mainly distribute in the seam.Heat treatment has a little influence on the microstructure and hardness of the joints,but can release the residual stress effectively.The shearing stength of the joints are lower than 200 MPa,it could be the effect of residual stress and any other force during the experiment. Tensile fracture of joints usually occurs near the cemented carbide.The morphology of fracture is ductile and brittle mode.Some cracks occur in the fracture which showed high residual stress in the welding. The common welded defects in the joints are oxide slag,ηphase, cracks, etc.The main cause of the poor performance of domestic product could be the unreasonable design of the brazing seam,which easily result in some welded defects such as incomplete fusion and oxide slag during the manufacture and reduce the practical carrying capacity of the joints.Moreover,the brazing alloy used in the import product could be some kind of tailor-made high strength Cu-based brazing fillier metal.
引文
[1]铃木寿.超硬合金と烧结硬质材料[M].日本:丸善(株),1986:1-2、95-110.
[2]王国栋.硬质合金生产原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988:1、5、316.
[3]曾德麟.粉末冶金材料[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1989:187-189.
[4]邹增大.填充材料、工艺及设备手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001:729-730.
[5]段名扬,杨玲.硬质合金刀具焊接技术研究[J].机械工艺师,1996,11.
[6]吴冲浒.我国硬质合金产业近期发展思考[J].稀有金属与硬质合金,2000,28(1):26-30.
[7]Kear B.H.and McCandlish L.E.Nanostructured W-Base Materials Synthesis Processing and Properties[J].Advanced Mater,1993,25(1):11-19.
[8]Kear B.H.and Strutt P.R.Nano structures:The Next generation of High Performance Bulk Materials and Coatings[J].KONA Powder and Particle,1995,(13):46-55.
[9]Porat R.,Berger S.,and Rosen A.Sintering Behavior and Mechanical-Properties of Nanocrystalline WC/Co[J].Metastable,Mechanically Alloyed and Nanocrystalline Materials,1996,225:629-634.
[10]Ma X.,Ji G.,Ling Z.,and Yuanda D.Structure and Properties of Bulk Nano-Structured WC-Co Alloy by Mechanical Alloying[J].J.of Alloys and Compounds,1998,264(1-2):267.
[11]Mi S.and Courtney T.H.Synthesis of WC and WC-Co Cermets by Mechanical Alloying and Subsquent Hot Isostatic Pressing[J].Scripta Mater,1998,38(l):171-176.
[12]高荣根,李沐山.梯度结构硬质合金的开发与应用[J].硬质合金,2000,17(2):77-78.
[13]PM Special Feature rock tools the way in drillingmetal[J],powder report,1992,47(12):48-50.
[14]欧洲专利.EP No 111600.
[15]英国专利.GB-A No 806406.
[16]贾佐诚,姜伟,张鹏.硬质合金—钢(铁)复合材料的发展[J].粉末冶金工业.2003,(13):6-9.
[17]L.Martens,W.Tillmann,E.Lugscheider,et.al.Strength and Microstructure of Brazed Cemented Carbide and Silicon Nirtide Joints[J].Jounral of Materials Processing Technology,1996,(58):13-23.
[18]徐培全,杨德新,赵秀娟,等.Ni-Fe-C对YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊 过程中η相形成的影响[J].稀有金属与硬质合金,2003,(31):18-23.
[19]A.Ikuta,K.Shinozaki,H.Masuda andY.Yamane.Consideration of the Adhesion Mechanism of Ti alloys Using a Cemented Carbide Tool during the Cutting Process[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,(127):251-255.
[20]曾忠勇.硬质合金/铸钢新型复合耐磨材料[J].硬质合金,2001,(18):27-30.
[21]陈德才.硬质合金工具的钎焊[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1976.
[22]赵秀娟,杨德新,田头孝介,等.YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊接头组织中η相[J].焊接学报,2003,24(3).
[23]凌平.超细晶粒硬质合金的钎焊方法[J].硬质合金,1997,14(4).
[24]王新洪,邹增大.YT535硬质合金钎焊工艺的研究[J].焊接技术,2001,30(1).
[25]庄鸿寿,(德)E.罗格夏特.高温钎焊[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1989,1-3、8、25.
[26]YJ.Li,Z.D.Zou,T.Feng,et.al.Oxidation Resistance and Phase Constituents in the Brazing Interface of WC-TiC-Co Hard Alloys[J].Jounral of Materials Processing Technology,2002,(122):51-55.
