碳纳米管的功能化修饰及其在电化学传感器中的应用研究
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摘要
本论文通过氮烯环加成反应(nitrene cycloaddition)将含叠氮端基的温敏型嵌段共聚物聚N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺-b-聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-co-N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺)(PDMA-b-P(NIPAM-co-NAS))共价接枝到单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)表面(合成f-SWNTs)；研究在外界环境刺激下，温敏型嵌段共聚物和f-SWNTs在水溶液中的共组装，并通过乙二胺交联实现胶束在SWNTs表面的负载；通过在f-SWNTs表面负载纳米粒子功能性物质，以及用三聚氰胺对多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)进行功能化修饰，进而构筑电化学传感器用于检测双酚A(BPA)，从而实现碳纳米管(CNTs)在电化学传感器中的应用。本论文主要从以下四个方面展开研究工作：
(1)温敏型嵌段共聚物的合成。采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合反应合成了结构规整且含叠氮端基的温敏型嵌段共聚物PDMA-b-P(NIPAM-co-NAS)和P(DMA-co-NAS)-b-PNIPAM，系统研究了共聚物浓度以及NAS交联单元含量对温敏型嵌段共聚物自组装行为的影响。
(2)温敏型嵌段共聚物/f-SWNTs共组装研究。首先利用氮烯环加成反应将温敏型嵌段共聚物共价接枝到SWNTs表面(合成f-SWNTs)，然后通过加入自由的嵌段共聚物进行共组装，通过交联实现聚合物胶束在SWNTs表面的负载。系统考察了共聚物/f-SWNTs组成对共组装结构的影响。
(3) f-SWNTs负载磁性纳米粒子(MNPs)及其电化学传感应用。先通过MNPs和硅烷偶联剂反应合成胺基功能化的磁性纳米粒子(MNP-NH2)，然后通过磁性纳米粒子表面的胺基和f-SWNTs接枝共聚物中NAS单元反应将MNP负载在碳纳米管表面(SWNT-MNP)。研究了BPA在SWNT-MNP修饰电极上的电化学行为，实验结果表明，此修饰电极对BPA有明显的电催化作用，从而建立了一种快速而又灵敏的用于检测BPA的电化学方法。在最佳条件下，BPA的氧化峰电流与浓度在0.005~8.43μM范围内呈良好的线性关系，检测限为1.21nM。
(4)碳纳米管/三聚氰胺复合物在电化学传感中的应用。利用三聚氰胺(MAM)对MWNTs进行功能化修饰，并将此MWNT-MAM复合物修饰电极用于检测BPA。实验结果表明，BPA在此修饰电极上的氧化峰电流显著增加，由此建立了一种快速而又灵敏的直接测定BPA的电化学方法。在最佳条件下，BPA的氧化峰电流与其浓度在10.0~40.8μM范围内呈良好的线性关系，检测限为5.0nM。将此方法应用于塑料实样中BPA的测定，其回收率在96%~102%之间。
Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with well-defined, azide-derivatized poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylam-ide-co-N-acryloxysuccinimide), PDMA-b-P(NIPAM-co-NAS),(f-SWNTs) wasaccompished by nitrene cycloaddition reaction. Subsequently, the co-assembly of thecopolymer and f-SWNT blends was carried out in aqueous solution, leading tothermoresponsive polymeric micelles that adhered to the surface of nanotubes. Thecopolymer aggregates were stabilized and covalently anchored to SWNTs aftercrosslinking with ethylenediamine (SWNT-micelle). In addition, two electrochemicalsensing platforms were developed for the determination of biphenol A (BPA) basedon the immobilization of Fe3O4nanoparticles onto f-SWNTs as well as modificationof nanotubes with melamine. The main research contents were shown as follows:
(1) Synthesis and self-assembly of thermoresponsive copolymers. Well-defineddiblock copolymers with azide terminated group, PDMA-b-P(NIPAM-co-NAS) andP(DMA-co-NAS)-b-PNIPAM, were successfully synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Core and shell cross-linked micelleswere fabricated by ethylenediamine crosslinking. The effect of polymer concentrationas well as copolymer composition (i.e., NAS content) on the self-assembly behaviourof the thermoresponsive copolymers were studied by dynamical light scattering.
(2) Co-assembly of copolymers and f-SWNTs. Firstly, covalent functionalizationof SWNTs with block copolymer was accomplished by nitrene cycloaddition, andthen the co-assembly of the copolymer and f-SWNT blends was carried out inaqueous solution. The effect of the concentrations of polymer and f-SWNTs on theresultant co-assembled structures was investigated.
(3) Immobilization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to f-SWNTs (SWNT-MNP)and the application for electrochemical sensing. MNP-NH2was first synthesizedthrough the reaction between MNPs and silane coupling agent. After which it wasimmobilized onto the surface of f-SWNTs through reacting with the NAS units. Theelectrochemical behaviors of BPA at the SWNT-MNP composites modified electrodeexhibited remarkable electrocatalytic behaviors for BPA. Therefore, a quick andsensitive electroanalytical method was developed for the determination of BPA.Under optimized conditions, a good linear relationship between the oxidation peakcurrent and its concentration was obtained in the range of0.005~8.43μM, with a limit of detect of1.21nM.
