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从冶锌废渣中提取锗、铟的研究
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摘要
铟、锗是当代高技术新材料的支撑材料,在计算机、通讯、宇航、能源及医药卫生等方面有着极其重要的作用。由于铟、锗无独立的矿床,微量的铟、锗常和铅、锌、铝等元素共生。在冶炼这些金属的过程中,大部分铟、锗进入废渣而被废弃,或者在废水中流失掉,造成环境污染和资源损失。因而研究和开发工业废渣中铟、锗的回收和利用,对于提高企业的经济效益,保护生态环境具有非常重要的意义。此外现有工艺采用栲胶沉淀或萃取法从酸浸液中提取铟、锗,存在着回收率低、生产成本高等实际问题,需要降低产成本,提高回收率,充分利用二次资源。
     在炼锌工业的生产过程中产生大量的中和除铁渣,而这种渣中富含有铟、锗。由于含铁量很高,很难回收中和除铁渣中的铟和锗,这些宝贵的稀散金属元素随渣被废弃掉,因而研究从锌渣、中和除铁渣中回收铟、锗是资源再利用的需要。
     本文以冶锌废渣为材料,采用单宁络合沉淀法、栲胶吸附沉淀法等,较系统的研究了各种因素如:酸度、物料比、温度、时间等对提锗工艺的影响,同时也对氢氧化钠浸取铟的工艺条件进行了研究。并对废渣中的有毒金属元素铅进行了回收,并转化为工业产品。获得了一些重要成果。主要研究内容和研究结果如下:
     1.中和除铁渣中含铁量高,使铟、锗和铁产生共沉淀,可以使铟和锗的沉淀率达到99%以上。
     2.对氯化蒸馏氢氧化铁沉淀过程中锗和盐酸的分布进行了研究,得到了蒸馏过程中锗和盐酸的浓度分布图。
     3.蒸馏出来的GeCl_4溶液,用浓氨水中和水解,可以在常温下得到较好的水解效果,制得纯度达到90%以上的二氧化锗。
     4.用氢氧化钠从含铟的氢氧化铁中浸取铟的条件进行了研究,发现用饱和的氢氧化钠浸取三次可得到90%以上的铟。
     5.对从含有铟的溶液中萃取分离铟的条件进行了研究,并得到了海绵金属铟。
     6.对影响单宁沉淀的酸度以及含有Cd、Cu、Zn、Ge的单宁溶液出现沉淀的酸度分别进行了研究。找到了单宁—锗络合物沉淀的酸度条件。
     7.首次采用络合沉淀法富集分离微量锗,对用单宁—锗络合物沉淀的酸度、
    
     物料比、温度、时间进行了研究,用活性碳吸附单宁一锗络合物,找到单宁
     络合沉淀锗的雕的工艺新。
     8.对用agu锗的酸度、物料比、温度、时间进行了研究。找出最佳的工
     艺条件,将提取率由65%提高到叨%以上。
     9.从含铅废渣中生产通明g酸铅进行研究,得到了硫酸铅转化为碳酸铅的最佳
     工艺条件,制得了团组gMtf;ljn一品。
Indium and germanium are the sustained materials of current high technology. They are of important effect in the field of computer, communication, spaceship, energy, medical and so on. Without independent field, pittance of indium and germanium is mixed with lead, zinc and aluminum .during the process of annealing these metals, plenty of indium and germanium enters the sediment to be deserted, or enters the deposed water to be flowed away, which leads to the environment pollution. So the recovery and utility of indium and germanium from industrial sediment must be studied and developed, at the same time, they are the imperious need of environment protection .While the current technical which is used to extract germanium and indium by kaojiao deposition or extraction meet many practical problems, such as low recovery and high production cost So it is necessary to lower production cost and increase the recovery and utilize the secondary resource fully.
    During the process of annealing the zinc, there is plenty of neutralized ex-iron sediment, in which there are abundance of indium and germanium. With high percent of iron, it is difficult in the recovery of indium and germanium, and the sediment is deserted, so it is the need of resource ^utilization to study the recovery of indium and germanium from the zinc sediment and neutralized ex-iron sediment.
    In the article, the material is annealing zinc sediment, and the article scientifically studies the effect of different factors such as acidity, auxiliary rate, temperature to the technical of germanium. And the technical condition of drenching indium by sodium hydroxide. At the same time, the noxious lead can be reclaimed from the sediment, and which is converted into the industrial production. Many important results are obtained, the main studied contents and results are as follows :
    1. According to the high percent of iron, indium and germanium can deposited with iron collectively. The deposit coefficient, can surpass 99%.
    2. The distribution of germanium and hydrochloric acid is studied in the distillation of ferric hydroxide with chloric distilling, and the concentration distribution graph is obtained.
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    3. According to the distilled GeCU solution, which is neutralized by the concentrated ammonia water under normal condition, we can get the better effects.
    4. The conditions of drenching the indium out from the ferric hydroxide with sodium hydroxide are studied, and ninety percent of indium can be drenched out with saturation sodium hydroxide for three times.
    5. The conditions of extraction the indium from the solution with indium are studied, and the sponge indium is obtained.
    6. The acidity of Tannic acid solution depositing and the Tannic acid solution depositing with cadmium, copper, zinc, germanium is studied respectively, and the acidity condition of germanium depositing in tannic acid solution separately is found.
    7. Four factors of acidity, auxiliary rate, temperature, time of germanium reacts with Tannic acid, the experiments indicated the optimal technical conditions.
    8. Study on the acidity, auxiliary, temperature, time of the germanium reacts with kaojiao. The experiments indicated the optimal technical conditions.
    9. Study on the production of lead stearate from sediment containing lead, the optimal technical conditions of converting lead sulfate to lead carbonate are obtained.
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