[27]Y.J.Li,Z.D.Zou,H.Xiao,et.al.Microstracture and XRD Analysis in the BrazingZone of a New WC-TiC-Co Hard Alloy[J].Materials Research Bulletin,2002,(37):941-948.
[28]S.P.Lu and O.YKwon.Microstructure and Bonding Strength of WC Reinforced Ni -base Alloy Brazed Composite Coating[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2002,(153):40-48.
[29]S.P.Lu,O.Y Kwon and YGuo.Wear Behavior of Brazed WC/NiCrBSi(Co)Composite Coatings[J].Wear,2003,(254):421-428.
[30]杜宪伟,张晓玄.硬质合金钎头感应钎焊[J].煤炭技术,2001,(20):45-47.
[31]张红霞,韩福忠,王文先.YG8C硬质合金钎头的焊接工艺及质量改进措施[J].太原理工大学学报,2003,(34):455-458.
[32]王延福,孙振忠,徐雳.硬质合金地板刀的研制[J].现代制造工程,2001,(12):62-63.
[33]刘长军,硬质合金刀具的脱焊及其控制方法[J].辽阳石油化工高等专科学校学报,2001,(17):46-48.
[34]王贵成,秦学功.电阻钎焊硬质合金刀具的脱碳原因分析[J].硬质合金,1997,14(3).
[35]美国焊接学会钎焊委员会.钎焊手册[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1982:1、32-33.
[36]方洪渊.简明钎焊工手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2001:4、46、49、69、73、82、274.
[37]唐旭宇.硬质合金的真空钎焊[J].硬质合金,1998,15(2).
[38]葛廷刚,张旭东,刘文今等.YG8硬质合金激光钎焊接头显微组织的研究[J].应用激光,1999,19(5).
[39]葛廷刚,刘文今,张旭东,等.YG18硬质合金激光焊接性能研究[J].应用激光,2000,20(4).
[40]葛廷刚,刘文今,张旭东,等.镍镀层对硬质合金激光焊接性能的影响[J].应用激光,2000,20(6)。
[41]杨雄,吴文秀,刘昌明,等.YG16硬质合金牙轮喷嘴真空扩散焊接的工艺研究[J].江汉石油学院学报,1995,17(3)
[42]杨雄,刘昌明,吴文秀,等.复合片与硬质合金刀柱间真空扩散焊的工艺研究[J].江汉石油学院学报,1995,17(3).
[43]李志远,刘顺洪,刘建华,等.硬质合金低温扩散焊接头的扩散过程分析[J].华中理工大学学报,1995,23(1).
[44]陈飞雄,李世魁.硬质合金与钢的热等静压扩散连接[J].稀有金属材料与工程,1994,23(4).
[45]王浩,杨德新,赵秀娟,等.YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊接头组织及抗弯强度的研究[J].焊接,2004,(8).
[46]宋以国,赵秀娟,杨德新,等.YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊界面组织的分析[J].硬质合金,2005,22(2).
[47]赵秀娟,杨德新,王浩,等.硬质合金与碳钢电子束对接焊接头的显微组织[J].机械工程材料,2005,29(5).
[48]刘秀荣,刘芳.WC-20Co硬质合金钎焊的热处理机理[J].焊接学报,1994,(15):185-189.
[49]朱正芳.YN10硬质合金钎焊性能的试验研究[J].水利电力机械,1995,(3):18-21.
[50]刘忠侠,朱维斗,蔡和平,等.感应钎焊—淬火工艺对硬质合金工具钎焊组织及性能的影响[J].焊接,1998,(9):12-14.
[51]何柏林,于影霞.45钢与YG6硬质合金的钎焊性能[J]洛阳工学院学报,1995,(16):9-14.
[52]H.Y.Chan,D.W.Liaw and R.K.Shiue.The Microstructural Observation of Brazing Ti-6Al-4V and TZM Using the BAg-8 Braze Alloy[J].Intenrational Journal of RefractoryMetals&HardMaterials,2004,(22)..27-33.
[53]#12
[54]#12
[55]邬荫芳.硬质合金制造与使用过程中矛盾运动的探讨[J].硬质合金,2003,(20):143-148.
[56]白佳声,章文宝.硬质合金材料的性能特点及其发展应用前景[J].上海金属,2001,(23):10-13.
[57]周建华,孙宝琦.K10型凿岩工具用硬质合金钎焊准备作业中一些工艺因素影响研究[J].硬质合金,1995,12(2):119.