(4) The application of MWNT/melamine complex (MWNT-MAM) for electro-chemical sensing. MWNT-MAM was synthesized through modification of MWNTwith melamine, and a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of BPA inwater was fabricated by immobilization of MWNT-MAM onto the surface of glassycarbon electrode. The cyclic voltammetry results showed that the sensor exhibitedstrong catalytic activity toward the oxidation of BPA with a well-defined cyclicvoltammetric peak at0.56V. Therefore, a quick, direct and sensitive electrochemicalmethod for the determination of BPA was developed. Under optimal conditions, theelectrochemical sensor exhibited a wider linearity range from10.0nM to40.8μMBPA with a detection limit of5.0nM (S/N=3). This novel sensor was successfullyapplied to determine BPA leached from real plastic samples with good recovery,ranging from96%to102%.
(1)温敏型嵌段共聚物的合成。采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合反应合成了结构规整且含叠氮端基的温敏型嵌段共聚物PDMA-b-P(NIPAM-co-NAS)和P(DMA-co-NAS)-b-PNIPAM，系统研究了共聚物浓度以及NAS交联单元含量对温敏型嵌段共聚物自组装行为的影响。
(2)温敏型嵌段共聚物/f-SWNTs共组装研究。首先利用氮烯环加成反应将温敏型嵌段共聚物共价接枝到SWNTs表面(合成f-SWNTs)，然后通过加入自由的嵌段共聚物进行共组装，通过交联实现聚合物胶束在SWNTs表面的负载。系统考察了共聚物/f-SWNTs组成对共组装结构的影响。
(3) f-SWNTs负载磁性纳米粒子(MNPs)及其电化学传感应用。先通过MNPs和硅烷偶联剂反应合成胺基功能化的磁性纳米粒子(MNP-NH2)，然后通过磁性纳米粒子表面的胺基和f-SWNTs接枝共聚物中NAS单元反应将MNP负载在碳纳米管表面(SWNT-MNP)。研究了BPA在SWNT-MNP修饰电极上的电化学行为，实验结果表明，此修饰电极对BPA有明显的电催化作用，从而建立了一种快速而又灵敏的用于检测BPA的电化学方法。在最佳条件下，BPA的氧化峰电流与浓度在0.005~8.43μM范围内呈良好的线性关系，检测限为1.21nM。
(4)碳纳米管/三聚氰胺复合物在电化学传感中的应用。利用三聚氰胺(MAM)对MWNTs进行功能化修饰，并将此MWNT-MAM复合物修饰电极用于检测BPA。实验结果表明，BPA在此修饰电极上的氧化峰电流显著增加，由此建立了一种快速而又灵敏的直接测定BPA的电化学方法。在最佳条件下，BPA的氧化峰电流与其浓度在10.0~40.8μM范围内呈良好的线性关系，检测限为5.0nM。将此方法应用于塑料实样中BPA的测定，其回收率在96%~102%之间。
Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with well-defined, azide-derivatized poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylam-ide-co-N-acryloxysuccinimide), PDMA-b-P(NIPAM-co-NAS),(f-SWNTs) wasaccompished by nitrene cycloaddition reaction. Subsequently, the co-assembly of thecopolymer and f-SWNT blends was carried out in aqueous solution, leading tothermoresponsive polymeric micelles that adhered to the surface of nanotubes. Thecopolymer aggregates were stabilized and covalently anchored to SWNTs aftercrosslinking with ethylenediamine (SWNT-micelle). In addition, two electrochemicalsensing platforms were developed for the determination of biphenol A (BPA) basedon the immobilization of Fe3O4nanoparticles onto f-SWNTs as well as modificationof nanotubes with melamine. The main research contents were shown as follows:
(1) Synthesis and self-assembly of thermoresponsive copolymers. Well-defineddiblock copolymers with azide terminated group, PDMA-b-P(NIPAM-co-NAS) andP(DMA-co-NAS)-b-PNIPAM, were successfully synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Core and shell cross-linked micelleswere fabricated by ethylenediamine crosslinking. The effect of polymer concentrationas well as copolymer composition (i.e., NAS content) on the self-assembly behaviourof the thermoresponsive copolymers were studied by dynamical light scattering.
(2) Co-assembly of copolymers and f-SWNTs. Firstly, covalent functionalizationof SWNTs with block copolymer was accomplished by nitrene cycloaddition, andthen the co-assembly of the copolymer and f-SWNT blends was carried out inaqueous solution. The effect of the concentrations of polymer and f-SWNTs on theresultant co-assembled structures was investigated.
(3) Immobilization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to f-SWNTs (SWNT-MNP)and the application for electrochemical sensing. MNP-NH2was first synthesizedthrough the reaction between MNPs and silane coupling agent. After which it wasimmobilized onto the surface of f-SWNTs through reacting with the NAS units. Theelectrochemical behaviors of BPA at the SWNT-MNP composites modified electrodeexhibited remarkable electrocatalytic behaviors for BPA. Therefore, a quick andsensitive electroanalytical method was developed for the determination of BPA.Under optimized conditions, a good linear relationship between the oxidation peakcurrent and its concentration was obtained in the range of0.005~8.43μM, with a limit of detect of1.21nM.
(4) The application of MWNT/melamine complex (MWNT-MAM) for electro-chemical sensing. MWNT-MAM was synthesized through modification of MWNTwith melamine, and a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of BPA inwater was fabricated by immobilization of MWNT-MAM onto the surface of glassycarbon electrode. The cyclic voltammetry results showed that the sensor exhibitedstrong catalytic activity toward the oxidation of BPA with a well-defined cyclicvoltammetric peak at0.56V. Therefore, a quick, direct and sensitive electrochemicalmethod for the determination of BPA was developed. Under optimal conditions, theelectrochemical sensor exhibited a wider linearity range from10.0nM to40.8μMBPA with a detection limit of5.0nM (S/N=3). This novel sensor was successfullyapplied to determine BPA leached from real plastic samples with good recovery,ranging from96%to102%.
引文
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