[58]李先芬,徐道荣,刘宁.Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷与45号钢火焰钎焊试验研究[J].硬质合金,2003,(20):94-96.
[59]李亚江,王娟,刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:234-251.
[60]白向钰,邹一心,王忠平,等.硬质合金钎焊接头的拘束强化[J].西北工业大学学报,1995,13(2):209-212.
[61]陈洪玉,李柏茹,教立新.热处理对硬钎焊焊缝性能的影响[J].金属热处理,2004,29(10):38-39.
[2]王国栋.硬质合金生产原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988:1、5、316.
[3]曾德麟.粉末冶金材料[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1989:187-189.
[4]邹增大.填充材料、工艺及设备手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001:729-730.
[5]段名扬,杨玲.硬质合金刀具焊接技术研究[J].机械工艺师,1996,11.
[6]吴冲浒.我国硬质合金产业近期发展思考[J].稀有金属与硬质合金,2000,28(1):26-30.
[7]Kear B.H.and McCandlish L.E.Nanostructured W-Base Materials Synthesis Processing and Properties[J].Advanced Mater,1993,25(1):11-19.
[8]Kear B.H.and Strutt P.R.Nano structures:The Next generation of High Performance Bulk Materials and Coatings[J].KONA Powder and Particle,1995,(13):46-55.
[9]Porat R.,Berger S.,and Rosen A.Sintering Behavior and Mechanical-Properties of Nanocrystalline WC/Co[J].Metastable,Mechanically Alloyed and Nanocrystalline Materials,1996,225:629-634.
[10]Ma X.,Ji G.,Ling Z.,and Yuanda D.Structure and Properties of Bulk Nano-Structured WC-Co Alloy by Mechanical Alloying[J].J.of Alloys and Compounds,1998,264(1-2):267.
[11]Mi S.and Courtney T.H.Synthesis of WC and WC-Co Cermets by Mechanical Alloying and Subsquent Hot Isostatic Pressing[J].Scripta Mater,1998,38(l):171-176.
[12]高荣根,李沐山.梯度结构硬质合金的开发与应用[J].硬质合金,2000,17(2):77-78.
[13]PM Special Feature rock tools the way in drillingmetal[J],powder report,1992,47(12):48-50.
[14]欧洲专利.EP No 111600.
[15]英国专利.GB-A No 806406.
[16]贾佐诚,姜伟,张鹏.硬质合金—钢(铁)复合材料的发展[J].粉末冶金工业.2003,(13):6-9.
[17]L.Martens,W.Tillmann,E.Lugscheider,et.al.Strength and Microstructure of Brazed Cemented Carbide and Silicon Nirtide Joints[J].Jounral of Materials Processing Technology,1996,(58):13-23.
[18]徐培全,杨德新,赵秀娟,等.Ni-Fe-C对YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊 过程中η相形成的影响[J].稀有金属与硬质合金,2003,(31):18-23.
[19]A.Ikuta,K.Shinozaki,H.Masuda andY.Yamane.Consideration of the Adhesion Mechanism of Ti alloys Using a Cemented Carbide Tool during the Cutting Process[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,(127):251-255.
[20]曾忠勇.硬质合金/铸钢新型复合耐磨材料[J].硬质合金,2001,(18):27-30.
[21]陈德才.硬质合金工具的钎焊[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1976.
[22]赵秀娟,杨德新,田头孝介,等.YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊接头组织中η相[J].焊接学报,2003,24(3).
[23]凌平.超细晶粒硬质合金的钎焊方法[J].硬质合金,1997,14(4).
[24]王新洪,邹增大.YT535硬质合金钎焊工艺的研究[J].焊接技术,2001,30(1).
[25]庄鸿寿,(德)E.罗格夏特.高温钎焊[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1989,1-3、8、25.
[26]YJ.Li,Z.D.Zou,T.Feng,et.al.Oxidation Resistance and Phase Constituents in the Brazing Interface of WC-TiC-Co Hard Alloys[J].Jounral of Materials Processing Technology,2002,(122):51-55.
[27]Y.J.Li,Z.D.Zou,H.Xiao,et.al.Microstracture and XRD Analysis in the BrazingZone of a New WC-TiC-Co Hard Alloy[J].Materials Research Bulletin,2002,(37):941-948.
[28]S.P.Lu and O.YKwon.Microstructure and Bonding Strength of WC Reinforced Ni -base Alloy Brazed Composite Coating[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2002,(153):40-48.
[29]S.P.Lu,O.Y Kwon and YGuo.Wear Behavior of Brazed WC/NiCrBSi(Co)Composite Coatings[J].Wear,2003,(254):421-428.
[30]杜宪伟,张晓玄.硬质合金钎头感应钎焊[J].煤炭技术,2001,(20):45-47.
[31]张红霞,韩福忠,王文先.YG8C硬质合金钎头的焊接工艺及质量改进措施[J].太原理工大学学报,2003,(34):455-458.
[32]王延福,孙振忠,徐雳.硬质合金地板刀的研制[J].现代制造工程,2001,(12):62-63.
[33]刘长军,硬质合金刀具的脱焊及其控制方法[J].辽阳石油化工高等专科学校学报,2001,(17):46-48.
[34]王贵成,秦学功.电阻钎焊硬质合金刀具的脱碳原因分析[J].硬质合金,1997,14(3).
[35]美国焊接学会钎焊委员会.钎焊手册[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1982:1、32-33.
[36]方洪渊.简明钎焊工手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2001:4、46、49、69、73、82、274.
[37]唐旭宇.硬质合金的真空钎焊[J].硬质合金,1998,15(2).
[38]葛廷刚,张旭东,刘文今等.YG8硬质合金激光钎焊接头显微组织的研究[J].应用激光,1999,19(5).
[39]葛廷刚,刘文今,张旭东,等.YG18硬质合金激光焊接性能研究[J].应用激光,2000,20(4).
[40]葛廷刚,刘文今,张旭东,等.镍镀层对硬质合金激光焊接性能的影响[J].应用激光,2000,20(6)。
[41]杨雄,吴文秀,刘昌明,等.YG16硬质合金牙轮喷嘴真空扩散焊接的工艺研究[J].江汉石油学院学报,1995,17(3)
[42]杨雄,刘昌明,吴文秀,等.复合片与硬质合金刀柱间真空扩散焊的工艺研究[J].江汉石油学院学报,1995,17(3).
[43]李志远,刘顺洪,刘建华,等.硬质合金低温扩散焊接头的扩散过程分析[J].华中理工大学学报,1995,23(1).
[44]陈飞雄,李世魁.硬质合金与钢的热等静压扩散连接[J].稀有金属材料与工程,1994,23(4).
[45]王浩,杨德新,赵秀娟,等.YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊接头组织及抗弯强度的研究[J].焊接,2004,(8).
[46]宋以国,赵秀娟,杨德新,等.YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊界面组织的分析[J].硬质合金,2005,22(2).
[47]赵秀娟,杨德新,王浩,等.硬质合金与碳钢电子束对接焊接头的显微组织[J].机械工程材料,2005,29(5).
[48]刘秀荣,刘芳.WC-20Co硬质合金钎焊的热处理机理[J].焊接学报,1994,(15):185-189.
[49]朱正芳.YN10硬质合金钎焊性能的试验研究[J].水利电力机械,1995,(3):18-21.
[50]刘忠侠,朱维斗,蔡和平,等.感应钎焊—淬火工艺对硬质合金工具钎焊组织及性能的影响[J].焊接,1998,(9):12-14.
[51]何柏林,于影霞.45钢与YG6硬质合金的钎焊性能[J]洛阳工学院学报,1995,(16):9-14.
[52]H.Y.Chan,D.W.Liaw and R.K.Shiue.The Microstructural Observation of Brazing Ti-6Al-4V and TZM Using the BAg-8 Braze Alloy[J].Intenrational Journal of RefractoryMetals&HardMaterials,2004,(22)..27-33.
[53]#12
[54]#12
[55]邬荫芳.硬质合金制造与使用过程中矛盾运动的探讨[J].硬质合金,2003,(20):143-148.
[56]白佳声,章文宝.硬质合金材料的性能特点及其发展应用前景[J].上海金属,2001,(23):10-13.
[57]周建华,孙宝琦.K10型凿岩工具用硬质合金钎焊准备作业中一些工艺因素影响研究[J].硬质合金,1995,12(2):119.
[58]李先芬,徐道荣,刘宁.Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷与45号钢火焰钎焊试验研究[J].硬质合金,2003,(20):94-96.
[59]李亚江,王娟,刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:234-251.
[60]白向钰,邹一心,王忠平,等.硬质合金钎焊接头的拘束强化[J].西北工业大学学报,1995,13(2):209-212.
[61]陈洪玉,李柏茹,教立新.热处理对硬钎焊焊缝性能的影响[J].金属热处理,2004,29(10):38-39.